Answers For 3.4 THE CHARTS NEED WORK

3. Biodiversity and Conservation– 3.
4 Conservation of Biodiversity Name:
Understandings, Applications and Skills (This is what you maybe assessed on)
Significant ideas
● The impact of losing biodiversity drives conservation efforts.
● The variety of arguments given for the conservation of biodiversity will depend on
EVSs.
● There are various approaches to the conservation of biodiversity, each with
associated strengths and limitations
Big Questions:
● To what extent have the solutions emerging from this topic been directed at
preventing environmental impacts, limiting the extent of the environmental
impacts, or restoring systems in which environmental impacts have already
occurred?
● What value systems can you identify at play in the causes and approaches to
resolving the issues addressed in this topic?
● How does your own value system compare with others you have
encountered in the context of issues raised in this topic?
● In what ways might the solutions explored in this topic alter your predictions
for the state of human societies and the biosphere some decades from now?
● How do different conservation measures (e.g. in situ and ex situ) prevent
environmental impacts, limit the extent of the environmental impacts, or
restore systems in which environmental impacts have already occurred?
● How would a technocentric view of biodiversity differ from an ecocentric
one? Ho do different EVSs affect approaches to conservation>?
● If you are from a MEDC, how would your EVS differ from that of someone
from a LEDC, or from someone who relies on the preservation of natural
ecosystems for survival?
● Do you think that the conservation measures being taken today will be
sufficient of preserve the Earth's biodiversity for the future?
Statement Guidance
3.4.U1 Arguments about species and habitat
Adaptaded from Brad Cramer http://www.mrgscience.com/
3. Biodiversity and Conservation– 3.4 Conservation of Biodiversity Name:
preservation can be based on aesthetic,

ecological, economic, ethical and social
justifications.
3.4.U2 International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations (NGOs) are
involved in conserving and restoring
ecosystems and biodiversity, with varying
levels of effectiveness due to their use of
media, speed of response, diplomatic
constraints, financial resources and political
influence.
3.4.U3 Recent international conventions on
biodiversity work to create collaboration
between nations for biodiversity conservation.
3.4.U4 Conservation approaches include habitat
conservation, species-based conservation and
a mixed approach.
3.4.U5 Criteria for consideration when designing
protected areas include size, shape, edge
effects, corridors, and proximity to potential
human influence.
3.4.U6 Alternative approaches to the development of
protected areas are species-based conservation
strategies including: CITES, captive breeding
and reintroduction programmes, and zoos,
selection of “charismatic” species to help
protect others in an area (flagship species),
selection of keystone species to protect the
integrity of the food web.
3.4.U7 Community support, adequate funding and
proper research influence the success of
conservation efforts
3.4.U8 The location of a conservation area in a
country is a significant factor in the success of
the conservation effort. Surrounding land use
for the conservation area and distance from
urban centres are important factors for
consideration in conservation area design.
3.4.A1 Explain the criteria used to design and
manage protected areas.

3.4.A2 Evaluate the success of a given protected area.
3.4.A3 Evaluate different approaches to protecting
biodiversity.
3.4.U1 Arguments about species and habitat preservation can be based on aesthetic,
ecological, economic, ethical and social justifications.
1. Read the different reasons for conserving species and habitats and number them
from 1-13 with one being the most important and thirteen the least.
Direct values:
11 Food sources – we eat other species both animals and plants
12 Natural products – Many of the medicines, fertilizers and pesticides we use
are derived from plants and animals
Indirect values:
10 Environmental Services – e.g. soil aeration depends on worms. Fertilization
and pollination of some food crops depend on insects, climate regulation,
decomposition, etc
1 Scientific and educational value
2 Biological control agents – some organisms help us control invasive species
9 Genetic diversity – potential source of valuable genes
3 Environmental monitors – e.g. canaries in the mines, indicator species
4 Recreational and ecotourism – areas of outstanding national beauty and
parks
5 Human health – antibiotics originally obtained from fungi
6 Humans rights – indigenous communities
7 Ethical / intrinsic value – each species has a right to exist
8 Biorights – diverse ecosystems help to preserve their component species
13 Aesthetic value – a beautiful ecosystem or species provides pleasure
2. Using your list what reasons can you come up with for conserving rainforests?

