MCL361, ASSIGNMENT-1
Exploring utility function in utility management: an
evaluating method of library preservation
Saksham Bhardwaj, 2020ME10970
Aditya, 2020ME10902
Abstract—This paper presents a theoretical analysis of
harmonically-terminated high-efficiency power rectifiers and ex-
perimental validation on a class-C single Schottky-diode rectifier
and a class-F−1 GaN transistor rectifier. The theory is based
on a Fourier analysis of current and voltage waveforms which
arise across the rectifying element when different harmonic
terminations are presented at its terminals. An analogy to
harmonically-terminated power amplifier theory is discussed.
From the analysis, one can obtain an optimal value for the DC
load given the RF circuit design. An upper limit on rectifier
efficiency is derived for each case as a function of the device on-
resistance. Measured results from fundamental frequency source-
pull measurement of a Schottky diode rectifier with short-circuit
terminations at the second and third harmonic are presented.
A maximal device rectification efficiency of 72.8% at 2.45 GHz
matches the theoretical prediction. A 2.14 GHz GaN pHEMT
rectifier is designed based on a class-F−1 power amplifier. The
gate of the transistor is terminated in an optimal impedance
for self-synchronous rectification. Measurements of conversion
efficiency and output DC voltage for varying gate RF impedance,
DC load and gate bias are shown with varying input RF power at
the drain. The rectifier demonstrates an efficiency of 85% for a
10 W input RF power at the transistor drain, with a DC voltage
of 30 V across a 98 Ω resistor.
Summary of the paper
I. I NTRODUCTION
T HE book industry is presently facing a number of signif-
icant obstacles, such as a lack of multi-level and multi-
regional content, a proliferation of substandard and objection-
able material, and a lack of comprehensive data on book sales,
reading patterns, and citations. Despite the expansion of library
holdings, the number of original academic texts in Mandarin
has decreased, while the use of electronic publications has
increased, necessitating a systematic comparison of printed
and electronic texts.
Utility management, which employs the concept of utility
to analyse and manage the efficient use of articles and other
products, has been introduced to assist in the management of
these challenges. The utility function illustrates the relation-
ship between consumers’ utility and the price of consumer
goods. By extending this concept to article management, utility
management enables an analysis of the efficient utilisation of
an article’s usage properties, such as readership, citations, and
impact.
Despite the fact that the theory of utility management is still
evolving, it has already proven to be a valuable instrument
for managing the efficient use of items beyond consumer
preferences. Earlier approaches to utility management involved
1
both utility assessment and utility control, with the maximisa-
tion of utility as the governing principle. Utility management
has been used to help influence the goals and objectives
of education, with an emphasis on maximising utility and
promoting efficient usage.
In light of the challenges confronting the publishing in-
dustry, utility management has emerged as a key concept for
article management. By analysing and managing the effective
use of articles, utility management can assist in addressing
issues such as the lack of multi-level and multi-regional con-
tent, the proliferation of substandard and offensive material,
and the lack of comprehensive data on book sales, reading
patterns, and citations. It can also aid in the production and
dissemination of original academic texts in Mandarin and other
languages.
In this term paper, we will examine in greater depth
the concept of utility management, including its theoretical
foundations, practical applications, and prospective limitations.
In addition, we will investigate case studies and examples of
utility management in action, including how it has been used to
address some of the challenges facing the publishing industry.
The purpose of this analysis is to provide a comprehensive
overview of utility management and its potential to enhance
the efficient use of articles and other products.
II. M ATHEMATICAL M ODEL
A. Utility Function
The utility function is a mathematical expression that de-
fines the connection between a consumer’s degree of satis-
faction and their preference for a product or service. The
function denoted by U(x) represents the level of consumer
satisfaction or preference for each of the available options.
U(x) is typically between 0 and 1 and assesses the degree
of consumer satisfaction after consuming a particular product
combination. There are various varieties of utility functions.
• Information Utility Function: A utility function that mea-
sures the value of information or knowledge. It helps
decision-makers quantify the benefits of gaining addi-
tional information before making a decision.
• Multi-Attribute Utility Function: A utility function that
combines multiple attributes or factors to evaluate op-
tions. This function assigns weights to each attribute,
which can vary depending on the decision-maker’s pref-
erences.
• Rent-Seeking Utility Function: A utility function that
captures the utility of a person or group that seeks to gain
MCL361, ASSIGNMENT-1
an economic advantage through rent-seeking activities.
Rent-seeking involves using political power to obtain
special privileges or benefits that are not available to
others.
• Traffic Utility Function: A utility function that measures
the value of time and the cost of travel for transportation-
related decision making. This function can help to de-
termine optimal routes, modes of transportation, and
scheduling.
• Objective Utility Function: A utility function that mea-
sures the desirability of outcomes based on objective cri-
teria. This function is often used in cases where subjective
preferences cannot be used to make decisions.
• Cost Utility Function: A utility function that measures
the value of outcomes in terms of their costs. This
function is often used in healthcare decision-making,
where the objective is to maximize health outcomes while
minimizing costs.
• HARA (Hyperbolic Absolute Risk Aversion, Absolute
Risk Aversion) Utility Function: A utility function that
captures the degree of risk aversion of a decision-maker.
This function assumes that the level of risk aversion is not
constant but decreases as the level of wealth or income
increases.
• PD (Partial Distribution, Partial Tail Distribution) Utility
Function: A utility function that measures the value of
outcomes based on the probability of achieving them.
This function focuses on the tail of the distribution, which
represents low-probability but high-impact events.
• PRA (Power Risk Aversion) Utility Function: A utility
function that captures the degree of risk aversion of a
decision-maker. This function assumes that the level of
risk aversion is proportional to the square of the deviation
from the expected outcome.
• Logit (Logistic) Utility Function: A utility function that
models the probability of a binary choice (e.g., yes/no,
true/false) based on a linear combination of attributes.
This function assumes that the relationship between the
attributes and the probability of the outcome is logistic
The Utility Function can be denoted as
U (x) = F (x1 , x2 , ...xn )
(1)
f or U : Rn+ → R
Where n is the types of goods consumed and x is the
consumption vector.
• Linear Utility Function
u(x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) = a1 x1 , a2 x2 , ..., an xn (2)
• Complementary Utility Function
u(x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) = min(a1 x1 + a2 x2 + ... + an xn ) (3)
• Merging Utility Function
u(x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) = u(x1 ) + u(x2 ) + ... + u(xn ) (4)
2
• Cobb - Douglas Utility Function
u(x1 , x2 , ..., xn ) = xa1 1 .xa2 2 ....xann
n n
!
Y
ai
X (5)
= xi ai > 0, ai = 1
i=1 i=0
B. Bellman equation
The Bellman equation is a fundamental concept in the
field of dynamic programming and optimization. It is named
after its developer, Richard Bellman. The equation expresses
the total expected utility of a decision problem in terms of
the expected utility of the current decision and the expected
utility of all possible future decisions. Essentially, the Bellman
equation allows for the calculation of the optimal decision-
making strategy in a sequential decision-making process. It
is a recursive equation that is widely used in fields such as
economics, engineering, and computer science.
Pn t
V (x0 ) = max t=0 β F (xt , at )
∞
{at }t=0 (6)
s.t. at ∈ Γ(xt ), xt+1 = T (xt , at ), ∀t = 0, 1, 2, ...
V (x0 ) represents the optimal value that can be obtained by
maximizing the given objective function subjected to the given
constraints
Continuous time optimization should require to partial dif-
ferential equation, usually done with the Hamilton-Jacobi-
Bellman (HJB) equation (shown below)
(Z
T
)
V (x(0), 0) = max C[x(t), u(t)]dt + D[x(T )] (7)
u 0
Where C is the scalar cost rate function, D[x(T)] gives utility
at the final state, x(t) is the system state vector, x(0) is the
initial state which is assumed to be given, and u(t) for 0 ≤
t ≤ T is the control vector that we need to find.
The Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES) is a charac-
teristic present in a number of production and utility functions.
This form of production function demonstrates a constant
elasticity of substitution, indicating that the percentage change
in factor proportions (such as labour and capital) remains
constant as the marginal rate of technical substitution in the
production technology changes. The Function is shown below
1
Q = F.(a.K r + (1 − a).Lr ) T (8)
Where Q is the desired output, the F is the factor productivity,
a is the share parameter, K and L are capital and labor, r is
the elasticity of substitution.
III. M ETHODOLOGY
The utility function in library management involves mea-
suring the usefulness of resources or products in terms of
their utility value, assessing the amount of resource utilization,
determining user preferences based on the measure values,
allocating resources diversely to mitigate risk, and continually
assessing utility over time. The primary objective of this
approach is to identify the potential usefulness of resources
and predict their continual use and maximal effectiveness.
In library management, book evaluation is a critical task,
MCL361, ASSIGNMENT-1 3

