Chapter 1: Normed spaces.

Banach spaces

1 Vector spaces (F)

2 Normed spaces (C)

3 Banach spaces

4 Linear bounded operators

5 Normed Spaces of Operators. Dual Spaces

Le Ba Khiet, Phd. Faculty of Mathematics & Statistics, TDTU January 10, 2023 1/7
1.2 Normed spaces

Definition 1
A norm on a vector space X is a function k · k : X → R+ such that for
all x, y ∈ X , a ∈ R we have
1 kxk ≥ 0; kxk = 0 ⇔ x = 0
2 kaxk = |a|kxk
3 kx + y k ≤ kxk + ky k (triangle inequality).

Exercise 1
Show that if k · k is a norm on a vector space X and x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ∈ X ,
then we have

kx1 + x2 + . . . + xn k ≤ kx1 k + kx2 k + . . . + kxn k

Le Ba Khiet, Phd. Faculty of Mathematics & Statistics, TDTU January 10, 2023 2/7
1.2 Normed spaces

Definition 1
A norm on a vector space X is a function k · k : X → R+ such that for
all x, y ∈ X , a ∈ R we have
1 kxk ≥ 0; kxk = 0 ⇔ x = 0
2 kaxk = |a|kxk
3 kx + y k ≤ kxk + ky k (triangle inequality).

Exercise 1
Show that if k · k is a norm on a vector space X and x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ∈ X ,
then we have

kx1 + x2 + . . . + xn k ≤ kx1 k + kx2 k + . . . + kxn k

Le Ba Khiet, Phd. Faculty of Mathematics & Statistics, TDTU January 10, 2023 2/7
1.2 Normed spaces

Definition 1
A norm on a vector space X is a function k · k : X → R+ such that for
all x, y ∈ X , a ∈ R we have
1 kxk ≥ 0; kxk = 0 ⇔ x = 0
2 kaxk = |a|kxk
3 kx + y k ≤ kxk + ky k (triangle inequality).

Exercise 1
Show that if k · k is a norm on a vector space X and x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ∈ X ,
then we have

kx1 + x2 + . . . + xn k ≤ kx1 k + kx2 k + . . . + kxn k

Le Ba Khiet, Phd. Faculty of Mathematics & Statistics, TDTU January 10, 2023 2/7
1.2 Normed spaces

Definition 1
A norm on a vector space X is a function k · k : X → R+ such that for
all x, y ∈ X , a ∈ R we have
1 kxk ≥ 0; kxk = 0 ⇔ x = 0
2 kaxk = |a|kxk
3 kx + y k ≤ kxk + ky k (triangle inequality).

Exercise 1
Show that if k · k is a norm on a vector space X and x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ∈ X ,
then we have

kx1 + x2 + . . . + xn k ≤ kx1 k + kx2 k + . . . + kxn k

Le Ba Khiet, Phd. Faculty of Mathematics & Statistics, TDTU January 10, 2023 2/7
1.2 Normed spaces

Definition 1
A norm on a vector space X is a function k · k : X → R+ such that for
all x, y ∈ X , a ∈ R we have
1 kxk ≥ 0; kxk = 0 ⇔ x = 0
2 kaxk = |a|kxk
3 kx + y k ≤ kxk + ky k (triangle inequality).

Exercise 1
Show that if k · k is a norm on a vector space X and x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ∈ X ,
then we have

kx1 + x2 + . . . + xn k ≤ kx1 k + kx2 k + . . . + kxn k

Le Ba Khiet, Phd. Faculty of Mathematics & Statistics, TDTU January 10, 2023 2/7
1.2 Normed spaces

Example 1
The space X = Rn and 1 ≤ p < +∞. For any x = (x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) ∈ Rn ,
we define  1/p
kxkp = |x1 |p + |x2 |p + . . . + |xn |p .

When p = 2, we have the Euclidean norm

 1/2
kxk2 = |x1 |2 + |x2 |2 + . . . + |xn |2 .

Another common norm on Rn is

kxk∞ = max |xk |.

1≤k ≤n

Le Ba Khiet, Phd. Faculty of Mathematics & Statistics, TDTU January 10, 2023 3/7
1.2 Normed spaces

Example 2
The space X = `p , p ∈ [1, ∞) with norm
∞
X 1/p
kxkp = |xk |p .
k =1

Example 3
The space X = `∞ with norm

kxk∞ = sup |xk |.

k ≥1

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1.2 Normed spaces

Example 2
The space X = `p , p ∈ [1, ∞) with norm
∞
X 1/p
kxkp = |xk |p .
k =1

Example 3
The space X = `∞ with norm

kxk∞ = sup |xk |.

k ≥1

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1.2 Normed spaces

Example 4
The space X = C[a, b] with norm

kxk∞ = sup |x(t)|.

t∈[a,b]

Other norms on C[a, b] are

Z b
kxkp = ( |x(t)|p dt)1/p , 1 ≤ p < ∞.
a

Proposition 1
The norm is a continuous function from X into R.

Le Ba Khiet, Phd. Faculty of Mathematics & Statistics, TDTU January 10, 2023 5/7
1.2 Normed spaces

Example 4
The space X = C[a, b] with norm

kxk∞ = sup |x(t)|.

t∈[a,b]

Other norms on C[a, b] are

Z b
kxkp = ( |x(t)|p dt)1/p , 1 ≤ p < ∞.
a

Proposition 1
The norm is a continuous function from X into R.

