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 01 OVERVIEW OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
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ARTS AND HUMANITIES: AN OVERVIEW
Humanities
Etymology:
The term Humanities came from the Latin word “Humanus” which means refined, culture and human.
Refined – norms, being civilized and sociable.
Culture – Adaptation to environment
Human – Having the nature of; being a person
Definition:
1. It is the study of how humans have expressed themselves through the arts throughout the
history. (Dr. Daniel Yagyagan)
2. It emphasizes the dignity of man and recognizes creative expressions. (Estolas,1995)
3. These are records of Man’s experiences, his values, his sentiments, his ideals and his goals.
They are ultimately the expression of man’s feelings and thoughts. (Zulueta,1994)
4. It is a product of human experiences.
5. It reveals the following:
a. Human Psyche
It is where your power is. The power of why you do what you do. In your psyche lies the potential to overcome
odds, and obstacles big and small. The conscious “you” would never allow you to take on such a feat. Human
psyche is the force inside of a human that says “mind over matter.” “If you think you can you will. If you think you
can’t you won’t.”
b. Human nature
The natural inclination of a human. The ultimate tendency of a human. The basic makeup of a human. “I was
born this way”. Human nature is the set of psychological characteristics, including ways of thinking and acting,
that all normal human beings have in common.
c. Human behavior
Human behavior is the collection of behaviors exhibited by human beings and influenced by culture, attitudes,
emotions, values.
d. Human Condition
It answers the question “Why am I this way?” It is the disconnect between what we are and what we can be.
e. Human Struggle
To make strenuous or violent efforts in the face of difficulties or opposition. To proceed with difficulty or with
great effort. The struggle for survival. The struggle to find the meaning of existence. The struggle to have
questions answered. The human struggle for rights.
Why do we need to study Humanities?
1. It helps us recognize fundamental values and principles such as beauty, truth, love, and faith.
2. It develops our capacity for critical thinking and appreciation for cultural heritage.
3. It fosters understanding across barriers of race, class, gender, or ethnicity.
4. It introduces us to people we have never met, places we have never visited, and ideas that
never crossed our minds.
5. It helps appraise the value of creativity.
6. It gives one a sense of self.
Arts
Etymology:
The term art is derived from the Latin, “ars” meaning ability or skill.
Definition:
1. Arts may also be defined as the process and product of a skillful making.
2. It is the result of man’s manipulation of talents and materials.
3. It is a medium of expression where one expresses feelings, ideas and emotion.
4. A creative activity which involves skills or expertise in handling or organizing materials into a
new form.
Why do we need to study Arts?
1. It drives your existence

2. Satisfy the need of expression
3. Develop skills of expression
4. Challenges one to see things differently
5. Changes one’s view or way of life
6. It gives pleasure, satisfaction and gratification.
Legitimate forms of Art
The arts are generally grouped into:
Major Arts - These include architecture, painting, sculpture, music, dance, theater, literature and cinema.
Minor Arts - These include decorative arts, popular arts, graphic arts, plastic arts and industrial arts.
Classification of Arts
1. Visual Arts- Artworks that are perceived by our eyes, which may be classified into graphic and plastic arts.
2. Graphic arts- have two-flat dimensional surface, such as painting, drawing, photography and other products
of printing industry.
Figure 2 – Plastic Art
Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/74309462576416113/
3. Plastic Arts - have three- dimensional forms. Examples are architectural designs and construction of
buildings and other structures: landscape of gardens, furnishing designs etc.

Figure 3 – Performing Arts
https://www.pinterest.ph/topics/performing-arts/
4. Performing Arts - These include the theater, play, dance, and music. It involves movement, speaking and
gestures.
5. Literary Arts - These include the short stories, novels, poetry, drama and essays.
6. Popular Arts - This group is characterized as gay and lively. It includes film, newspaper, magazine, radio and
television.
7. Gustatory Art of the Cuisine. - This involves skill in food preparation.
8. Decorative Arts – They are visual objects produces for beautifying houses, offices, offices, cars, and other
structures.
The Nature of Art
1. Art is Timeless - People created art at all times; It is as old as man.

2. Art is not nature – Man makes art, no matter how close it is to nature.
3. Art is always an Experience - Art is a product of man’s need to express himself.

