Continuous Assessment test 1

Department of Physiology
MUHAS
30/12/2020
Instructions
1. The exam consists of 25 multiple choice questions, each will be
projected for 2:30 mins
2. Answer all question on the provided answer sheet
3. Each student must indicate their course and registration number on
the answer sheet
4. Any misconduct during the exam will be delt with according to
university regulations
 Write your full
registration number Write your course here
here

Write the last five digits of the

registration number here
e.g. if your reg no. is 2020-04-12345
12345 only write 12345

Then shade the corresponding

circles
Good luck
1.All are true regarding the kidney,
EXCEPT;
a.Maintains internal and external balance of
electrolytes
b.Removes waste products of metabolism
c.It is located inside the peritoneal cavity
d.Maintains water balance and osmolarity
e.None of the above
2.Regarding the nephron;
a. The glomerulus undergoes selective reabsorption
under pressure
b. The glomerular endothelial layer is fenestrated
c. The proximal convoluted tubule provides maximum
secretion of water and electrolytes
d. a, b and c
e. a and b only
3.Regarding Glomerular filtration rate
(GFR), all are true EXCEPT that GFR;
a. Increases with increase in glomerular capillary
hydrostatic pressure
b. Increase in GFR increases proximal tubular
reabsorption proportionately
c. Increases with increase in Bowman’s space
hydrostatic pressure
d. Contraction of efferent arteriole increases GFR
e. None of the above
4.The follow are true regarding kidney
transport mechanisms EXCEPT;
a. Primary active transport of Na+ involves Na+/K ATPAse
activity
b. Na+/Amino acids/glucose co-transport is a secondary active
transport
c. Passive transport is dependent on the energy generated in
secondary active transport
d. Paracellular transport occur though tight junctions between
adjacent cells
e. Pinocytosis of low molecular weight proteins occurs in the
proximal tubule
5.The following are true regarding the loop
of Henle, EXCEPT:
a. The ascending limb reabsorbs NaCl but not water
b. The thick ascending limb reabsorbs 30% of the filtered
NaCl load
c. The descending limb is impermeable to Sodium and water
d. Multiplication of medullary osmolarity depends on “U”
shape of the loop
e. The amount of NaCl and water reabsorbed determines the
concentration or dilution of urine
6.In acid base balance in the kidneys, all
are true EXCEPT;
a. The kidneys reabsorb and generate new bicarbonate ions
b. Proximal tubules reabsorb approx. 80% of the filtered
bicarbonate load
c. The kidneys filter and excrete organic and inorganic acids
d. Aldosterone release promotes H+ secretion on the principal
cells of the collecting duct
e. None of the above
 7.Regarding the renin-angiotensin-
aldosterone system;
a. Aldosterone promotes Na+ and water loss
b. Macula densa cells secrete renin
c. Angiotensin reduces vascular resistance
d. Juxtaglomerula cells detect the amount of Na+ and Cl in
the distal nephron
e. Atria natriuretic peptide (ANP) promotes Na+ and water
loss in the kidneys
8.In potassium balance:
a. Exercises decrease serum potassium levels
b. Insulin and catecholamines cause extracellular
movement of potassium
c. Collecting duct principal reabsorb potassium
d. Collecting duct intercalated cells secrete potassium
e. None of the above
9.All are true regarding renal blood flow
EXCEPT:
a. Counter current blood flow is important for exchange of
solute
b. Low medullary blood flow maintanins hyperosmolarity
in the medular interstitium
c. Increased afferent arteriole vascular resistance
increases glomerular pressure
d. Renal blood flow is approximately 20% of cardiac output
e. Increased blood flow enhances filtration process
10. Regarding renal blood flow and
autoregulation;
a. The myogenic reflex causes vasodilation of efferent
arteriole in low flow states
b. The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism increases
GFR in high flow states
c. Both the myogenic reflex and tubuloglomerular
feedback mechanisms aim at maintaining renal blood flow
and GFR
d. a and c
e. a, b and c
11. The ability of the kidney to concentrate
urine;
a. Increases with increase in vasa recta blood flow
b. Increases as antidiuretic hormone production
decreases
c. May be increased by aldosterone release
d. The osmotic gradient between the medullary
interstitium and renal tubules does not paly a role
e. All of the above
12. Endocrine functions of the kidney
include the following EXCEPT;
a. Erythropoietin consumption
b. Renin secretion
c. Formation of 1-alpha hydroxylase enzyme
d. Vitamin D activation
e. None of the above
13. The following are correctly matched
EXCEPT:
a. Bladder filling: Sympathetic control
b. External urethral sphincter control: sympathetic
c. Internal urethral sphincter control: sympathetic
control
d. Bladder emptying: Contraction of detrussor muscle
e. None of the above
14. Insensible water loss