We need rainforests in order to further our genetic and biodiversity in animal species.
Protecting the world's forests is not a luxury. It is a necessity. Tropical rainforests, in
particular, are of special importance. These forests are vital to the protection and storage
of water. The forests of the Amazon alone provide 15%-20% of the water that flows from
the world's rivers into our oceans
3. Illustrate your answer by adding ideas to the mindmap that has been started for you
in the space below. Try and include specific ideas based on the factors listed in the
We have an ethical
responsibility Maintains oxygen /
Produces sustainable carbon dioxide
resources (wood, balance reduces
fuel, timber, food, carbon dioxide –
medicine) reduces global
warming
Maintains
biodiversity (habitat
Aesthetically pleasing complexity, niche
availability, number
of species)
Why
Reduces
environmental
conserve Provide a place for
damage (soil erosion,
sedimentation and
the indigenous
populations to live
flooding
rainforest
?
table above
Questions to Consider
4. In which countries are indigenous rainforests people still found?
Brazil, Columbia, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador
5. What are the threats to these people?

The forests they have used for countless generations are being cut down by
loggers, torn up by miners, and hunted by poachers. The rivers they use for water
and fishing are being dammed to produce electricity for far-off cities
6. In which ways do their views of the rainforest and its value differ from yours?
They are more conservative towards the rainforest while someone like doesn't really
mind it but i do recognize its importance
7. What environmental services do rainforests provide?
Rainforests provide important ecological services, including storing hundreds of

billions of tons of carbon, buffering against flood and drought, stabilizing soils,
influencing rainfall patterns, and providing a home to wildlife and Indigenous
people.
8. What other reasons are there to conserve the rainforest?
Protection and storage of water
3.4.U2 International, governmental and non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

are involved in conserving and restoring ecosystems and biodiversity, with varying levels
of effectiveness due to their use of media, speed of response, diplomatic constraints,
financial resources and political influence.
9. Using the logos:
a. Which organization is it from
b. Is it an IGO, GO or NGO?
c. What are its main aims?
d. How does it accomplish these aims?
e. Which are Ecocentric? Technocentric? Anthropocentric?

f. Place the organizations onto the axis below
g. Current projects
h. Which organization would YOU like to work for?
C
o
n
Desk-based research s
e
r
v
a
ti
v
e
R
a
d
i
c
a
l
In the field

10.Compare and contrast the different the roles and activities of intergovernmental
and non-governmental organisations.
IGOs (e.g. UNEP) GOs (e.g. EPA) NGOs (e.g. WWF,

Greenpeace)
Identifying
factors
(description)
Use of
Media
Speed of
response

Diplomatic
constraints
Political
influence
Enforceabilit
y
Public image
Legislation
Agenda
Funding
Extent of
geographical
influence
Monitoring
activities
3.4.U3 Recent international conventions on biodiversity work to create

collaboration between nations for biodiversity conservation.
International conventions on biodiversity

UNEP was established after the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment, held
in Stockholm, Sweden, proposed the creation of a global body to act as the environmental
conscience of the UN system.
The Stockholm Conference marked the formal acceptance by the international

community that development and the environment are inextricably linked. It prompted a
growing body of research that has greatly improved understanding and awareness of
critical environmental issues over the past three-plus decades, and it provided the impetus
for new national, regional and international environmental legislation worldwide.
In the subsequent two decades, a proliferation of environmental conferences and

conventions addressed various environmental issues, including conserving endangered
species, controlling the movement of hazardous wastes, and reversing the depletion of the
ozone layer. The most successful and well-known convention from this period was the
1987 Montreal Protocol of the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer,
an example of international environmental cooperation whose inspiration reverberates to
this day.
In 1980 the IUCN established the World Conservation Strategy (WCS) along with UNEP
and WWF. The WCS outlined a series of global priorities for action and recommended
that each country prepare its own national strategy that would take into account the
conservation of natural resources for long-term human welfare. The strategy also drew
attention to the importance of making the users of natural resources become their
guardians.
In 1992, the UN Conference on Environment and Development—the Earth Summit—

was convened in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, bringing together an unprecedented number of
representatives from governments, civil society, and the private sector. The purpose of
the Earth Summit was to examine progress made since Stockholm, and to “elaborate
strategies and measures to halt and reverse the effects of environmental degradation in
the context of strengthened national and international efforts to promote sustainable and
environmentally sound development in all countries”.
It gave birth to two major conventions—the UN Framework Convention on Climate