and the utility function can serve as a primary method for its effectiveness, but it can still be determined based on
evaluation and become an essential part of utility management. use variables.
The Bellman equation in utility functions, which features • To optimise the quantity of utilisation at each stage, it is
multi-stage decision-making under uncertainty modeling, is possible to reduce the multivariate of total use behaviours
particularly suited to evaluating the collection and use of books to a single variable function with time t. This is due to
in library management. the fact that the quantity of preservation is not directly
The utility management is useful in evaluating the practical proportional to the amount of utilisation. For this purpose,
value of books, which can vary by region. To achieve this, a an exponential relationship can be postulated.
new mathematical model was proposed by incorporating the
y(x, t) = Ke−ax + c t (K ̸= 0, a ̸= 0)


(10)
Bellman equation,
Taking partial differential with respect to time
U (x) = max [U (x0 , y0 , t)]
nP0<t≤∞  o (9) Ke−ax + c = 0 (11)
n r
+ max βU x (te ), yj (t), t  
0≤te ≤∞ j=1 j 1 −c
x = − . ln (12)
a K
The equation (9) for the utility function consists of two terms:
the basic utility U (x0 , y0 ) and the factor utility U (xrj , yj ), Here the amount of the preservation is x =
both contributing to the optimal utility value U (x). The basic (x1 , x2 , x3 , ..., xn ), which the n is places of the preser-
utility of books reflects their inherent and heritage value, with vation, the a is species of books, the x is copies, and ax
the collection time (t = te ) determining the initial state of all is the total copies of every species.
books. The factor utility, on the other hand, is uncertain and • By taking the partial derivative with respect to U (xj ),
varies across different library collections, with the substitution ∂U (x) 1
elasticity constant (r) determining the level of uncertainty. = (13)
∂U (xj ) β
The β parameter, which is less than one, represents the
discount factor for the use effect by readers. In the future, the discount factor β can be considered as a practical
book purchases can be optimized using the HJB equation in utility factor, such as the book usage factor (BUF), which
decision-making, while the preservation variable (xj ) and the can be obtained through empirical data.
use variable (yj ) by readers are discrete random variables h i−1
∂U (x)
BU F = ∂U
that are dependent on the certain value of preservation (x) (xj )
and time (te ). The factor utility can be further categorized (14)
into collection-related utility, which includes loan, download checkout number of one kind books
= total checkout number of same class book
within the network, guided reading, recommendation, com-
munication, and display, among others. On the other hand, • The total usage of books can be simplified to a single
there is utility that is not related to the collection, such as variable that is a function of time and the book usage
references, reviews, and awards. If A is the quantity matrix half-life. This is shown in the following equation:
of preservation, and B is action matrix of the usage, then dx
r= = kxn
U = |A|.|B| dt
Now, dx
dt = − n
x = (x1 , x2 , x3 , ..., xn ) kx
Z t Z x
a = (a1 , a2 , a3 , ..., an ) dx
dt = −
y = (y1 , y2 , y3 , ..., yn ) 0 x0 kx
For n = 1, at t = 0, the total amounts of checkout books
Where x denotes all the species of book distributed vector, is x0
a denotes volume quantity in the preservation and y denotes
1
usage vector, when collected time t = te , then utility time t = − [ln x − ln x0 ]
t(> te ) is the use time of readers. The factor utility of books k
x
is set U = U (xr , y, t) where the r is constant. −kt =
x0
According to management effect, ∆U P = |U0 (x, y0 , T ) −
U (xj , yj , t| ≤ ϵ. When t ≤ t0 , A = xj aj . And when x = x0 e−kt
te < t ≤ T , actual usage quantity = ym (x) ln 2
T 21 = (15)
Let S(y) be a usage function. Then U (ym ) = B. Since k
|S(y) − B| < ϵ, it shows that limy→ym S(y) = B. Which The T 21 as BUHL and k as a decay constant in (15), here
implies limy→ym U (y) = U (ym ) exists an an extreme value k can be identified as a total number of loan-able volumes
in the factor utility. Now, deriving some explicit functions in the library.
• If the maximum value of the overall factor utility • When making decisions, individuals aim to maximize
U (xrj , yj ) is 1, then the discount factor β is applicable their expected utility, which is a measure of their satis-
and can be artificially set as a utility weight. However, if faction or benefit. The utility function is not necessarily
a different value is selected, the discount factor β loses based on the maximum benefits or usage, but rather on
MCL361, ASSIGNMENT-1
the maximum value of expected utility or preference. In
cases where the satisfaction u is a function of the usage
amount y, the utility function has a first derivative equal
to zero and a second derivative less than zero. The risk
aversion constant a can be used to express the function
as u(y) = y a , and the use variable consists of different
kinds of utilities. The calculation may omit or disregard
some minimum utility values, such as when some utility
values gain the maximum value. The use risk may be
replaced by another risk aversion constant α, which is
smaller.
• The factor utility is of substitution. If the r denoted a
substitution elasticity coefficient
∆yi ∆yj
r= / (16)
xi xj
The substitution elasticity constant r shows that the use
quantities of paper books xi and electronic books xj are
different at a particular time. In the past, paper books
were more commonly used than electronic books, but
currently, their usage is almost equal, and sometimes
electronic books have even surpassed paper books, caus-
ing a decrease in the value of r. When the usage of
electronic resources xj increased, their use quantity ∆yj
remained the same, while some paper books xi were
removed from the collection, leading to an unchanged
use quantity ∆yi . Consequently, the value of r increased,
and this resulted in more readers being interested in paper
resources. Therefore, readers choose literature resources
based on their preference for one type over another.
• In order to measure the total utility U of a collection of
articles, we need to consider the quantity and species of
articles used within a certain time frame. The utility time
T is the duration between the starting time t0 and ending
time tn , and the total utility U is affected by the sum
total K of articles used and the quantity y of each species
