PR 1
- Aims to find practical solutions to real-
RESEARCH
- allows people to expand their knowledge on
simple curiosities and to apply the newfound
knowledge creating products that can make
lives easier and more comfortable.
- O’leary (2004) - systematic study of materials
and sources in order to establish facts and
reach new conclusions.
- requires following a logically ordered
procedure that often starts with a question
(maybe formulated because of experiences,
curiosities, or observation); once engaged in
process of data gathering, simple research is
done.
- a systematic process of gathering information
to answer a particular problem.
- Research begins with a question. This question
may have been formulated based on everyday
life experiences, individual curiosities, or
random observations. Once an individual
engages in the process of gathering
information to answer a question, he/she is
already conducting simple research.
TYPES OF RESEARCH (BASED ON OUTCOMES)
Basic Research
- Vanderstoep and Johnston (2009) -
investigation that adds to the knowledge of
a particular area of study.
- O’leary (2004) -pure research o primarily
undertaken to gain a broader understanding
of a particular problem or phenomenon.
Result may not necessarily be directly
applicable to raw setting, can be a source of
new ideas, concepts, or theories.
- knowledge generated from basic research
can be used as the foundational ideas for
applied research.
- Aims to improve understanding and develop
theories.
- goal: acquire knowledge to understand the
world better.
Applied research
- O’leary(2004) - knowledge gained from
applied research is meant to find solutions
to actual problems.
- Vanderstoep and Johnston (2009) - an
investigation that does have obvious and
immediate applications.
- directly useful in real life.
world problems.
- goal: use the acquired knowledge in the
daily lives of people.
BASIC APPLIED
Understanding Practical solutions
Curiosity-driven Solution-driven
Theories New ways/products
How can we use
What is the world
nuclear technology
made up of?
in daily life?
The knowledge generated from basic research can be
use as the foundational ideas for applied research.
IMPORTANCE
1. Helps understanding the world better -
Gathering information to answer any question
that sparks interest contributes to a broader
understanding of the world.
2. Allows us to find answers to problems -
research provides a logical structure of finding
answers to problems. answers may come in
the form of new ideas, as in the case of basic
research, or practical solutions, as in the case
of applied research.
3. Enables us to evaluate our answers to
different problems - Doing further research
on an existing answer can lead to a broader
understanding of how this answer is a
corresponding solution to a particular
problem.
4. Add to the body of knowledge.
5. To understand better and raise awareness.
6. To further human innovations – continuously
develop.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
1. Controlled - controlled and manipulated in
order to come up with a valid result.
Extraneous variables (those that produce an
association between two variables that are
not causally related) must be controlled to
ensure that they will not influence the results
in any way.
2. Rigorous - Following stringent procedures in
finding out the answers to questions is what
makes research rigorous. Certain steps in the
 research process require a lot of work and
effort in order to ensure the validity of results
and compliance to research ethics.
3. Systematic - follows a structured plan. This
plan should contain a step-by-step procedure
in solving the research problem. Researchers
must faithfully follow the research process to
make sure that there will be accurate results
and a reliable conclusion upon completion of
the research.
4. Valid - must only involve data and results that
are correct and verifiable not just by the
researcher but also by other people. Validity
also refers to how sound the concepts and
theories the research is based on, and how
well-founded the conclusions are drawn.
5. Empirical - must be completely based on hard
evidence which the researcher personally
collected from observation and/or real-life
experiences.
RESEARCH PROCESS
overall steps needed to accomplish the entire
research according to a scientific method. It can be
divided into three phases: research proposal, research
activity, and written content. Specifically, the
following are the steps of the scientific research
process:
area of interest. The field of interest may further
branch out to a wide range of areas. For this reason, it
is important for the researcher to pick a study area to
explore that will serve as the general field of focus of
the research.
Choosing a research topic - needs to start observing
the surroundings or environment. Through keen
observation, processes or things that require
improvement can be identified. In identifying a
research topic, it is important that the researchers
choose a topic that can address real-life problems
they usually encounter in the academe and society.
This step also considers the significance of the chosen
topic in the general field of focus, whether it is worth
the time and effort to conduct the research or not.
Formulating Plans and Methodology – methodology
refers to the set of methods, procedures, or techniques
that will be used for the overall handling of data about
a topic. It is highly relevant in research, as it serves as
the blueprint in the conduct of the study. This step also
considers the schedule, budget, and feasibility of the
research.
Contents of research proposal:

Research Proposal
1. Identify the general study area.
2. Choose research topic.
3. Formulate plans and methodology.

Research Activities
4. Collect Data
5. Analyze and interpret data.