Change and the Convention on Biological Diversity—and saw the creation of the UN
Commission on Sustainable Development. The Rio Declaration reaffirmed the principles

first elaborated in Stockholm twenty years earlier, while Agenda 21 gave the world an
action programme for building sustainable development into the 21st century
In May 2000, UNEP convened the first Global Ministerial Environment Forum, in
Malmö, Sweden. One of the Forum’s functions was to send a strong message to the UN
General Assembly, which was due to revisit the sustainable development debate at the
Millennium Summit in September 2000.
The principal outcome of the Millennium Summit was the Millennium bound objectives
and measurable targets collectively known as the Millennium Development Goals.
Environmental sustainability is highlighted among the goals as an objective in itself, and
is widely recognized as a major factor underlying the attainability of all the other goals.
Finally, in September 2005, governments at the 2005 World Summit reaffirmed their
commitment to the Millennium Development Goals, Agenda 21 and the Johannesburg
Plan of Implementation.
11.When was UNEP formed?
June 5th, 1972
12.What are UNEP’s responsibilities?
UNEP's mission is to provide leadership and encourage partnership in caring for the
environment by inspiring, informing, and enabling nations and peoples to improve their
quality of life without compromising that of future generations
13.What is the World Conservation Strategy (WCS)? Who set it up and why?
The WCS was published by IUCN, UNEP, and WWF in 1980, which presented a joint
effort and integrated approach to conservation. Its aims were to: maintain essential
ecological processes and life support systems; and preserve genetic diversity.
14.What are the main objectives of the WCS?
To save nature and wildlife
15.What were the aims of the ‘Earth Summit’ of 1992?

The primary objective of the Rio 'Earth Summit' was to produce a broad agenda and a
new blueprint for international action on environmental and development issues that
would help guide international cooperation and development policy in the twenty-first
century.
16.What is Agenda 21
21 sets out a plan of action to guarantee that life in the next millennium will prosper
17.What was the outcome of the UN Millennium Summit, held in 2000?
It concluded with the adoption by the 189 Member States of the Millennium Declaration,
in which the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were set out: Eradicate
extreme poverty and hunger. Achieve universal primary education. Promote gender
equality and empower women.
3.4.U4 Conservation approaches include habitat conservation, species-based

conservation and a mixed approach.
3.4.A3 Evaluate different approaches to protecting biodiversity
18.Distinguish between habitat conservation and species-based conservation
Habitat conservation is the conservation of endangered or threatened species and the

natural environment features they need to survive. Habitat conservation allows various
species to adapt to changes in their environment and maintain their natural behaviours.
Species based approach (In situ) - focuses on conserving the species in their natural
habitat. CITI (Conservation on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
and Flora.

Think About the Following Questions
19.Do you think keeping animals for humans to look at is a pointless exercise or does
it have a value. Justify your answer
Keeping animals is good sometimes because because there are so many animals around
the world suffering from being used for entertainment, food, medicine, fashion, scientific
advancement, and as exotic pets
20.Do we have the right to capture and cage other species even if we treat them well?
Justify your answer.
No, unless it's for a specific reason like saving an endangered species all were
doing is exercising our dictatorship mindset
21.If there is a choice between allowing a species to become extinct or keeping the
last few individuals in a zoos? Justify your answer.
Having animals in protection provides a reservoir against a population crash in the wild.
Zoos have helped remove animals from the endangered species list and have saved many
from extinction. Without the efforts of zoos, there would be fewer animal species alive
today

22.Evaluate habitat conservation, species-based conservation and a mixed approach.

approaches to protecting biodiversity
a. State whether the approach is habitat-based, species-based or a mixed

approach
b. Outline the pros and the cons of the approach, supported by evidence and/or
examples
c. Determine whether the pros outweigh the cons, or vice versa, and justify
your conclusion
3.4.U5 Criteria for consideration when designing protected areas include size,
shape, edge effects, corridors, and proximity to potential human influence.
3.4.A1 Explain the criteria used to design and manage protected areas.
1. Complete the following table
Criteria to think about Reasons?

