SHORT ANSWERS QUESTIONS PHSYIOLOGY

1. How NSAIDs cause PUD

2. Difference between gastric and duodenal ulcer
3. Differences between upper and lower motor neurone lesion
4. Pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy
5. Pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis
6. Pathophysiology of adynamic ileus
7. Brief explain about hepatocellular markers
8. Pathophysiology of heart failure
9. Weight gain in hypothyroidism
10. Pathophysiology of stroke
11. Briefly describe the chest pain developed in ischemic heart disease
12. Describe the evidence that support the pathophysiological role of autonomic nervous
system in chronic heart failure How has this understanding been used to develop
treatments for heart failure?
13. Briefly write short notes on essence of triple therapy in PID management
14. Osmotic diarrhea in milk intolerent individuals
15. Pathophysiology leading to death from small bowel intestinal obstruction
16. List the component of motor tract and explain briefly what are they?
17. Describe the pathophysiology of acute renal failure
18. What is malabsorption? List 3 main causes and briefly discuss their pathophysiology
19. Explain regulation of the heart blood supply
20. Explain the pathophysiology of cardiogenic shock?
21. Describe the causes, cellular and physiological responses, as well as the management of
hyponatremia
22. What is stroke? Describe how a patient with embolic stroke would typically present
explaining the pathophysiology of each sign and symptoms. Please use examples of
common causes of embolic stroke in your answer
23. Discuss the prime objective in the treatment of DKA
24. What are the adverse effect of the hyperglycemia
25. Discuss glucagon secretion and its actions
26. Patients with cortical excess and those with vitamin D deficiency may present with
osteoporosis. Discuss?
27. Briefly describe congenital adrenal hyperplasia
28. List the disturbances brought by the removal of parathyroid gland and explain how they
come about
29. Describe the pathophysiology of hyperthyroidism
30. The hypothalamus is the “brain of the brain”. Discuss
31. List important actions of insulin, how might lack of insulin causes-hyperglycemia-
acidosis-polyphagia-polydypsia
32. Briefly explain the regulation of blood sugar level and how hyperglyceuria comes about?
33. Briefly describe the regulation of insulin secretion following a large carbohydrate meal?
34. Briefly describe the causes of hyperglycemia in insulin deficiency and their mechanism
35. Explain consequence of spinal cord lesion damaging the caudal equina
36. Describe the possible advantage of fever
37. Describe the causation of lower motor neuron lesion
38. Describe the control of analgesic system
39. Write the short notes on the calcium metabolism
40. Write the short notes on the “the fed state”
41. Compare and contrast osmoregulation and control of extracellular fluid volume
42. Explain medication used in heart failure in relation to sympathetic nervous system?
43. How does Zollinger ellison syndrome causes peptic ulcer disease?
44. Explain the pathophysiology of chronic kidney disease

45. What is the location and organization of the motor tracts in the spinal cord?
46. What is the clinical significance of a Babinski sign?
47. What could explain dissociated sensory losses in both legs?
48. Pathophysiology of DIC
49. Describe the mechanism involved in blood homeostasis and clot dissolution
50. Discuss the mal-absorption of vitamin b12 and its clinical effects
51. Describe the various causes of anemia and describe the adaptive changes in anemia.
52. Briefly describe the mechanism leading to anemia in chronic renal failure
53. Explain DIC in pregnancy.
54. Briefly explain pathophysiology of normal coagulation and fibrinolysis in pregnancy
55. Define p50 and state its normal value. Briefly describe the factors which increase or
decrease this value.
56. Draw a normal o2-hb dissociation curve. List the factors that affect this curve.
57. State the functions of surfactant and briefly explain the physiological consequences of
surfactant deficiency.
58. Briefly explain the pathogenesis, effects and compensatory mechanisms of hypoxemia
59. Describe chemical regulation of breathing.
60. Compare and contrast between hypoxemia and hypercapnia
61. Pathophysiologic changes resulting in air way obstruction which occurs in asthma.
62. List in arranged ways, causes of respiratory failure
63. Briefly describe the pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to an obstructive pattern of
ventilation in chronic cigarette smokers. State the physiologic consequences of an obstructive
pattern of ventilation
64. Pathophysiology of stroke.
66. Briefly explain the adaptative changes that occur in a person staying at Mount
kilimanjaro

67. Describe the pathogenesis of restrictive and obstructive lung diseases. How do these two
conditions differ diagnostically?
68. A case scenario regarding hyper/hypothyroidism. Describe the pathophysiology of cornea
ulceration and weight gain.
69. Pathophysiology of tetany in hypocalcemic response
70. Compensation of shock and how they lead to further failure
71. Short explain about defensive factors in PUD
72. Fate of bicarbonate
73. Natural history of diabetic type 2
74. What is OGTT, explain?
75. Compensation for renal failure and how does it lead to further failure

76. Pathophysiology myasthenia gravis

 77. Describe the pathophysiological changes in left heart failure, pay attention to the
morphological changes, neuro-humoral changes, and cellular changes
78. Explain pathophysiology of palpitation and weight loss in the patient with low level of
TSH?