Written Content
6. Write conclusion.
7. Share the publication. RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

research activities phase includes all the necessary

RESEARCH PROPOSAL
procedures needed for data collection and analysis.
The following are the steps of this phase:
first phase of the entire research process. Most of the
time, it requires the researcher to identify the actual
Data Collection - comes directly after polishing every
research problem that he or she wants to address. It
detail of the research methodology. It is a critical step
involves three steps:
as this establishes the accuracy of data that will
determine the conclusion of the study. Data can be
Identifying General Study Area - researcher needs to
select a research topic that is within his or her subject
collected in several ways that will be discussed in the Principles of research Ethics
succeeding lessons, but the following is an overview:
Research ethics is important because it serves as a
guide for all researchers to keep the integrity of
their research. It refers to all the practices that
must be followed by the researcher to ensure that
the steps of the research process are adhered to
with utmost integrity and the set standards agreed
upon by the community of researchers all over the
world are upheld. The following table enumerates
the ethical principles that should be exemplified in
the conduct of research:

Use for Student

Data Analysis - process of extracting the essential Ethical Principles
information needed to answer the research questions Researchers
from the collected data. This step can be done Researchers must
through the use of statistical methods or by deriving
honestly present
themes from the gathered data. The results of the
information on research
analysis must then be interpreted and discussed with
methods and
the support of related literature.
procedures, data, and
Honesty
results. Researchers
WRITTEN CONTENT must not falsify and
distort the data to
phase of the research process involves the process of deceive the public or to
consolidating all the information from the data attain a desired result.
analysis.
Researchers should
remove any form of bias
Writing Conclusions - Conclusion is the part of the
in all stages of research.
study derived from the analysis and interpretation of
the collected data. This serves as the direct answer to All observations and
Objectivity
the research questions posed at the start of the data collected must not
project. In this step, the researchers need to process be changed in any way
the essential information to form the final conclusion to agree with the goals
of the research. of the researchers.

Researchers must be
Sharing the Publication - results of the study are
Prudence careful in evaluating
consolidated and written into a final research
manuscript, the researchers are obliged to present their own work
and share their findings with the public or the rest of Researchers must
the community. Mostly, researches can be presented
publish the results of
in the form of a poster or oral presentations during
their research and share
organized conferences. Researchers may also publish Responsible publication
it with other people for
their work in journals or any form of media that
their academic and
allows their work to be accessed by other people.
practical contributions.
The research process is an endless cycle. It does not Researchers must treat
stop when the results are published and shared with
with confidentiality the
the rest of the community. Your current results can
information of anyone
still be improved and modified by future research on Confidentiality
involved in the research
the same topic.
project, especially that
of the respondents.
 Researchers must - Focus: words, meanings, interpretations, and
respect patents, perspectives
copyrights, and other - Allows you to gather in depth insights by
Respect for intellectual exploring meanings.
forms of intellectual
property
property. It is a criminal
act for anyone to 2. Quantitative Research
plagiarize. - creswell (2009) - a means for testing
objective theories by examining the
Researchers must relationship among variables ; makes use of
conduct research statistical knowledge in the collection,
Social responsibility
studies that would be analysis, and interpretation of numerical
beneficial to society. data
- variables are observable, measurable, and
Researchers must avoid may be expressed in numbers.
discrimination against - Gray et. al., 2007 - use numbers to describe
Anti-discrimination any form of social labels what exists
like sex, gender, - Goal: verify hypotheses and establish
religion, and culture. relationships using measurable and
observable data.
- inquiry: surveys and experiments, which
use systematic data collection methods,
RESEARCH DESIGNS such as survey questionnaires. ; uses close-
ended questions
• ordered sequence of steps in the research - researcher adopts an objective standpoint
process is part of — in relation to the participants of the study
• formulation of a research design is an integral in order to ensure the validity and
part of the research process reliability of the data and its analysis.
• a systematic plan of conducting research. It is - Allows you to find generalizable facts by
important because it serves as the overall using statistical data.
guide of the researcher throughout the
research process. QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
Words Numbers
TYPES OF RESEARCH
Open-ended Close-ended
questions questions
• Creswell (2009) - Three main types - quanti,
Few respondents Many respondents
quali, mixed method.
Perspectives, Preferences, impact,
perceptions, effects
1. Qualitative Research
experiences
- creswell (2009) - means for exploring and
understanding the meaning individuals or
groups ascribe to a social or human
3. Mixed Method
- employs the elements of both qualitative
problem.
and quantitative research in terms of
- asks open-ended questions to extract
strategies, methods, and focus.
meanings, perceptions, and interpretations o
- Creswell (2009) - is not simply a
uses different strategies of inquiry such as
combination of the elements of qualitative
phenomenology, grounded theory,
and quantitative research. Doing mixed
ethnography, case studies, and narratives.
methods research also entails ensuring the
Specific data collection methods include
complementarity of both qualitative and
interviews, focus group discussions, and
quantitative approaches. ;
content analysis
- may be sequential, concurrent, or
- Gray et al. (2007) - relying on words,
transformative.
especially nouns and adjectives that convey
what exists. sequential mixed methods research - when the
researcher “seeks to elaborate on or expand on the
findings of one method with another method. may
either begin qualitatively and the findings may be
generalized quantitatively, or the sequence may also
proceed with quantitative research being expounded
by qualitative research.

concurrent mixed methods research - proceeds with

qualitative and quantitative methods and data being
used and collected at the same time.

Mixed methods research may also be transformative.

It can contain elements of either concurrent or
sequential mixed methods research.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

- the primary advantages and disadvantages of

qualitative and quantitative research are
summarized in Table 3 below, as directly
adopted from Vanderstoep and Johnston
(2009):