used. A function relationship y = f (x, t) is established
between the use quantity y and time t, and the area
covered by this relationship represents the total utility
U. However, since different articles have different usage
behaviors and each usage quantity contributes differently
to the total utility, we need to assign using weights β
for different purposes to obtain the total utility equation
U = U (y1 , y2 , ..., yn , K, T ).
Pn Pm
U (y1 , y2 , ..., yn , K, T ) = i=1 βi ui j=1 (y, aj , xj , t)
s.t. n ≤ m,
P
aj xj = K, and
P
βi = 1
(17)
A. Results
The concept of utility management involves establishing
a function relationship between the articles managed and
the number of articles used by consumers. This function
aims to maximize the satisfaction derived from managing the
articles through management factors. Although users may have
different effects on the articles they use, a comprehensive
evaluation can be conducted to obtain social and economic
utility, which is reflected in the management of articles to
4
produce synthetic utility. This evaluation takes into consider-
ation the management factors that can predict various factors
for maximum utility.
In the library application, utility management can improve
the design of methods for a large amount of data, such as new
digital literature resources. In high-speed all-optical networks
and on cloud resources service platforms, data storage utility
has been given the method on resource allocation and service
management. The evaluation indexes used in needs analysis
and the regional public scheme of literature resources have
been proposed for independent, characteristics, and dispersible
literature. This management mode will be carried out through
unified management of the third party data trusteeship, pro-
curement, processing, storage, and logistics. The public man-
agement and user access service method will be carried out
for independent literature.
The data resource will realize the multipoint distribution
and storage according to the configuration principle of read
quantity to copy and transfer and smooth and concise multi
points to multi points as the service goal. The primary technol-
ogy in strip technology from the start of data storage format.
Data format will be converted from a single-band storage
technology to multi-band storage now and put forward specific
design requirements for cloud storage by calculating mode.
The system can automatically statistically analyze the reading
data use quantity as soon as the data is memorized. It can
complete data migration, replication, and backup according to
the analysis results that have realized multi-points to multi-
points read request.
The utility management has been applied to books, and it
can get rid of the dilemma between library and book supply.
It also provides a measure model for the traditional book
evaluation or assessment and provides an optimal path for
the effective preservation of cultural resources and full use of
existing resources. Study on the book utility evaluation based
on utility value theory has applied to taking knowledge as a
carrier. It has designed a conversion equation of book loan
standards for consistent statistical data and has proposed the
book usage factor as a utility evaluation method that judges
readers’ learned degree from book content and appraised
utility value of the book. It has expounded book usage half-
life to predict a trend of reading books for some class. All
mathematical equations need many empirical data to illustrate
reliability and can set an evaluation early alarm for the using
fluctuation between paper book and e-book in the long run.
In summary, utility management is an effective approach
to maximize the satisfaction derived from managing articles
through management factors. It has been successfully applied
in the library application to improve the design of methods
for a large amount of data and the effective preservation of
cultural resources. Furthermore, it provides a measure model
for the traditional book evaluation or assessment and provides
an optimal path for the full use of existing resources. The study
on the book utility evaluation based on utility value theory
is also a promising direction for evaluating readers’ learned
MCL361, ASSIGNMENT-1
degree and appraised utility value of the book.
( through the rectifying element I(f0 ) is
∞, v > 0
R(v) = (18)
0, v≤0
where v and i are the instantaneous voltage across and current
through the rectifying element, respectively. The rectifying
element depicted by R(v) in Fig. ?? can in general be any
nonlinear device that acts as a switch, such as a diode or a
transistor. When a non-zero on-resistance Ron and non-zero
threshold voltage Vtr are taken into account, the resistance of
the rectifying element is given by
( the current at the fundamental input frequency and the DC
∞, v > −Vtr
R(v) = (19)
Ron , v ≤ −Vtr
The analysis of different classes of power rectifiers will next
be analyzed based on the harmonic terminations presented
to the rectifying element, and independent of the physical
nonlinear device which performs the rectification.
B. Class-C Rectifier Analysis
In Fig. ??, a sinusoidal microwave power source with
voltage magnitude Vs and impedance Rs drives the rectifying
element of resistance R(v) above. The DC load seen by the
rectifying element is RDC while the load at the fundamental
frequency f0 and successive harmonics is set by the matching
network. Assume the matching circuit presents Rs (f0 ) to the
rectifying element with all subsequent harmonics terminated in
short circuits. This is equivalent to the harmonic terminations
for a canonical reduced conduction angle power amplifier.
This class is useful for Schottky diode rectifiers because these
diodes have nonlinear junction capacitance. Short-circuiting
the harmonics fixes the harmonic terminations at the intrinsic
diode by shorting this junction capacitance.
When the incident RF voltage at the ideal rectifier swings
negative, it is clipped at zero given (18). The enforced har-
monic terminations force the voltage waveform to contain only
a DC and fundamental frequency component. Therefore, a DC
component must be produced by the rectifying element such
that the voltage waveform maintains its sinusoidal nature. The
voltage across the rectifying element can now be expressed as
v(θ) = VDC + V (f0 ) sin(θ) (20)
where V (f0 ) is the fundamental frequency component of
the voltage across the rectifying element, VDC is the DC
component, VDC = V (f0 ) and θ = 2πf0 t. The current
waveform contains infinite frequency components, and can be
written as
 
