1.WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?

Globalization is the word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world’s
economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and
services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information.

According to Manfred Streger, globalization is the expansion and intensification of social

relations and consciousness across world-time and across world-space.

2.GLOBALIZATION THEORIES

WORLD-SYSTEM THEORY

World-systems theory focuses on the importance of the world as a unit rather than looking at
individual countries. It divides the world in to three regions: core countries, periphery countries,
and semi-periphery countries.

Core countries- include areas like Western Europe and the United States. These countries
have a strong central government with enough tax to support it. They are economically
diversified, industrialized, and relatively independent of outside control.

Periphery countries- are those in Latin America and Africa, and tend to have a relatively weak
government. They tend to depend on only one type of economic activity like extracting raw
materials. There's a high percentage of poor and uneducated people, as well as a small upper
class which controls most of the economy.

Semi-periphery countries- like India and Brazil make up the middle ground between Core and
Periphery. They are often not dominant in international trade but they have a relatively
diversified and developed economy.

MODERNIZATION THEORY

Modernization theory which proposes that all countries follow a similar path of development
from a traditional to a modern society. It assumes that with some help traditional countries can
develop into modern countries in the same way that today's modern countries developed in the
first place. It looks at the internal social dynamics as the country adapts to new technologies,
and the political and social changes that occur.

DEPENDENCY THEORY

Dependency theory was a reaction to modernization theory, and uses the idea of Core and
Periphery countries from the World-systems theory to look at the inequalities between countries.
They have their own structures and features not seen in developed countries, and will not
accelerate to become a developed nation. They are in an unfavorable economic position that
means they don't even have the opportunity to improve and develop. They'll remain poor and
dependent on wealthier nations.

3.DYNAMICS OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL CULTURE

Local culture is everything that we create and share as part of our lives in the place where
we live or work that recognizes the expertise that people have in living their daily lives.
Global culture is a group of human beings whose members identify with each other.

The local and the global are interdependent and cannot exist without each other. The local is
necessarily always in relation to other. Without the presence of the other, there can be no
recognition of the local – all would be one and the same. Without the other, there is no
possibility of a recognition of the global, because it is a multiplicity of the locals that enables the
presence of the global. Thus, the local and the global require each other.

4.THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION

The globalization of religion can be understood as a process of realignment in this global

religious situation, a process which involves the following three facets: First, it implies the
inevitable transformation of individual religious organizations; second, it can be expected that
new characteristics will be produced in the contents of doctrines, rituals, and practices;
and third, globalization will be accompanied by changes in the human beings supporting
religions, particularly in their intellectual perspectives.

5.GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION

In terms of economic trade, Globalization promotes the integration of economies across the
state borders all around the world and allows many corporations to trade on an international
level so it allows a free marketing system. While, Regionalization is the process of dividing an
area into small segments called regions and it can also be used by local markets as a
management tool as it monopolizes companies within a certain region.

6.GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY

Demography affects each and every aspect of our lives – from the world economy and social
policy, to city planning and climate change. Demographic analysis is key to understanding the
complex dynamics shaping the future social landscape.
The global population, which stood at just over 2 billion in 1950, is 6.5 billion today. The world is
currently gaining new inhabitants at a rate of 76 million people a year (representing the
difference, in 2005, between 134 million births and 58 million deaths). Although this growth is
slowing, middle-ground projections suggest the world will have 9.1 billion inhabitants by 2050,
when growth will be approximately 34 million a year.

7.GLOBAL MIGRATION

Global migration is a situation in which people go to live in foreign countries, specially to find
work. Most global migration is from developing countries to developed countries.

Today, more people than ever live in a country other than the one in which they were born.
According to the IOM World Migration Report 2020, as of June 2019 the number of international
migrants was estimated to be almost 272 million globally, 51 million more than in 2010. Nearly
two thirds were labour migrants. International migrants comprised 3.5 per cent of the global
population in 2019. 

Sources:

What Is Globalization? (2018). Peterson Institute for International Economics. Retrieved from
https://www.piie.com/microsites/globalization/what-is-globalization

Globalization Theories.
https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/society-and-culture/demographics/v/globalization-
theories

The Information Age and the Globalization of Religion.

https://www2.kokugakuin.ac.jp/ijcc/wp/global/06inoue2.html

https://www.studocu.com/en-us/document/monroe-community-college/social-science/dynamics-
of-local-and-global-culture/17202746

Bloom, D.E., Canning, D. (n.d). Global Demography: Fact, Force and Future. Retrieved from
https://cdn1.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1288/2013/10/PGDA_WP_14.pdf

Migration. https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/migration