T 1: Summary of the numerical works on sand production in the literature (continuum approach).

Geometry
Hardening/ Sanding Permeability alteration in the
Model and solution Yield Coupling Phases Other features
soening criteria sanded zone
method
3D; �nite
Morita et al. [25], Kinematic Maximum (1) Only the onset of sanding
element (FE) yes (�ow Iteratively (1) Fluid
Journal of Petroleum Engineering

Morita et al. [26], model with a plastic strain No change (2) Burton applied it for gas
(SAND3D friction) coupled (2) Solid
Burton et al. [27] cap limit reservoirs
soware)
(1) Only hydromechanical
1D; �nite Fluid �ow effects; equilibrium eqn. is not
(Vardoulakis et al. (1) Fluid
difference N/A N/A and erosion Erosion solved
3 2

[7]) (2) Fluidized solid (Carman-Kozeny)

(FD) are coupled (2) Sand deposition is
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘0 = 𝜑𝜑 / 󶀢󶀢1 − 𝜑𝜑 󶀲󶀲

neglected in modeling
Fluid �ow Forcheimer’s law was used
Skjaerstein et al. (1) Fluid
1D; FD N/A N/A and erosion Erosion instead of Darcy’s law to
[28] (2) Fluidized solid (found experimentally)
are coupled. account for turbulence
1/𝑘𝑘 𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘 𝑘𝑘

2D Axial
symmetry
Tension cut-off: function of
and 3D; FE; (1) Fluid
Papamichos and Erosion both plastic strain and
Newoton- MC Yes Fully coupled (2) Solid
Malmanger [29] porosity; by the factor
Paphson (3) Fluidized solid
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘0 = 𝜑𝜑3 /𝜌𝜌 󶀢󶀢1 − 𝜑𝜑2 󶀲󶀲

(NR)
𝜌𝜌 𝜌 𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 − 𝜌𝜌𝑓𝑓 )

iterations
(1 − 𝜑𝜑𝜑𝜑𝜑𝜑𝜑 𝜑𝜑𝑖𝑖 )

2D Axial
Tension cut-off and Young
Papamichos et al. symmetry; (1) �uid
MC Yes Fully coupled Erosion Carman-Kozeny mod changed by the factor
[9] FEM; NR (2) solid
iterations
2D axial (1) Fluid
Sand deposition in porous
󶀡󶀡1 − 𝜑𝜑󶀱󶀱 / 󶀡󶀡1 − 𝜑𝜑𝑖𝑖 󶀱󶀱

Yi [30] symmetry; MC No (2) Solid Erosion

media is considered
FD (3) Fluidized sand
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘0 = 𝛾𝛾 󶀢󶀢𝜑𝜑3 (1 − 𝜑𝜑20 )/𝜑𝜑30 (1 − 𝜑𝜑2 )󶀲󶀲

2D axial
× 󶀡󶀡1/(1 + 𝛽𝛽𝛽𝛽𝑑𝑑 /𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠 )󶀱󶀱

Modi�ed MC Zero stiffness, compressibility

symmetry; (1) Fluid
Vaziri et al. [31] with tensile Yes Fully coupled Tensile failure and high k for the lique�ed
FE; (2) Solid
failure tensile zone
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘0 =

fully-implicit
exp 󶁣󶁣−2.88 × 10−3 󶀢󶀢𝜎𝜎𝑖𝑖 ′ − 𝜎𝜎0 ′ 󶀲󶀲󶁳󶁳
3
 4

T 1: Continued.
Geometry
Hardening/ Sanding Permeability alteration in the
Model and solution Yield Coupling Phases Other features
soening criteria sanded zone
method
FE; Crank- (1) Oil
Nicholson for (2) Water Kozeny-Poiseuille law and
Wang and Xue [32] MC No Fully coupled Erosion
time (3) Solid Carman-Kozeny
integration (4) Fluidized sand
2D and 3D; Porosity is changed as a
Chin and Ramos Drucker- (1) Fluid Power law with porosity (exponent
FE; explicit; No Coupled Shear dilation function of plastic volumetric
[33] Prager (2) Solid = 5.6)
NR iteration strain
Tensile
failure or
2D plane (1) Fluid Capillary is considered as a
Nouri et al. [34] Bilinear MC Yes Fully coupled shear-failed 0
strain; FD (2) Solid residual cohesion
element falls
in tension
(1) Solid
(2) Fluidized solid
Drucker- Cohesion and friction drop
Wang et al. [35] 2D; FE No Fully coupled (3) Oil
Prager linearly with porosity
(4) Water
𝑘𝑘 𝑘