3π
i(θ) = 2πIDC δ θ − − 2nπ , n = 0, 1, ..., ∞ (21)
2 V (f0 ) = Vs (f0 )
where IDC is the DC current and δ(θ) is the Dirac delta
function. When all available input power Pin is delivered to the
5
rectifier, the fundamental frequency component of the current
2Pin
I(f0 ) = (22)
V (f0 )
and, since there is no mechanism by which the rectifier itself
can dissipate power (Ron = 0 at this point), all of the
available input power must be dissipated in the DC load and
the conversion efficiency is 100%. Therefore,
Pin = VDC IDC (23)
Substituting in (22) and rearranging gives the expression of
rectified current, which is I(f0 ) = 2IDC . When all available
input power is delivered to the rectifier, the RF-DC conversion
efficiency is 100% because the rectifying element is ideal and
cannot dissipate power itself. In order for all available input
power to be delivered to the rectifier, it is straightforward to
show that the DC load must be set relative to the fundamental
frequency load as
RDC = 2Rs (f0 ) (24)
A harmonic balance simulation of an approximately ideal
rectifier with short-circuited harmonic terminations was per-
formed in Microwave Office® using the SPICE diode model
with no parasitics (PNIV) as the rectifying element. The device
temperature was set to 1◦ K to approximate an ideal switch.
The fundamental frequency excitation was set to 1 W at 1 GHz
with the first 200 harmonics terminated in short-circuits. The
diode was presented with 50 Ω at the fundamental frequency
and the DC load was swept from 5 Ω to 200 Ω. The simulated
data is then normalized to generalize the simulation results.
The ideal time-domain current and voltage waveforms across
the diode are shown in Fig. 1 with the RF-DC conversion
efficiency as a function of RDC /Rs (f0 ) for varying rectifier
on-resistance shown in Fig. 2. It is clear that the mechanism
of operation in the ideal case agrees with the theory presented
above. The reduction in RF-DC conversion efficiency when
the DC load is not set according to (24) is due to impedance
mismatch, and is given by
 2
RDC − 2Rs (f0 )
η =1− (25)
RDC + 2Rs (f0 )
C. Result
Consider again the rectifier circuit shown in Fig. ?? and
assume that all even harmonics are terminated in open circuits,
while all odd harmonics are terminated in short circuits. This
set of harmonic terminations is the same as for a class-F−1
amplifier, therefore this rectifier will be referred to as a class-
F−1 rectifier. The fundamental frequency component of the
voltage across the rectifying device is given by
(26)
During the second half of the RF cycle, it is evident from
(18) that the voltage across the rectifying element must be
MCL361, ASSIGNMENT-1 6

1.0
must sum to the DC component, and the current is given by
v(θ) [V]
(
0.8 0, 0≤θ<π
i(θ) = (29)
0.6 2IDC , π ≤ θ < 2π
0.4 The DC component of the current waveform Fourier expansion
is found to be
π
0.2 IDC = I(f0 ) (30)
i(θ) [A]

4
0.0 The DC load consistent with (27) and (29) is given by
-0.2 8V (f0 ) 8
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 RDC = 2
= 2 R(f0 ) (31)
θ(degrees) π I(f0 ) π
The conversion efficiency, defined as the ratio of the DC
Fig. 1. Ideal normalized voltage (dashed) and current (solid) waveforms power dissipated in the load resistor to the available funda-
for reduced conduction angle half-wave rectifier. The waveforms have been
normalized to their peak values. mental frequency RF power, is evaluated as

PDC 2VDC IDC 2 2 V (f0 ) π4 I(f0 )

100 η= = = π =1 (32)
P (f0 ) V (f0 )I(f0 ) V (f0 )I(f0 )
80
Therefore, the ideal half-wave rectifier converts all available
RF power to DC power if the the DC loading resistance set to
the value given in (31). The RF-DC conversion efficiency as a
Efficiency (%)

60
function of RDC /Rs (f0 ) was simulated in Microwave Office®
for varying rectifier on-resistance and is shown in Fig. 3. The
40
harmonic balance settings were identical to those used for the
On Resistance = 0 class-C rectifier above. The peak efficiency as a function of
20 on-resistance is higher than for the class-C rectifier, although
On Resistance = 4% of Rs(f0)
On Resistance = 10% of Rs(f0)
the efficiency degrades more quickly when the non-ideal DC
0 load is applied.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 The waveforms including parasitic on-resistance and thresh-
RDC / Rs(f0)
old voltage are next investigated assuming the rectifier
impedance from (19). The time domain voltage and current
Fig. 2. Simulated efficiency of reduced conduction angle half-wave rectifier waveforms are approximated as
versus RDC /Rs (f0 ) for varying rectifier on-resistance. (
Vmax sin θ, v(θ) > −Vtr
v(θ) = (33)
−Vtr − Imax Ron , v(θ) ≤ −Vtr
zero. This condition must be met through the addition of DC (
0, V (θ) > −Vtr
and only even harmonic voltage components, and therefore the i(θ) = (34)
voltage waveform is expressed as Imax , v(θ) ≤ −Vtr
(
2V (f0 ) sin θ, 0 ≤ θ < π
v(θ) = (27) 100
0, π ≤ θ < 2π
80
A Fourier expansion of (27) expresses the DC component
of the voltage waveform as
Efficiency (%)

60
2V (f0 )
VDC = (28)
π 40

In the first half of the RF cycle, the current through the On Resistance = 0
20
rectifying element is zero, given (18). This condition is met On Resistance = 4% of Rs(f0)
through the addition of a DC current and odd harmonic current On Resistance = 10% of Rs(f0)
components. With the current direction as in Fig. ??, the 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
DC component of the current must be positive. Therefore, RDC / Rs(f0)
in the first half of the RF cycle, the remaining harmonics
must sum to a constant value equivalent to the negative of the
Fig. 3. Simulated efficiency of class-F−1 rectifier versus RDC /Rs (f0 ) for
DC component. Since the function which is the sum of the varying rectifier on-resistance.
remaining harmonics is odd, the second half of the RF cycle
MCL361, ASSIGNMENT-1 7

As an example, Fig. 4 shows the current and voltage wave-

forms for a specific set of non-ideal parameters (Vtr = 0.7 V,  
1 Vtr πVmax
Vmax = 20 V, Imax = 200 mA, and Ron = 5 Ω). When the bv = Vmax arcsin +
device is conducting current, it creates a voltage drop across π Vmax 2
the on-resistance which is constant due to the constant current.
s  2
 (38)
Vtr
If the on-resistance were zero, the only difference between the + (Vtr + 2Imax Ron ) 1 − 
waveform in (33) and the ideal voltage waveform would be Vmax
the minimum value, which would be −Vtr rather than zero.
Similarly, the DC component of the current waveform is
The values of θ at which the transition between the conducting
found to be
and non-conducting regions occurs are found to be
  