79. With regard to kwashiorkor, briefly discuss mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis
of edema. Changes in volume of fluids in different compartments (total body water, plasma
volume and interstitial fluid volume)

80. Briefly explain the following:-

(a) Achr (Acetylcholine receptor) related myathesenia gravis
(b) Tensilon test
(c) Diabetes induced peripheral neuropathy

80. Explain myocytic damage in heart failure

81. Identify and briefly state the purpose and limitation of physiologic diagnostic tests of
pulmonary diseases.

82. Differentiate between bohr effect and haldane effect. When an individual hyperventilates,
why is there no significant increase in the oxygen content of the arterial blood, yet there is
significant decrease in the paco2? Explain the phenomenon in terms of the oxygen and co2
dissociation curves

83. Compare and contrast between obstructive and restrictive lung diseases

84. Describe nutritional pathophysiology in a patient with cancer of head of pancreas

85. A 43 years old man presented with classical symptoms of right heart failure. describe the

physiological mechanism for development of these symptoms

86. Outline and explain three regulatory phases of gastric secretions

87. A is a 66 year old, female who was brought to the emergency room by family members
because of long standing, increasing jaundice accompanied by weakness and fatigue. She
complained to have lack of appetite and weight loss of about 10kg in the past 4 months. the
patient has a past history of diabetes mellitus and cholelithiasis. during her emergency room
visit, an initial CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis showed the presence of gallstones and a 1.5-
2cm mass in the head of the pancreas causing obstruction of the bile duct.
a) explain the physiology of symptoms development
b) explain briefly how the digestion of fats, carbohydrates and proteins will be affected
 86. What are the general causes of respiratory failure. briefly describe the principles of
oxygen therapy in respiratory failure

87. Describe chemical regulation of breathing.

88. What is a parietal cell? Following a meal, a person may develop alkaline urine. Briefly
explain the physiologic basis of this process.
91. Briefly describe the pathogenesis of hypertension
92. Briefly explain how will you approach a patient with severe hyponatremia of 101meq/l
93. Briefly describe the causes of adaptive anemia
94. Briefly describe the pathophysiology of jaundice
95. Briefly describe the renal regulation of acid base balance
96. Briefly describe the mechanism leading to anemia in chronic renal failure
97. Briefly describe the role of kidney in control of blood pressure
98. Describe the mechanisms involved in blood haemostasis and clot dissolution
99. Discuss the fluid electrolyte disturbances likely to occur following severe diarrhea and
vomiting and briefly describe compensatory mechanisms elicited
100. Describe oxygen flux and briefly describe the factors affecting oxygen flux
101. Describe the causes and effects of acidosis in chronic renal failure
102. Briefly explain how excessive fluid loss from diarrhea and vomiting may lead to
hypokalemia
102. Briefly describe the adaptive changes associated with progressive loss of renal function
103. Briefly describe the brain intrinsic pain control analgesic system
104. Briefly describe the consequences of spinal cord following damaging caudal equinal
105. Briefly describe the physiological mechanisms triggered in a patient (with pyloric stenosis)
following excessive vomiting
106. Briefly describe the changes following transfusion with 5% dextrose
107. What are the consequences of a lesion damaging the cauda equina of the spinal cord.
108. Briefly explain what are the nutritional deficiencies the patient might develop following
gastrectomy
with regard to a patient with nephrotic syndrome, briefly discuss
A. mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of oedema

B. changes in volume of fluids in different compartments (total body water, plasma

volume and interstitial fluids)
C. freedom of use of loop diuretics, underlying principles in treatment with
crystalloids vs. colloids and loop diuretics.
109. A 73-year-old female has shortness of breath when lying down. She has found that using
a couple of pillows at night makes it easier to breathe. The patient was then diagnosed to have
congestive heart failure. Briefly explain its pathophysiology?

110. A female patient aged 60 years presented with a history of abdominal pain and
discomfort, yellowish coloration of the mucous membranes and a palpable liver mass. The
doctor suspected a biliary obstruction secondary to cholangiocarcinoma. Please describe how
digestive system will be affected by the biliary obstruction.

111. Difference between myasthenic crisis and cholinergic crisis.

112. What is spinal shock, very briefly discuss its four phases.