(5) Gas
𝑘𝑘0 exp 󶁡󶁡𝐴𝐴 󶀡󶀡󶀡󶀡𝜑𝜑 𝜑 𝜑𝜑0 󶀱󶀱 / 󶀡󶀡𝜑𝜑max − 𝜑𝜑0 󶀱󶀱󶀱󶀱󶁱󶁱

Failed material is treated as a

(1) Fluid
Iteratively Poiseuille �uid.
Servant et al. [36] 2D; FE MC No (2) Solid Yielding Not mentioned
coupled Constant viscosity for the
(3) Fluidized solid
slurry
Detournay et al. Iteratively (1) Fluid
2D; FD MC Yes Erosion
[11] coupled (2) Solid
Tensile
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘0 = 𝜑𝜑3 (1 − 𝜑𝜑20 )/𝜑𝜑30 󶀢󶀢1 − 𝜑𝜑2 󶀲󶀲 Bulk mod. Change by 𝜑𝜑0 /𝜑𝜑

2D axial failure or a
Iteratively (1) Fluid
Nouri et al. [12] symmetry; Bilinear MC Yes
coupled (2) Solid
FD element falls
in tension
shear-failed 𝑘𝑘 𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘3 /𝛾𝛾𝑓𝑓 (1 − 𝜑𝜑2 )

FE; NR (1) Fluid

Nouri et al. [37] MC Yes Fully coupled Tension 0 Adaptive mesh is used
iterations (2) Solid
Complete
2D plane
degradation WH pulsing is included in the
strain and High permeability is assigned to
Nouri et al. [38], Iteratively (1) Fluid and tensile model, and stiffness changes
axial Bilinear MC Yes in�ll materials (elements that satisfy
Vaziri et al. [14] coupled (2) Solid mean with sanding (Vaziri et al.
symmetry; sanding criteria)
effective [14])
FD
stress
Journal of Petroleum Engineering
 T 1: Continued.
Geometry
Journal of Petroleum Engineering

Hardening/ Sanding Permeability alteration in the

Model and solution Yield Coupling Phases Other features
soening criteria sanded zone
method
Same as
2D plane Iteratively (1) Fluid Only cap yielding is
Detournay [15] Double-yield Yes (Detournay Not mentioned
strain; FD coupled (2) Solid considered
et al. [11])
All the features are the same as (Nouri et al. [38]) but fracture energy regularization is applied to remove mesh dependency and the calibration of hardening/soening
Nouri et al. [16]
behavior is discussed thoroughly
Calculated No calibration parameter to
Not (1) Fluid from force match the experiment is used
Kim et al. [17] 3D; FD MC Yes N/A (element removal)
mentioned (2) Solid balance on and yet a good match is
the element observed
Displacement (1) Adaptive mesh
2D; FE (the materials (2) Arbitrary Largrangian
So rock (1) Fluid K changes as a function of dilation
Wang et al. [23] (ELFEN Yes Fully coupled passing the Eulerian formulation
model (2) Solid
soware) wellface are (3) Fracture Energy
removed) Regularization
or volumetric strain: 𝑘𝑘 𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑣𝑣 )

Water effect is considered by

reducing the cohesion
2D, FE for Bulk moduli change linearly
Azadbakht et al. Sequentially (1) Fluid Erosion K changes linearly with porosity
�uid and FD Bilinear MC Yes with porosity
[39] coupled (2) Solid
for solid Aer critical porosity, residual
properties are assigned to the
element as in�ll material
5
Journal of Petroleum Engineering 7

T 2: Sand criteria used in continuum-based sanding models.