Imax Vtr
IDC = π − 2 arcsin (39)
2π Vmax
 
θt1 = 2π − arcsin VVmax
tr

  (35) The fundamental frequency current i(t) = ai + jbi has ai = 0

θt2 = π + arcsin VVmax
tr
and the coefficient bi can be shown to be equal to
s  2
2Imax Vtr
The DC and fundamental frequency values of the voltage bi = − 1− (40)
and current waveforms can be found through a Fourier analysis π Vmax
using the transition points in (35). The first Fourier coefficient The input power at the fundamental frequency is found from
of v(t) gives the DC component of the voltage, which can be
V (f0 )I ∗ (f0 )
 
derived as
Pin = ℜ (41)
2
 s  2 Substituting (38) and (40) into the above results in
1  Vtr
VDC = 2Vmax 1−
2π Vmax
(36)   
   ! kImax Vtr πVmax
Vtr Pin = Vmax arcsin +
− (Vtr + Imax Ron ) π − 2 arcsin π2 Vmax 2
Vmax  (42)
+ (Vtr + 2Imax Ron ) k

The fundamental frequency voltage is found from V (f0 ) =

av + jbv , where
where k is defined as
s
Z 2π 2
1

Vtr
av = v(θ) cos θdθ = 0 (37) k= 1− (43)
π 0 Vmax
Solving for Imax as a function of Pin when Ron is non-zero
after some arithmetic results in two solutions, one of which is
and bv can be reduced to negative. The positive solution for the maximal current is
√
α2 + 8π 2 Pin Ron − α
Imax = (44)
1.2 4Ron k
v(θ) [V]

   
1.0 with α = Vmax arcsin VVmax tr
+ π2 + k VVmax
tr
.
0.8 In the case where Ron is zero, (44) simplifies to

0.6 π2
Imax = Pin     (45)
0.4
kVmax arcsin VVmax
tr
+ π
2 + k VVmax
tr

Note that in the case of an ideal rectifying element, k = 1

i(θ) [A]

0.2
and Vtr = 0, therefore
0.0
2πPin
Imax,ideal = (46)
-0.2 Vmax
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
θ(degrees) Now that Imax is fully expressed given known rectifier
parameters, VDC and IDC , V (f0 ) and I(f0 ) may be calcu-
Fig. 4. Non-ideal class-F−1 voltage (solid) and current (dashed) waveforms,
normalized to their peak respective values. lated, and from this, the DC load and the load at fundamental
frequency determined from the following expressions:
MCL361, ASSIGNMENT-1 8

Z0 = 135 Ohms

1.0
Swp Max

0.8
VDC 77.6433
RDC = (47)

6
0.
IDC

0
2.
p1: Efficiency = 60.0 p5
4 p3 p6
V (f0 ) bv 0.
p2: Efficiency = 62.5
p2 3.
0

R(f0 ) = − =− (48) p3: Efficiency = 65.0 p4

I(f0 ) bi 4.
0

p4: Efficiency = 67.5 p1 5.0

0.2
The negative impedance in (48) indicates that power is deliv- p5: Efficiency = 70.0
10.0
ered to the rectifying element and gives the impedance of the p6: Efficiency = 77.6
source delivering power to the rectifying element. The rectifier

10.0
0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0
5.0
0
efficiency is given by
PDC VDC IDC Fig. 5. Source-pull contours with available input power to the diode set to
η= = (49) 6 dBm. The impedance is referenced to the junction capacitance of the diode,
Pin Pin therefore the lead inductance of the package has been compensated for. Setting
RDC to 1080 Ω was found to result in the optimal efficiency for this input
power. The highest efficiency of 77.6% is obtained at Zp6 = (68 + j245)Ω
D. Design example based on class-F−1 theory with VDC =1.82 V.
To understand the usefulness of the presented theory, as-
sume the rectifying element has the following parameters:
Vmax = 10 V, Ron = 5 Ω, Vtr = 0.7 V and P (f0 ) = 1 W. 75
First, (44) is used to calculate Imax = 456.7 mA. Next, the
DC voltage and current are evaluated using (36) and (39), 70
respectively, to give VDC = 1.75 V and IDC = 218.2 mA.
The fundamental frequency voltage and current Fourier co-
65
Efficiency (%)
efficients are then calculated to be V (f0 ) = 6.896 V and
I(f0 ) = −290 mA, respectively. The DC and fundamental - VDC +
60
frequency resistances are then calculated using (47) and (48)
to be RDC = 8.02 Ω and R(f0 ) = 23.77 Ω, respectively. The 0 dBm
efficiency is then calculated using (49) to be η = 38.18 %. 55 2 dBm
2f0 Short
If the input power is selected as 0.1 W rather than 1 W, the f0 4 dBm
RFIN Diode
50
Match 6 dBm
resultant efficiency is 72.43 % instead. A specific rectification
8 dBm
device will always have an approximate input drive level at
3f0 Short 10 dBm
which it can be most efficient, just as with power transistors in 45
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
power amplifiers. To maximize efficiency, the goal is always to DC Load (Ω)
minimize the amount of power dissipation in the on-resistance
of the rectifying element and maximize the power dissipated Fig. 6. RF-DC conversion efficiency versus DC load for fixed available
in the DC load resistor. input powers with 0.6 dB matching network loss de-embedded. The maximum
efficiency of 72.8% occurred at 8 dBm with RDC = 742 Ω and VDC =1.91 V,
which is lower than the 1080 Ω found during source-pull. However, the effi-
IV. S CHOTTKY-D IODE C LASS -C R ECTIFIER ciency at 1080 Ω is 69.9% which is very close to the peak value.
The Skyworks SMS7630 Schottky diode in the SC-79 pack-
age was selected for the half-wave rectifier. Source-pull was
performed at 2.45 GHz with 0-10 dBm available input power size and allow tunability. The reduction in efficiency relative
for various DC loads in order to identify the combination to the source-pull measurements is due to the matching circuit
of input power, fundamental load and DC load resulting in not presenting the ideal impedance found during source-pull.
highest efficiency. The best case occurred at 6 dBm input The class-C rectifier can be applied to improving the ef-
power, with the source-pull contours being shown in Fig. 5. ficiency of a wireless powering reception device as demon-
The on-resistance of the SMS7630 is 20 Ω with the optimal strated in [1] with a dual-linearly polarized patch rectenna,
DC load of 1080 Ω. Therefore Ron is approximately 2% of with a rectifier circuit for each polarization. In this circuit, the
RDC , which in theory is 4% of Rs (f0 ). From Fig. 2, a peak first 5 harmonics are shorted and the impedances are validated
efficiency of 87% occurs with infinite harmonic terminations, by calibrated measurements and are presented in [1].
therefore the achieved 77.6% is very reasonable considering
only the 2nd and 3rd harmonics were explicitly terminated.
V. T RANSISTOR C LASS -F−1 R ECTIFIER
Measurements of a rectifier designed using the source-pull
data show a maximum RF-DC conversion efficiency of 72.8% To prove experimentally the duality between harmonically
when matched to 50Ω, obtained after the 0.6 dB matching terminated PAs and rectifiers, a high-efficiency class-F−1 PA
network loss is de-embedded. The fabricated rectifier and DC was designed, measured first as an amplifier, and then as a
load sweep measurements are shown in Fig. 6. Open circuit rectifier. In the rectifier measurements, RF power is input into
shunt stubs are used to present short-circuit terminations at the drain which is unbiased. The gate is terminated in a vari-
the second and third harmonic. A shunt capacitor is used for able impedance and biased close to pinch-off. Measurements
presenting the fundamental frequency impedance to reduce of efficiency and DC voltage are performed in time domain
MCL361, ASSIGNMENT-1 9