Area
Edge effects
Shape

Corridors
Buffer zone
2. Which is better and why?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Be familiar with the idea of island biogeography: “Two eminent ecologists, the late
Robert MacArthur of Princeton University and E. 0. Wilson of Harvard...proposed that
the number of species on any island reflects a balance between the rate at which new
species colonize it and the rate at which populations of established species become
extinct.” (For a complete explanation, visit
http://www.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Island_Biogeography.html)
3.4.U6 Alternative approaches to the development of protected areas are species-

based conservation strategies including: CITES, captive breeding and reintroduction
programmes, and zoos, selection of “charismatic” species to help protect others in an area
(flagship species), selection of keystone species to protect the integrity of the food web.
3. Compare in situ and ex situ. Identify the advantages and disadvantages of each
approach
4. Evaluate the various conservation methods
Conservation method Strengths Weaknesses

CITES (Convention on
International Trade in
Endangered Species of
Wild Flora and Fauna)
Captive breeding,
reintroduction
programmes and zoos
Botanical gardens and

seed banks
Keystone species
Aesthetic vs. ecological

value
5. Read the Guardian Article Meerkats, Chimps and Pandas: The Cute and the Furry
Attract Scientist Attention and Conservation Funding
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/may/23/endangeredspecies-
conservation
As you read the article identify and note down the advantages and disadvantages of
this aesthetic approach
6. Research a successful reintroduction program. E.g. Black-footed ferret.
a. What species was involved? Wolves
b. Why was it successful? Yes

c. What were the opinions of the local communities? it was okay
d. Why are reintroductions from captive bread populations so difficult?

because they don't know how to act in the wild
e. Explain the concept of a frozen zoo. - A frozen zoo is a storage

facility in which genetic materials taken from animals
(e.g. DNA, sperm, eggs, embryos and live tissue) are
stored at very low temperatures (−196 °C) in tanks of
liquid nitrogen.
3.4.U7 Community support, adequate funding and proper research influence the
success of conservation efforts
7. Identify the benefits of community support with a named example
Benefits like improved water quality and air quality, increases in biodiversity and habitat
protection, and reductions in greenhouse gases (GHG), are all inherent in a strategy that
protects and preserves land.
3.4.U8 The location of a conservation area in a country is a significant factor in the

success of the conservation effort. Surrounding land use for the conservation area and
distance from urban centres are important factors for consideration in conservation area
design.
8. State the advantages and disadvantages of having a conservation area close to an

urban center

3.4.A2 Evaluate the success of a given protected area.
9. For each case study, be able to outline and discuss responses to the following
questions:
a. Name the protected area and its location dujiangyan panda habitat is located
in Shiqiao (Stone Bridge) Village of Qingchengshan Town
b. Which species is the area designed to protect? Giant pandas
c. Why is/are the species threatened? Habitat destruction
d. How and why has the protected area been successful? yes, because the giant
pandas are living
e. Weight the pros and cons of each of the following aspects of the area
i. Size - meh, good space not big enough
ii. Shape- offers a variety of movement
iii. Edge effect - pretty good
iv. Corridors - none
v. Human proximity (fragmentation)- a lot
vi. Involvement of local communities- a lot but funds helps
f. Clearly state whether each aspects’ pros outweigh its cons or vice versa
The pros outweigh the cons
g. Reach an overall conclusion and support it with reasons
The habitat is good because although the population isnt thriving it is

helping out

h. Describe how the criteria used to design protected areas have influenced the
success of each case study.
I went based on my opinion and what I found out online.
Case Study Examples
● Royal Chitwan National Par, Nepal
● Sichuan Gian Panda Sanctuaries, Chine
● Sipilok Orang Utan Sanctuary, Malaysia
● Yosemite National Park, USA
10.In your opinion, how should we approach conservation? Or should we? Write out a
conclusion of your position and justify it.
Natural resources are components of the environment that are vital to humans somehow.
The term conservation of natural resources refers to the sustainable use and management
of natural resources such as animals, water, air, and earth deposits.
11.Design your won Conservation Program in your own country. Consider location,
purpose, scope, staff, management and sustainability