a. Is said to occur through sweating

b. Said to be measured by dye dilution method
c. Never occur in neonates
d. Occur continuously through the skin and respiratory
tract
e. Occur consciously through the skin and respiratory
15. Daily water intake

a. Is not ingested in form of liquids

b. Average about 250 mils
c. It is synthesized only in the kidney
d. Is highly variable among different people and the
same person
e. Is equal to the total body fluid volume
16. Concerning factors affecting the net rate of
diffusion
a. Net rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to
concentration difference across the membrane
b. Increase in Pressure difference across the membrane
decrease the net rate of diffusion
c. Increase in pressure difference across the membrane
increase the net rate of diffusion
d. Membrane electrical potential has no effect on the net rate
of diffusion
e. Membrane electrical potential affect net rate of diffusion
only when there is concentration difference across the
membrane
17. When a cell is placed in hypotonic solution
a. Water diffuse out of the cell, concentrate the ICF, cell shrink
b. Water diffuse out of the cell, concentrate the ECF, cell
shrink
c. Water diffuse into the cell, dilute the ICF and the cell swell
d. Water diffuse into the cell ,dilute the ECF and the cell swell
e. Water diffuse into the cell, concentrate the ECF and the cell
shrink
18. Angiotensin II has the following
actions, EXCEPT
a. it stimulates aldosterone release from the adrenal
cortex
b. It causes vasodilation, which elevates blood
pressure.
c. Stimulates posterior pituitary to secrete ADH which
promotes water reabsorption by collecting duct
d. Stimulates thirst and H2O intake.
e. All of the above
19. Hyperosmolarity of ECF leads:-

a. Volume receptor increased, ADH decreased.

b. Volume receptor increased, ADH increased.
c. Volume receptor decreased, ADH increased.
d. Volume receptor decreased, ADH decreased.
e. All of the above
20. The following statements are true
about Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
(ANP).EXCEPT
a. Opposes the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system
b. Increases ADH release
c. Stimulates excretion of Na and H2O
d. Reduces vascular resistance by causing vasodilation
e. All of the above
21. Lactic acid is one of the

a. Volatile acids
b. Causes of respiratory acidosis
c. Nonvolatile acids
d. Pseudo volatile acids
e. Pseudo nonvolatile acids
22. Regarding chemical buffer system
which of the following statements is not
correct?
a. Phosphate system is more important plasma buffer
than bicarbonate system
b. Phosphate system is more important urine buffer
than bicarbonate system
c. Bicarbonate system is more important plasma buffer
than phosphate system
d. Phosphate and bicarbonate systems are important
chemical buffer systems
e. Proteins are important intracellular buffers
23. When ECF pH becomes higher than
normal, which of the following is not
correct?
a. The respiratory system will decrease CO2 excretion
to lower pH toward normal
b. The respiratory system will decrease CO2 excretion
to retain acid
c. More CO2 will react with water to form acid
d. Rate of respiration will keep decreasing until normal
pH is restored
e. All of the above
24. Which of the following is not the kidney response when blood pH becomes lower than
normal

a. Decrease HCO3 excretion

b. Increase H+ excretion
c. Increase ammonium excretion
d. Increase HCO3 synthesis
e. Increase HCO3 excretion
25. If the blood pH is lower than normal while HCO3- is lower than normal but PCO2 is
normal it indicates

a. Respiratory acidosis without respiratory

compensation
b. Metabolic acidosis without respiratory compensation
c. Respiratory acidosis with respiratory compensation
d. Metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
e. Respiratory acidosis without renal compensation