as a function of input RF power, gate RF load, gate bias and
drain DC load.
A. Circuit design
A 2.14-GHz power amplifier, pictured on Fig. 7, is designed
using the Triquint TGF2023-02 GaN pHEMT [2]. Class F−1
harmonic terminations are implemented at the second and third
harmonic. The performance of the PA, illustrated in Fig. 8, was
characterized at 2.14 GHz with a drain voltage bias of 28 V
and a bias current of 160 mA. The PA exhibits a PAE of 84%
with an output power of 37.6 dBm and a gain of 15.7 dB under
3 dB compression. The same PA design was used for rectifier
measurements as shown in Fig. 9. The PA is connected to
an input RF source at the drain, with the drain supply dis-
connected. The gate terminal is biased, and connected to an
impedance tuner, converting the two-port transistor PA to a
one-port rectifier, corresponding to the generalized schematic
of Fig. ??.
Gate
signal measurement instrument is a VTD SWAP four-channel
receiver [3]. In order to acquire time domain waveforms
at the reference plane, an 8 error term model calibration
similar to the one performed for LSNA (Large Signal Network
Analyzer) measurements is applied. After an absolute VNA-
like calibration [4], the RF voltage and current waveforms at
the input (V1 and I1) and at the output (V2 and I2) of the DUT
are measured at the coaxial reference plane. In this case, the
RF input is the drain port of the PA, while the RF output is
connected to the gate port. Thus, performing a load pull on
this device consists of varying the load at f0 at the RF gate
port of the PA with a passive tuner. This kind of measurement
is similar to large signal characterization of switch devices
recently reported in [5], [6]. The gate DC path is connected to
a power supply so the gate bias can be varied. The drain DC
bias is the output of the rectifier and is connected to a variable
resistance RDC , and the DC voltage across it is measured with
a voltmeter. The DC current is then found from the value of
RDC from (47). During the measurement, several parameters
are varied systematically: the RF load impedance applied at
the PA gate port Zg (f0 ) = Vg (f0 )/Ig (f0 ); the resistor in
Drain the DC drain output RDC ; and the gate bias voltage VGS .
The conversion efficiency of the rectifier and the DC power
delivered at the drain output of the rectifier PDC = VDC · IDC
are measured as these parameters are varied, and as a function
of input power at the drain port Pin (f0 ).

Drain Gate

R DC VGS Tuner
RF source
I1 I2
Die Harmonic Terminations PA
V1 V2
Fig. 7. Photograph of the class-F−1 power amplifier, working at 2.14 GHz
and presented in [2]. Attenuators

Sub-sampling
B. Measurement setup
Filter
The class-F−1 power amplifier described above is fully
characterized in large signal in a rectifier configuration with
SWAP ADC
the setup shown in Fig. 9. The commercial time-domain large
Fig. 9. Time-domain non-linear rectifier measurement block diagram. The
40 SWAP [3] performs sampling of current and voltage and the calibration refers
the sampled quantities to the reference planes at the DUT. The drain output
35 90 DC resistance RDC , the gate bias VGS and the gate RF impedance Zg are
Pout (dBm)

varied as the input power at the drain is swept from 10 to 42 dBm.

30 75

25 60
PAE (%)

C. Self-synchronous transistor rectifier results

Gain (dB)

20 45
The measurements of the rectifier are performed in self-
15 30 synchronous mode, i.e. there is no input RF power incident
10 15
externally into the gate port of the PA, unlike in previous
transistor rectifier work [7], [8]. The following parameters are
5 0 varied in order, while keeping the other parameters constant
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
Pin (dBm) and sweeping the input RF power at the drain port, and the
results are described in the same order:
Fig. 8. Large-signal measurements performed on the class-F−1 power am-
plifier at f0 = 2.14 GHz, VGS = −3.8 V and VDS = 28 V 1) RF impedance at the gate, Zg ;
2) load resistance at drain bias output, RDC ;
MCL361, ASSIGNMENT-1 10

90
3) gate DC bias, VGS . 80
Z g (f0 )
(a) (b)

Efficiency (%)
The gate load-pull was performed to determine the optimum 70
impedance for maximum efficiency with a constant resistive 60

DC load of 98.5 Ω (nominally 100 Ω) and a constant transistor 50

40
gate bias in pinch-off of -4.4 V. The RF signal is coupled
30
from the drain to the gate matching network through the
20
feedback capacitance Cgd , and thus the precise impedance 10
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
presented at the gate of the transistor is imperative to achieving Pin (dBm)
40 6
high efficiency. Fig. 10 shows the time-domain voltage and
current waveforms measured at the drain and gate RF port (c) (d)

Gate IDC (mA)

30

Drain VDC (V)

4
of the amplifier when the RF input power at the drain port
20
is swept from 11 dBm to 42 dBm. These values are chosen 2

because the rectifier in PA operation gives up to 42 dBm output 10

0
power. The feedback signal present at the gate allows for
0
the rectifier to operate in self-synchronous mode without any 10 15 20 25 30
Pin (dBm)
35 40 45 10 15 20 25 30
Pin (dBm)
35 40 45

additional control signal. Unlike in the synchronously driven

case where an external generator is connected to the gate, here Fig. 11. Conversion efficiency, gate DC current and drain DC voltage ver-
sus input power for several RF load impedance values presented at the gate.
the impedance presented at the gate is always passive (inside VGS = −4.4 V and RDC = 98.5 Ω. The green point on the Smith chart
the Smith chart), keeping the device in a safe operating mode. corresponds to the highest efficiency point at Zg (f0 ) = (230 + j10) Ω.