Review questions
12.What is biodiversity? What is the underlying cause of biodiversity?
Biodiversity, or the variety of all living things on our planet, has been declining at an
alarming rate in recent years, mainly due to human activities, such as land use changes,
pollution and climate change
13.Biological diversity involves the following concepts. Explain each:
a. Genetic diversity - Genetic Diversity refers to the range of different inherited

traits within a species. In a species with high genetic diversity, there would
be many individuals with a wide variety of different traits. Genetic diversity
is critical for a population to adapt to changing environments
b. Habitat/ecosystem diversity - Ecosystem Diversity can be defined as the

variety of different habitats, communities and ecological processes. A
biological community is defined by the species that occupy a particular area
and the interactions between those species.
c. Species diversity- Species Diversity is simply the number and relative

abundance of species found in a given biological organisation (population,
ecosystem, Earth). Species are the basic units of biological classification and
hence, this is the measure most commonly associated with the term
'biodiversity'.
14.Why is biodiversity high in some places but low in others?
The key to high species diversity lies in how dynamically the continents have evolved
over time. Tropical rainforests are the most biodiverse habitats on Earth. They are home
to a huge number of different plants, animals, fungi and other organisms.
15.List 3 ways diversity is important.
It keeps the environment stable
It provides us with medicine
It helps industry
16.What is the only reason why things are becoming extinct at such a fast rate?
Human interactions and population growth
17.What are the characteristics of an endangered species?
A species is classified as endangered when its population has declined at least 70 percent
and the cause of the decline is known. A species is also classified as endangered when its
population has declined at least 50 percent and the cause of the decline is not known.
18.Explain in situ vs ex situ.

In Situ would be trying to help a threatened species recover in their natural habitat
leaving it there and protecting it with laws. Ex situ would be to bring them out of their
habitat to a zoo or animal preserve to be cared for.
19.List 3 endangered species.
Asian Elephant, Black rhino, Indian Tiger, Snow Leopard
20.Summarize the Endangered Species Act.
Provides a framework on how to conserve and protect species and habitats
21.What is an ecological niche, and how does it help a population adapt to changing
the environmental conditions?
The ecological niche describes how an organism or population responds to the

distribution of resources and competitors (e.g., by growing when resources are abundant,
and when predators, parasites and pathogens are scarce) and how it in turn alters those
same factors (e.g., limited access to resources by other organisms, acting as a food source
for predators and a consumer of prey)
22.How have human activities affected the earth’s biodiversity?

Loss of habitat, pollution of air and water
23.How serious is tropical deforestation, and how can we help sustain tropical forests?
At least half of the world's terrestrial plant and animal species live
in tropical rain forests. Large areas of tropical forest are burned to make way for cattle
ranches and crops up to 7000 fires a day. They are shrinking at aiarming rates.
24.How should rangeland resources be used, managed, and sustained?
Suppress growth of invasive species, rotational grazing, reduce soil erosion, replant
barren areas, use less fertilizer and herbicides.
25.What problems do parks face, and how should we manage them?
Too many visitors, private owners in parks, money needed to fix, loss of species,
pollution - need to buy up private owners, charge more, and make parking lost off the
site.
26.How should we establish, design, protect, and manage terrestrial nature reserves?