Le Ba Khiet, Phd. Faculty of Mathematics & Statistics, TDTU January 10, 2023 5/7
1.2 Normed spaces
Definition 2
A metric space is a set X together with a function d : X × X → R+
(called a metric or "distance function") such that ∀x, y , z ∈ X , we have
d(x, y ) ≥ 0; d(x, y ) = 0 ⇔ x = y
d(x, y ) = d(y , x)
d(x, y ) + d(y , z) ≥ d(x, z) (triangle inequality)

Exercise 2
Let X be a vector space with norm k · k. Prove that d(x, y ) =
kx − y k(x, y ∈ X ) is a metric on X . In addition, prove that

d(x + z, y + z) = d(x, y )
d(αx, αy ) = |α|d(x, y )

for all x, y , z ∈ X and α ∈ R.

Le Ba Khiet, Phd. Faculty of Mathematics & Statistics, TDTU January 10, 2023 6/7
1.2 Normed spaces
Definition 2
A metric space is a set X together with a function d : X × X → R+
(called a metric or "distance function") such that ∀x, y , z ∈ X , we have
d(x, y ) ≥ 0; d(x, y ) = 0 ⇔ x = y
d(x, y ) = d(y , x)
d(x, y ) + d(y , z) ≥ d(x, z) (triangle inequality)

Exercise 2
Let X be a vector space with norm k · k. Prove that d(x, y ) =
kx − y k(x, y ∈ X ) is a metric on X . In addition, prove that

d(x + z, y + z) = d(x, y )
d(αx, αy ) = |α|d(x, y )

for all x, y , z ∈ X and α ∈ R.

Le Ba Khiet, Phd. Faculty of Mathematics & Statistics, TDTU January 10, 2023 6/7
1.2 Normed spaces
Definition 2
A metric space is a set X together with a function d : X × X → R+
(called a metric or "distance function") such that ∀x, y , z ∈ X , we have
d(x, y ) ≥ 0; d(x, y ) = 0 ⇔ x = y
d(x, y ) = d(y , x)
d(x, y ) + d(y , z) ≥ d(x, z) (triangle inequality)

Exercise 2
Let X be a vector space with norm k · k. Prove that d(x, y ) =
kx − y k(x, y ∈ X ) is a metric on X . In addition, prove that

d(x + z, y + z) = d(x, y )
d(αx, αy ) = |α|d(x, y )

for all x, y , z ∈ X and α ∈ R.

Le Ba Khiet, Phd. Faculty of Mathematics & Statistics, TDTU January 10, 2023 6/7
1.2 Normed spaces
Definition 2
A metric space is a set X together with a function d : X × X → R+
(called a metric or "distance function") such that ∀x, y , z ∈ X , we have
d(x, y ) ≥ 0; d(x, y ) = 0 ⇔ x = y
d(x, y ) = d(y , x)
d(x, y ) + d(y , z) ≥ d(x, z) (triangle inequality)

Exercise 2
Let X be a vector space with norm k · k. Prove that d(x, y ) =
kx − y k(x, y ∈ X ) is a metric on X . In addition, prove that

d(x + z, y + z) = d(x, y )
d(αx, αy ) = |α|d(x, y )

for all x, y , z ∈ X and α ∈ R.

Le Ba Khiet, Phd. Faculty of Mathematics & Statistics, TDTU January 10, 2023 6/7
1.2 Normed spaces
Definition 2
A metric space is a set X together with a function d : X × X → R+
(called a metric or "distance function") such that ∀x, y , z ∈ X , we have
d(x, y ) ≥ 0; d(x, y ) = 0 ⇔ x = y
d(x, y ) = d(y , x)
d(x, y ) + d(y , z) ≥ d(x, z) (triangle inequality)

Exercise 2
Let X be a vector space with norm k · k. Prove that d(x, y ) =
kx − y k(x, y ∈ X ) is a metric on X . In addition, prove that

d(x + z, y + z) = d(x, y )
d(αx, αy ) = |α|d(x, y )

for all x, y , z ∈ X and α ∈ R.

Le Ba Khiet, Phd. Faculty of Mathematics & Statistics, TDTU January 10, 2023 6/7
Exercises

3. Assume that d is a metric on X and satisfies d(x + z, y + z)

= d(x, y ) for all x, y , z ∈ X . Then kxk = d(x, 0) defines a norm on X .
Moreover, we have kx − y k = d(x, y ) for every x, y ∈ X .

4. Let X be a vector space and p : X → R a mapping such that

p(kx) = |k |p(x) and p(x) + p(y ) ≤ p(x + y )

for all x, y ∈ X and k ∈ R. Prove that p(0) = 0 and p(x) ≥ 0 for all
x ∈ R.
p
5. For u = (x, y ) ∈ R2 , define kuk = x 2 + 4y 2 . Prove that it is a
norm on R2 .

6. Let k · k1 and k · k2 be norms on a vector space X . We define

kxk = max{kxk1 , kxk2 }, x ∈ X . Prove that k · k is also a norm on X .

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