of 85% was measured for a DC resistive load of 98 Ω while

an efficiency drop of 13% was observed for a DC load of 21 Ω
with 40 dBm input power. As expected, the DC output voltage
decreases from a maximum 30 V for RDC = 98 Ω at 40 dBm
input power, to a maximum of 13.4 V for RDC = 21 Ω with
the same input power. It is interesting to see how the input
impedance of the rectifier at the RF drain port approaches 50 Ω
as the input power increases, Fig. 13. This is expected, since
the PA was designed for maximal saturated power delivered
into a 50 Ω load. This again points to the similarities between
the same circuit operated as a power rectifier and a power
amplifier.
Fig. 10. Time-domain waveforms measured at drain (a) and
90 40
gate (b) of the rectifier with VGS = −4.4 V, RDC = 98.5 Ω and
Zg (f0 ) = (230 + j10) Ω. The RF input power at the drain is swept from 10 RDC (Ohm) : 21 58 98
80 35
to 42 dBm, corresponding to the range of output power of the class-F−1 PA.
Efficiency (%)

70 30

Drain VDC (V)

Measured RF-DC conversion efficiency is shown in Fig. 11 60 25
for four different RF gate impedances. A maximal conversion
efficiency of 85% is achieved with a DC output voltage 50 20
of 36 V and an input power at the drain of 42 dBm with 40 15
RDC = 98.5 Ω. This peak efficiency is for a RF gate load of
30 10
around 230 Ω (green hexagon in the Smith chart in Fig. 11),
which is the highest impedance that was achievable with the 20 5
specific tuner in the setup. For the low gate impedance (red
10 0
triangle in the Smith chart), the efficiency is significantly 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
lower. By observing the gate current (Fig. 11d), it can be seen Pin (dBm)
that for a low RF gate impedance, the gate diode turns on
at around Pin = 25 dBm. Since the input power cannot be Fig. 12. Conversion efficiency and drain DC output voltage versus
input power for several DC drain resistor values. VGS = −4.4V and
increased much beyond this point to avoid breakdown, this Zg (f0 ) = (230 + j10) Ω. The highest efficiency of 85% is obtained at
limits the DC voltage at the output to around 4 V. For the gate Pin =40 dBm with a VDC =30 V.
impedance with highest efficiency (green line with hexagon
symbol), the gate diode is off for input drain powers below Finally, the effect of the gate bias VGS on the rectifier
41 dBm, allowing for high DC voltage output. efficiency, output voltage and input impedance was investi-
After the optimal gate impedance for highest efficiency was gated. The gate impedance in this case was set for highest
obtained, a power sweep for three different RDC values in the efficiency (230 Ω), and a DC load of 58 Ω was selected in order
drain output was obtained. From Fig. 12, a maximal efficiency to protect the transistor from high drain voltages that occur
MCL361, ASSIGNMENT-1 11

which optimizes efficiency. The analysis also predicts the time-

domain waveforms at the terminals of the rectification element
and the efficiency as a function of on-resistance and DC
Z in ( f0 ) output resistance. Specific results are derived for class-C and
class-F−1 classes of operation, as they are defined for power
RDC (Ohm) : amplifiers. These two cases are chosen for experimental vali-
21 58 98 dation with a 2.45 GHz diode and 2.14 GHz transistor rectifier,
respectively. It is straightforward to repeat the derivation for
other classes of operation, such as class-F as shown in detail
in [12].
The experimental results show that good agreement can be
reached between theory and experiment with a Schottky-diode
single-ended rectifier with finite class-C harmonic termina-
Fig. 13. RF impedance at f0 measured at the input (drain port) ver- tions, resulting in 72.8% efficiency for input power levels in
sus input power for several DC drain resistor values. VGS = −4.4V and
Zg (f0 ) = (230 + j10) Ω. the mW range, intended for wireless power harvesting detailed
in [1], [13]. A GaN pHEMT class-F−1 power rectifier achieved
85% efficiency with 40 dBm input power across 98- Ω DC
for the 98 Ω load that corresponds to the highest efficiency. load with a DC output voltage VDC = 30V . The efficiency
The measurements were performed for six different values and output voltage of the self-synchronous rectifier are shown
of gate bias VGS as shown in Fig. 14. With RDC = 58Ω, a to depend on the input power at the drain, the impedance at
maximum efficiency of 83% was obtained with the transistor the gate port and the DC load at the output drain bias line,
biased deeply into the pinch-off region with VGS = −4.4 V, but not on the gate bias.
and a drop of only 3% was measured for VGS = −3.5 V. Time-domain large-signal measurements of a class-F−1
Furthermore, the gate bias has a minimal impact on the output power amplifier configured as a rectifier show that one can
DC voltage or on the drain impedance. accomplish the same rectifier efficiency as the amplifier drain
efficiency in self-synchronous mode without external gate RF
90 40
drive. This is somewhat surprising, and to the best of our
knowledge, the first time this type of high-efficiency rectifier
80 VGS(V) has been demonstrated.
Efficiency (%)

70 30
Drain VDC (V)

-3.5
60 -3.8
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
50 20 -4.1 The authors would like to thank Dr. David Root and Dr.
Jean-Pierre Teyssier at Agilent Technologies for the loan of the
40 -4.4
time-domain nonlinear measurement equipment and TriQuint
30 10 -4.7 Semiconductor for the donation of the transistors.
20 -5