By passing laws world wide for protection of biodiversity, including ecosystems, species
and populations, promote the long-term survival of the species and other elements of
biodiversity they contain by maintaining natural processes and viable populations and by
excluding threats. To meet these objectives, conservation planning must deal not only
with the location of reserves in relation to natural physical and biological patterns but
also with reserve design, for example the watershed that they will rely on.
27.What is wilderness, and why is it important?
A wilderness is an area of land that has been largely undisturbed by modern human
development. Wilderness areas usually lack roads, buildings, and other artificial
structures. They provide a natural environment for plant and animal species, and allow
scientists to study healthy ecosystems
28.What is ecological restoration, and why is it important?
Restoration: trying to return to a condition as similar as possible to original state. We

need to fix the ecosystem to prevent its collapse
29.What can we do to help sustain the earth’s terrestrial biodiversity?
identify and protect those areas that are severely threatened and provide ecological
services.Humans dominate most of the land so they will have to share it in order to
maintain species diversity. Locate endangered species, develop new laws if needed to
protect and restore degraded ecosystems.

30.Why should we care about protecting wild species?
New species eventually evolve to take the place of those lost through extinction spasms,
mass depletions, or mass extinctions it will take at least 5 million years for natural
speciation to rebuild the biodiversity we are likely to destroy during this century
prevention the premature extinction of species because of their instrumental value
31.Which human activities endanger wildlife?
all
32.How can we help prevent premature extinction of species?
Reduce invasive species, pass laws and enforce them to protect species, reduce the effects
of overpopulation and pollution, reduce climate change, prevent overexploitation of
organisms illegal killing and selling of animals, exotic species not allowed to be
imported.
33.What are non-governmental organizations? List any you can find involved with
conservation.
A non-governmental organization, or NGO, typically is established to work toward

public or social welfare goals. For instance, an NGO could focus on human rights, voters'
rights, healthcare, helping the poor, and preventing cruelty to animals. NGOs can be
funded by donations and grants. One example of an NGO is Greenpeace International. It

was founded in 1971 to protect the environment and the Earth. like green peace
34.What are intergovernmental organizations?
The term intergovernmental organization (IGO) refers to an entity created by treaty,

involving two or more nations, to work in good faith, on issues of common interest. In
the absence of a treaty an IGO does not exist in the legal sense.
35.What are UNEP’s responsibilities?
36.What is the World Conservation Strategy (WCS)? Who set it up and why?
37.What were the aims of the ‘Earth Summit’ of 1992?

38.What is Agenda 21?
39.What was the outcome of the UN Millennium Summit, held in 2000?
40.Discuss the strengths or weaknesses of the shapes of the nature reserves in the
figure below.

41.Evaluate the role of local support, government agencies and research in the
protection of a named protected area you have studied.
Costa Rica.
local support: their economic future and the future of the park are linked
govt:
punish poachers
research:
identifies new hazards and new goals;

42.Evaluate species-based conservation as an approach for preserving biodiversity and

suggest why trophy hunting (i.e. hunting animals for sport) may represent an
acceptable method of achieving this goal.
species based conservation:
good because it concentrates on one or two key species, but may result in a species being
conserved artificially outside its habitat, thus the organism and not the habitat it belongs
in is protected.
trophy hunting:
managing habitat for "game" may have benefits for many other species
43.Outline three characteristics that an area should have if it is to be designated a

nature reserve or similar protected area.
U5 Criteria for consideration when designing protected areas include size, shape, edge
effects, corridors, and proximity to potential human influence. In effect, protected areas
may become “islands” within a country and will normally lose some of their diversity.
44.An area of forest has been made a nature reserve. It is surrounded by farmland with
several towns. Describe some of the changes that might occur in the area following
its protection in this way.
farmlands wont be able to expand into the territory