Sanding criterion Formulation Further developments Assumptions

It is assumed that the sand
in place is fully degraded
from the beginning and the
production is only due to
the hydrodynamic forces.
Equilibrium eqn. for solid
̇ 𝑠𝑠 = 𝜆𝜆 󶀡󶀡1 − 𝜑𝜑󶀱󶀱 𝑐𝑐 󶙱󶙱𝑞𝑞𝑖𝑖 󶙱󶙱
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 Sand deposition is also
phase is oen ignored
Vardoulakis et al. [7] And with sand deposition: considered in some
𝑛𝑛 To initiate the process a
= 𝜆𝜆 󶀡󶀡1 − 𝜑𝜑󶀱󶀱 (𝑐𝑐 𝑐 𝑐𝑐2 /𝑐𝑐cr )󶙱󶙱𝑞𝑞𝑖𝑖 /𝑞𝑞0 󶙱󶙱 models [28]
very small solid
concentration is given as a
boundary condition. e
results are insensitive to
this value as long as it is
small
Skjaerstein et al. [28] 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚̇ 𝑠𝑠 = 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆2 /𝜑𝜑cr )𝑞𝑞𝑥𝑥
Papamichos and ̇ 𝑠𝑠 = 𝜆𝜆 󶀡󶀡1 − 𝜑𝜑󶀱󶀱 𝑐𝑐√𝑞𝑞𝑖𝑖 𝑞𝑞𝑖𝑖
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
e critical �ow rate is
Malmanger [29] 𝜆𝜆 𝜆 𝜆𝜆 󶀢󶀢𝜀𝜀𝑝𝑝 󶀲󶀲 if 𝜀𝜀𝑝𝑝 ≥ 𝜀𝜀peak
𝑝𝑝 ignored
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 Soening is not simulated
Yi [30] 𝜂𝜂𝜂𝜂 󶀡󶀡1 − 𝜑𝜑𝜑 󶀡󶀡𝑚𝑚𝑑𝑑 /𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠 󶀱󶀱󶀱󶀱 𝑣𝑣2 − 𝜆𝜆𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠
𝑚𝑚𝑑𝑑̇ /𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠 = 𝜆𝜆𝑑𝑑 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 + (1 − 𝜂𝜂𝜂 󶀡󶀡𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
̇ 𝑠𝑠 󶀱󶀱
Porosity is assumed to
�ater models de�ned 𝜀𝜀cr
𝜀𝜀𝑝𝑝 > 𝜀𝜀cr
𝑝𝑝
increase until it reaches
𝑝𝑝 as a function of stresses
unity. Usually, it is assumed
̇ 𝑠𝑠 = 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆 󶙱󶙱𝑞𝑞𝑖𝑖 󶙱󶙱
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (Wang and Xue [32]).
that eroded elements
Papamichos et al. [9] if 𝜑𝜑 𝜑 𝜑𝜑𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 , else pore collapse or Critical plastic strain
collapse once their
sudden element removal. 𝜀𝜀cr
𝑝𝑝 was later linked to
porosities reach a critical
𝜆𝜆 𝜆 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆𝑝𝑝 ) the state of zero cohesion
level less than unity (say
(Azadbakht et al. [39])
0.5)
(1) Erosion
Chin and Ramos [33] 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑 󶀡󶀡1 − 𝜑𝜑󶀱󶀱 ∇ ⋅ 𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠
criterion
e resisting effect of
Wang et al. [35] assumed cohesion was ignored
Wang [32, 35] ̇ 𝑠𝑠 = 𝜆𝜆 󶀡󶀡1 − 𝜑𝜑󶀱󶀱 𝑐𝑐√𝑞𝑞𝑖𝑖 𝑞𝑞𝑖𝑖
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 resulting in conservative
𝜆𝜆 𝜆 𝜆𝜆 󶀢󶀢𝜀𝜀𝑝𝑝 󶀲󶀲
sanding assessment
Soening is not considered
Aer failure, new material
properties are assigned to the failed
material (such as zero cohesion).
Servant et al. [36] e in�ll is assumed to behave as a
Poiseuille �uid with a viscosity
depending on the sand
concentration
𝑞𝑞 𝑞 𝑞𝑞cr
𝑞𝑞cr = 𝑞𝑞cr (𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑝𝑝 , ∅, 𝐶𝐶𝐶
Detournay et al. [11],
if 𝜑𝜑 𝜑 𝜑𝜑cr ,
Detournay [15]
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 󶀡󶀡1 − 𝜑𝜑󶀱󶀱 󶀱󶀱𝑞𝑞 𝑞 𝑞𝑞cr 󶀱󶀱 󶀱󶀱𝑆𝑆𝐿𝐿 /𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿 󶀱󶀱
else element removal
𝜀𝜀𝑝𝑝 ≥ 𝜀𝜀cr Some models consider
𝑝𝑝 and 𝑞𝑞 𝑞 𝑞𝑞cr
if 𝜑𝜑 𝜑 𝜑𝜑cr sand production from
̇ 𝑠𝑠 = 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆𝑖𝑖 − 𝑞𝑞cr )
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 elements whose
𝜆𝜆 𝜆 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆𝑝𝑝 ) cohesion is already
Azadbakht et al. [39]
reduced but not equal to
𝑞𝑞cr = 𝑞𝑞cr 󶀢󶀢𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑝𝑝 , ∅󶀲󶀲 zero yet (Detournay et
else pore collapse or element al. [11]):
removal 𝑞𝑞cr = 𝑞𝑞cr (𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘𝑝𝑝 , 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