Relative clauses/pronouns In this kind of relative clause, we

can use that instead of who or

which:
Subject Object Possessive Marie Curie is the woman that
who who/whom whose discovered radium.

which which whose This is the house that Jack built.

that that We can leave out the pronoun if

---------
it is the object of the relative
We use relative pronouns to clause:
introduce relative clauses. This is the house that Jack built.
Relative clauses tell us more about (that is the object of built)
people and things:
BE CAREFUL!!
Lord Thompson, who is 76, has
O pronome relativo é o sujeito /
just retired.
objeto da oração relativa,
This is the house which Jack
portanto, não repetimos o
built.
sujeito/objeto:
Marie Curie is the woman that
discovered radium.
Marie Curie is the woman who she
We use: discovered radium.

● who and whom for people

This is the house that Jack built it.
● which for things
● that for people or things.
2. We also use relative clauses to
TWO KINDS OF give more information about a
person, thing or situation:
RELATIVE CLAUSES
Lord Thompson, who is 76, has
There are two kinds of relative just retired.
clause:
We had fish and chips, which I
1. We use relative clauses to always enjoy.
make clear which person or
I met Rebecca in town yesterday,
thing we are talking about:
which was a nice surprise.
Marie Curie is the woman who
With this kind of relative clause,
discovered radium.
we use commas (,) to separate it
This is the house which Jack from the rest of the sentence.
built.
WHOSE AND WHOM
We use whose as the possessive
form of wh
This is George, whose brother
went to school with me.
We sometimes use whom as the
object of a verb or preposition:
This is George, whom you met
at our house last year.-(whom
is the object of met)
This is George’s brother, with
whom I went to school.-(whom
is the object of with)
but nowadays we normally use
who:
This is George, who you met at
our house last year.
This is George’s brother, who I
went to school with.
The Causative
We use the causative in English to
say that we have arranged for
someone to do something for us.
He had his jacket cleaned.
(He didn't clean it himself.)
The causative is formed with 'have
+ object + past participle' The
past participle has a passive
meaning.
Questions and negations of the
verb 'have' are formed with
do/does or did in the past simple.
Did you have your camera fixed?
We also use 'have something
done' to talk about an unpleasant
experience.
Peter had his phone stolen last
night.
In informal conversations we can
use 'get' instead of 'have'.
She's getting her hair done again.
It is important to have the correct
word order:
'John had his car repaired.' is
very different to 'John had
repaired his car.'
In the first sentence John
arranged for someone else to
repair his car. In the second
sentence he did it himself.
The causative can be used with
most verb forms and is also
formed with the infinitive and -ing
forms.
He should have his car repaired.
It's worth having his car
repaired.
Modal Verbs
can ----- could
may-----might
must
shall----should
will------would
We use modals to show if we
believe something is certain,
possible or impossible:

My keys must be in the car.

It might rain tomorrow.
That can't be Peter's coat. It's
too small.

We also use them to do things like

talk about ability, ask permission,
and make requests and offers:

I can't swim.
May I ask a question?
Could I have some tea, please?
Would you like some help?

Indefinitive Pronouns

anybody everybody

anyone everyone

anything