10 0 R EFERENCES
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Pin (dBm)
Fig. 14. Measured conversion efficiency and drain DC voltage versus input
power for several DC gate voltage biases. For this data, RDC = 58Ω and
Zg (f0 ) = (230 + j10) Ω.
VI. C ONCLUSION
In summary, this paper addresses high-efficiency power
rectifiers designed with harmonic terminations at the RF input,
in analogy to high-efficiency power amplifier design with
harmonic terminations at the output. The applications of such
power rectifiers include wireless power beaming [9], recycling
power in high-power circuits [10] and ultra-fast switching
integrated DC-DC converters with no magnetics [11].
The theory for an ideal rectification element is based on
Fourier analysis and establishes the basic design parameters
such as the relationship between output DC resistance and
impedance at the fundamental frequency at the rectifier input
[1] M. Roberg, E. Falkenstein, and Z. Popovic, “High-efficiency
harmonically-terminated rectifier for wireless powering applications,”
in IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, Montréal,
2012.
[2] M. Roberg, J. Hoversten, and Z. Popović, “GaN HEMT PA with over
84% power added efficiency,” Electronics Letters, vol. 46, no. 23, pp.
1553 –1554, 11 2010.
[3] VTD, “Swap-x402 data sheet.” [Online]. Available: http://www.vtd-rf.
com/pdf/productpresentation.pdf
[4] J. Verspecht, “Calibration of a measurement system for high frequency
nonlinear devices,” Ph.D. dissertation, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB),
1995.
[5] G. Callet, J. Faraj, O. Jardel, C. Charbonniaud, J.-C. Jacquet,
T. Reveyrand, E. Morvan, S. Piotrowicz, J.-P. Teyssier, and R. Quéré,
“A new nonlinear hemt model for algan/gan switch applications,”
International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, vol. 2,
no. Special Issue 3-4, pp. 283–291, 2010.
[6] J. Faraj, G. Callet, O. Jardel, A. El-Rafei, F. De Groote, R. Quéré, and
J. Teyssier, “Time domain large signal characterization of self-biasing
phenomena in switch-mode algan/gan hemts,” in 74th ARFTG Sympo-
sium, International Microwave Symposium Digest, Montréal, Canada,
2012.
[7] M. Nieves Ruiz, R. Marante, and J. A. Garcia, “A class e synchronous
rectifier based on an e-phemt device for wireless powering applications,”
in IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, Montréal,
2012.
MCL361, ASSIGNMENT-1
[8] M. Kazimierczuk and J. Jozwik, “Analysis and design of class e zero-
current-switching rectifier,” Circuits and Systems, IEEE Transactions on,
vol. 37, no. 8, pp. 1000 –1009, aug 1990.
[9] W. Brown, J. Mims, and N. Heenan, “An experimental microwave-
powered helicopter,” in IRE International Convention Record, vol. 13,
mar 1965, pp. 225 – 235.
[10] X. Zhang, L. Larson, P. Asbeck, and R. Langridge, “Analysis of power
recycling techniques for rf and microwave outphasing power amplifiers,”
Circuits and Systems II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing, IEEE
Trans. on, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 312 – 320, may 2002.
[11] S. Djukic, D. Maksimovic, and Z. Popovic, “A planar 4.5-ghz dc-dc
power converter,” Microwave Theory and Tech., IEEE Trans. on, vol. 47,
no. 8, pp. 1457 –1460, aug 1999.
[12] M. Roberg, “Analysis & Design of Non-Linear Amplifiers for Efficient
Microwave Transmitters,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Colorado at
Boulder (CU-Boulder), 2012.
[13] E. Falkenstein, M. Roberg, and Z. Popovic, “Low-power wireless power
delivery,” Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on,
vol. 60, no. 7, pp. 2277 –2286, july 2012.
Michael Roberg (S’09) received the B.S.E.E degree
from Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, in 2003,
the M.S.E.E. degree from the University of Pennsyl-
vania, Philadelphia, in 2006, and the Ph.D. degree
from the University of Colorado at Boulder in 2012.
From 2003 to 2009, he was an Engineer with Lock-
heed Martin–MS2, Moorestown, NJ, where he was
involved with advanced phased-array radar systems.
His current research interests include high efficiency
microwave PA theory and design, microwave power
rectifiers, MMIC design, and high-efficiency radar
and communication system transmitters. He is currently employed by TriQuint
Semiconductor - Defense Products and Foundry Services in Richardson, TX
working on wideband high efficiency GaN MMIC PA design.
Tibault Reveyrand (M’07) received the Ph.D. de-
gree from the University of Limoges, France, in
2002. From 2002 to 2004, he was a Post-Doctoral
Scientist with CNES (French Space Agency). In
2005, he became a CNRS engineer at XLIM. His
research interests include the characterization and
modeling of RF and microwave nonlinear compo-
nents and devices. Dr. Reveyrand was the recipient
of the 2002 European GaAs Best Paper Award and
is a member of the IEEE MTT-11 ”Microwave
Measurements” Technical Committee.
Ignacio Ramos (S’12) received the B.S. degree in
electrical engineering from the University of Illi-
nois at Chicago in 2009, and is currently working
toward the Ph.D. degree at the University of Col-
orado at Boulder. From 2009 to 2011, he was with
the Power and Electronic Systems Department at
Raytheon IDS, Sudbury, MA. His research interests
include high-efficiency microwave power amplifiers,
microwave DC/DC converters, radar systems, and
wireless power transmission.
12
Erez Avigdor Falkenstein (S’07), Haifa, Israel in
1979. He earned a “Handesaie” degree (associate
degree) in electronics from Amal Handesaim School
Hadera, Israel in 1999. From 1999 to 2003 he served
in the Israel Defense Force as part of a technological
unit. He has been at the University of Colorado
at Boulder 2004 – 2012. He received concurrent
MS/BS degrees in Electrical engineering 2010 and
a Ph.D 2012 from the University of Colorado at
Boulder. Since 2007 he has been involved with re-
search as part of the active antenna group. Research
emphasis: far field wireless powering for low power densities. Interests include
Antenna design and characterization, modeling and measurement of nonlinear
devices at microwave frequencies and power management. He is currently
employed at Qualcomm, Incorporated, Boulder, CO.
Zoya Popović (S’86-M’90-SM’99-F’02) received
the Dipl.Ing. degree from the University of Belgrade,
Belgrade, Serbia, Yugoslavia, in 1985, and the Ph.D.
degree from the California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, in 1990. Since 1990, she has been with
the University of Colorado at Boulder, where she
is currently a Distinguished Professor and holds
the Hudson Moore Jr. Chair with the Department
of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering.
In 2001, she was a Visiting Professor with the
Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Since 1991, she has graduated 44 Ph.D. students. Her research interests
include high-efficiency, low-noise, and broadband microwave and millimeter-
wave circuits, quasi-optical millimeter-wave techniques, active antenna arrays,
and wireless powering for batteryless sensors. Prof. Popović was the recipient
of the 1993 and 2006 Microwave Prizes presented by the IEEE Microwave
Theory and Techniques Society (IEEE MTT-S) for the best journal papers
and the 1996 URSI Issac Koga Gold Medal. In 1997, Eta Kappa Nu students
chose her as a Professor of the Year. She was the recipient of a 2000
Humboldt Research Award for Senior U.S. Scientists of the German Alexander
von Humboldt Stiftung. She was elected a Foreign Member of the Serbian
Academy of Sciences and Arts in 2006. She was also the recipient of the 2001
Hewlett-Packard (HP)/American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE)
Terman Medal for combined teaching and research excellence.