45.Briefly describe a named protected area or nature reserve that you have studied and
explain how it has been managed to protect its biodiversity.
An MPA is a defined geographical area of water that is managed to achieve the long-term
conservation of nature. In these areas, fishing and other human activity is restricted,
which allows depleted populations to recover while protecting key species and vulnerable
habitats. One would be yellowstone it is managed by a group of enviromentalists.
ESS can be like learning a new language. So many words are not commonly used in
everyday English. This can be challenging. To help you keep up with ESS Terms, you
will need to create your own ESS DICTIONARY. You should add to this over the year
and keep it in your notebook or on a page file THAT YOU CAN UPDATE AND ADD
TO EASILY. Most of the vocabulary words can be found either on your STUDY GUIDE
or at mrgscience.com.
You will be responsible for leaning the words and their meaning. Periodic quizzes will be
given on the words. So, make your dictionary creative and you will remember the words
more easily.
KEY TERMS
Species
UNEP
Community
Stewardship
Ecotourism
Ecotone
gradual edge
buffer zone
minimum viable pop.
seed bank
in situ
Habitat
WWF
CITE
genetic resource
nutrient cycling
edge effect
biodiversity
security
botanical garden
ex situ
Aesthetic
Greenpeace
captive breeding
gene pool
water purification
reserve
forest interior
scale
captive breeding
keystone species
SLOSS
Intergovernmental
Rio Earth Summit
Ethical
natural selection
ecoterrorism
zonation
migration
ecological process
reintroduction
flagship species
NGOs
island biogeography
life support
intrinsic value
corridors
abrupt change
invasive species
historic range
zoo
intervention

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3. Biodiversity and Conservation– 3.

4 Conservation of Biodiversity Name:

preservation can be based on aesthetic,

manage protected areas.

Adaptaded from Brad Cramer http://www.mrgscience.com/

4. In which countries are indigenous rainforests people still found?

Brazil, Columbia, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador

5. What are the threats to these people?

Adaptaded from Brad Cramer http://www.mrgscience.com/

7. What environmental services do rainforests provide?

Rainforests provide important ecological services, including storing hundreds of

8. What other reasons are there to conserve the rainforest?

Protection and storage of water

3.4.U2 International, governmental and non-governmental organizations (NGOs)

9. Using the logos:

a. Which organization is it from

c. What are its main aims?

d. How does it accomplish these aims?

e. Which are Ecocentric? Technocentric? Anthropocentric?

f. Place the organizations onto the axis below

h. Which organization would YOU like to work for?

Adaptaded from Brad Cramer http://www.mrgscience.com/

IGOs (e.g. UNEP) GOs (e.g. EPA) NGOs (e.g. WWF,

Adaptaded from Brad Cramer http://www.mrgscience.com/

3.4.U3 Recent international conventions on biodiversity work to create

International conventions on biodiversity

Adaptaded from Brad Cramer http://www.mrgscience.com/

The Stockholm Conference marked the formal acceptance by the international

In the subsequent two decades, a proliferation of environmental conferences and

In 1992, the UN Conference on Environment and Development—the Earth Summit—

It gave birth to two major conventions—the UN Framework Convention on Climate

Adaptaded from Brad Cramer http://www.mrgscience.com/

11.When was UNEP formed?

June 5th, 1972

12.What are UNEP’s responsibilities?

14.What are the main objectives of the WCS?

To save nature and wildlife

15.What were the aims of the ‘Earth Summit’ of 1992?

Adaptaded from Brad Cramer http://www.mrgscience.com/

17.What was the outcome of the UN Millennium Summit, held in 2000?

3.4.U4 Conservation approaches include habitat conservation, species-based

3.4.A3 Evaluate different approaches to protecting biodiversity

18.Distinguish between habitat conservation and species-based conservation

Habitat conservation is the conservation of endangered or threatened species and the

Adaptaded from Brad Cramer http://www.mrgscience.com/

Think About the Following Questions

Adaptaded from Brad Cramer http://www.mrgscience.com/

22.Evaluate habitat conservation, species-based conservation and a mixed approach.

a. State whether the approach is habitat-based, species-based or a mixed

1. Complete the following table

Criteria to think about Reasons?

Adaptaded from Brad Cramer http://www.mrgscience.com/

2. Which is better and why?

Adaptaded from Brad Cramer http://www.mrgscience.com/

3.4.U6 Alternative approaches to the development of protected areas are species-

4. Evaluate the various conservation methods

Conservation method Strengths Weaknesses

Botanical gardens and

Aesthetic vs. ecological

6. Research a successful reintroduction program. E.g. Black-footed ferret.

a. What species was involved? Wolves

b. Why was it successful? Yes

c. What were the opinions of the local communities? it was okay