Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter introduces the related literature and related studies after thorough and in-

depth search done by the researchers. This chapter also presents the conceptual framework,

Research Hypothesis, and Definition of Terms.

Related Literature

Historical evidence indicates that portable manually manipulated and operated fire

extinguishers are the most common method of extinguishing a fire in the process industry in the

incipient stage (Dennis P. Nolan et al., 2019). The goal of providing portable fire extinguishers is

to have a ready supply of extinguishers that can be used quickly in the early stages of a fire.

Fixed fire suppression systems and process incident control systems should be activated when

these extinguishing means have been exhausted or the incipient fire has grown to the point of

uncontrollability by manual methods. Only personnel who have been trained in the use of

portable fire extinguishers should be expected to use them. According to Karen D. Dominguez,

2018., fire extinguishing methods in ancient Egypt and Rome included use of hand water pumps

and bucket brigades. Technology has advanced considerably to include other fire suppression

techniques but still centers around removal of heat or oxygen from a fire and by interrupting the

chemical reaction responsible for the fire. Human surveillance, combined with the ability to

respond quickly and effectively to the first signs of a fire, has prevented countless process

incidents from escalating into large-scale disasters. In this study, researchers will combine

baking soda and vinegar to be an alternative fire extinguisher. Adeva-Andany MM, 2014., stated

that baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) can result in a multitude of adverse effects when being

inhaled, such as Metabolic alkalosis, headache, muscle pain and twitching, nausea or vomiting,
bradypnea, nervousness or restlessness, unpleasant taste, and increased frequency in

urination. Baking soda defined as a dry chemical commonly used in fire extinguishers. Most dry

chemical extinguishers use stored pressure to discharge the agent, and the fire is extinguished

mainly by the interruption of the combustion chain reaction (Nolan, Dennis., 2019). Sodium

bicarbonate (NaHCO3) decomposes at 270 °C according to the reaction. It acts in a number of

ways; the decomposition products are water (a good fire-fighting chemical), CO2 (which

smothers the fire), and sodium carbonate powder which also acts as an inert smothering agent.

Further, the reaction is endothermic, so it absorbs heat from the fire and this helps in reducing

the temperature. In a fire extinguisher, the powder is driven out of its container by either

nitrogen or CO2 under pressure (Vallero, Daniel., 2013).

Related Studies

According to the Firefighter (2016), baking soda is a useful tool for putting out several forms

of fire. In fact, bicarbonate of soda in various forms is frequently found in fire extinguishers. But,

you must use it carefully, and there is no assurance that using baking soda by itself would

entirely put out a fire. In Umanitoba (2003), it is said that a rapid chemical reaction between

vinegar and dissolved baking soda results in the production of carbon dioxide (CO2). If the

chemical reaction takes place in a breaker with a lit candle inside, the carbon dioxide that is

produced will build up and push out the oxygen, putting out the flame.

Anton van Wouw Laerskool said that the  7.5ml of citric acid and 75ml of lukewarm water took,

on average, 3.5 seconds to combine, 7.5ml of baking soda and 75 ml of vinegar extinguished a

flame repeatedly in less than 0.5 seconds. When 75ml of vinegar and 7.5ml of baking soda

were sprayed on a flame, the flame was extinguished on average in 2 seconds as opposed to

14 seconds with pure water. Because of the carbon dioxide that occurs when baking soda and

vinegar are mixed, little household fires can be successfully put out. (Technology and

Innovative-2017)
Conceptual Framework

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Conceptual Framework

Figure 2. Schematic Diagram of the Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of the conceptual framework. The input is the

profile of the residence in the barangay according to their gender and age. The research

process includes the data collection on residence profiles, administering the questionnaires,

organization of residence responses, and statistical analysis of data. Finally, the output is the

assessed level of satisfaction with the respondent’s. Figure 2 presents the quantity of baking

soda and vinegar as the independent variable while the useful effect of the alternative
extinguisher is the dependent variable of the study. Through empirical and statistical analysis

presented in this study, a direct relationship between these variables is established.

 Research Hypothesis

This study is designed to asses the hypothesis that the baking soda and vinegar as a

alternative fire extinguisher.

Null Hypothesis

H0: There is no significant effects on the baking soda and vinegar as an alternative fire

extinguisher.

Ha: There is a significant effects on the baking soda and vinegar as an alternative fire

extinguisher

Definition of terms

Canister - a round or cylindrical container, typically one made of metal, used for storing such

things as food, chemicals, or rolls of film.

extinguisher- a person or thing that extinguishes.

Convection- process by which heat is transferred by movement of a heated fluid such as air or

water.

Grease - a thick oily substance, especially as used as a lubricant.

Prone - likely to or liable to suffer from, do, or experience something, typically something

regrettable or unwelcome.
 REFERENCES

Dennis P. Nolan et al., 2019, in Handbook of Fire and Explosion Protection Engineering

Principles for Oil, Gas, Chemical, and Related Facilities (Fourth Edition)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780128160022/handbook-of-fire-and-explosion-

protection-engineering-principles-for-oil-gas-chemical-and-related-facilities

Karen D. Dominguez, 2018, Fire Extinguisher Safety. https://www.poison.org/articles/fire-

extinguisher-safety-184

Senewiratne NL, Woodall A, Can AS, 2014, Sodium Bicarbonate.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559139/

Daniel A. Vallero PhD, Trevor M. Letcher MSc(Natal), PhD(Natal), BEd(Natal), FRSC, 2013.

Unraveling Environmental Disasters.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780123970268/unraveling-environmental-disasters