Figure 4: Art is Timeless
Source: https://www.facebook.com/SlatinVV/about/
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 02 OVERVIEW OF THE 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE
 03 GREEK LITERATURE
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 02 OVERVIEW OF THE 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE
Philippine literature withstood time and periods and has evolved through generations. For every period that
passed, different genres appeared, and these literary works rooted from all regions reflecting their culture,
society and lifestyle.
The early stages of Filipino Literature consist of the Pre-Spanish period, the Spanish period and the
Propaganda and Revolutionary Periods. In the Pre-Spanish period, literature was in oral form as technology
of printing wasn’t available yet. Works such as epics, legends, folklore, salawikain, bugtong, sawikain, songs
such as the Oyayi or Hele are passed on from generations to generations and they are still well-known up to
this day as they are being taught in schools.
Philippine Literature changed during the Spanish Period. It was centered on Christian faith. Pre-Spanish literary
types continued to develop; however, there was a gradual shift of interest from nature and natural phenomena
to the lives of the saints, hymns, miracles and invocations based on the teachings of the Catholic Church. The
works during this time are imitative of the Spanish theme, forms, and traditions. The corrido, awit, dalit,
cenaculo, moro-moro, duplo and karagatan, and zarzuela are reflective of the said characteristics. Religious
matters were in prose as novenas and prayer books, biographies of the saints, tales and novels. The Filipinos
were able to retain their native traditions and poems in the field of poetry reflected as lyrical folksongs and
riddles. Some examples of songs are Bahay Kubo, kundiman, and tapat.
Figure 2. Francisco Batagtas Baltazar
Source: https://owlcation.com/humanities/Life-and-Works-of-Rizal-Synopsis-of-El-Filibusterismo
Francisco Baltazar also was popular during this time because of his “Florante at Laura”. Events such as the
exposure of the Filipinos to Europe’s liberal idealism, the opening of the Suez Canal, the Spanish Revolution in
1868, and the martyrdom of Gomburza led to Filipino nationalism. This gave birth to two movements during
this time – the Propaganda movement and the Revolutionary movement. The Propaganda movement was
reformatory in objective and its members are college students mostly based in Spain. The primary
propagandists were Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez-Jaena. The exposure of the evils of the
Spanish rule in the Philippines was because of Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo and has paved the
way to a revolution against Spain. Del Pilar’s essays and editorials in Diariong Tagalog which he founded with
Lopez-Jaena’s articles in La Solidaridad which he was an editor reflected nationalism that was dominant at this
time.
The Revolutionary movement took over as the propagandists failed to get much reforms. This was of course
more violent, and it demands complete independence from Spain. The Katipunan was founded by Andres
Bonifacio who was inspired by Rizal’s novels. The articles written in tagalog (which was a form of revolution) was
published in the Kalayaan, the newspaper of the society. The literature at that time was more propagandistic
than literary as the situation and events at that time needed such purpose for liberation.
The three periods mentioned are the core of our history and literature. History has a very important role in
literature as literature not only reflects facts with aesthetic language but more importantly, it displays the ideas
and feelings of the people living at that time. Not only does literature exhibit history but so as the hope that
people have. It shows what they hope for the nation, or for themselves, may it be about nationalism, love, or
other aspects going on in life. As the Philippines underwent a lot of history, as well as changes, literature also
evolved. In the similar case as the first three periods, literary genres also evolve depending on the influence,
state and the condition that our country is in. From epics to folksongs, to the cenaculo and Noli Me Tangere,
to Tagalog and English short stories, essays, poetry, to the Palanca Awards entries, drama and film, to Wattpad
and blogs – these are all reflective of the history, evolution, and developments or mishaps of the Filipino nation.
Each period has its own distinct genre and unique artists that everyone remembers.
21st century literature per se, is anything that was written and published in the year 2000s. It is a bit too early to
give a definite and elaborate description of the 21st century literature in the Philippines and the world. It is
possible, however, to approach contemporary literature as a reaction to and dialogue with existing forms of
expressive culture. As we engage in technology more and more, we create and discover more existing forms of
expressive culture as well. We have a wide range of resources through the internet and this gave opportunities
to people, especially the youth, to begin writing and expressing their thoughts, ideas, and feelings. A perfect
example would be WattPad. It became popular to the Filipino youth in 2006.
The idea is to create an e-book reading application, as e-books are becoming in demand during that time,
however, the founders thought that it would be time consuming to maintain their own catalog, so they decided
to let the community decide what they want to read, and they can also upload their works and content into the
application. This had made it possible for the youth to read more and to start creating their own compositions.
It has become a network.
The 21st Century in literature refers to the Philippine and world literature produced in the 21st century. The
range of the years is from 2001 up to the present years:
 New literary works created within the last decade

 Written by contemporary Authors Imaginative writing
 Deals with current themes and reflects technological culture
 Reflects on traditional cultures
 Often breaks traditional writing
 Traces artistic representation of shared and familiar experiences
 Emerging genres: IM and blog format books; digi-fiction; doodles
In senior High School we have learned the comparison of the different regions focusing on the following:
 Various dimension of Philippine Literary History

 Canonical authors and work of Philippine National artists in literature
 Names of authors and their works
 Background of the literature from the region where they belong
Here are more examples of literary genres in the 21st century Philippine literature:
1. Creative non-fiction
It’s a rich mix of ﬂavors, ideas, and techniques, some of which are newly invented and others as old as writing
itself. Creative nonﬁction can be an essay, a journal article, a research paper, a memoir, or a poem; it can be
personal or not, or it can be all of these.
Some of the creative nonfiction in the Philippines are:
 “The Cardinal’s Sins, the General’s Cross, the Martyr’s Testimony, and Other Affirmations”
by Gregorio C. Brillantes
 “Manananggal Terrorizes Manila and Other Stories” by Jessica Zafra
 “Sapay Koma” by Jhoanna Lynn Cruz
2. Hyper poetry
Hypertext poetry and hypertext fiction are new genres of literature that use the computer screen as medium,
rather than the printed page. The literary works rely on the qualities unique to a digital environment, such as
linked World Wide Web pages or effects such as sound and movement. Hypertext “poetry” can consist of words,
although not necessarily organized into lines and stanzas, as well as, sounds, visual images, movement or other
special effects. Although the poem may be dazzling with sounds, perhaps of a lawnmower, while the words
“mowing,” “stop,” “Sunday,” and “morning” float across your computer screen in pseudo-three-dimensional
letters, one will have been hard pressed to identify the use of any formal poetics.
3. Mobile phone text tula
A cell phone novel, or mobile phone novel is a literary work originally written on a cellular phone via text
messaging. This type of literature originated in Japan, where it has become a popular literary genre. However,
its popularity has also spread to other countries internationally, especially to China, United States, Germany,
and South Africa. Chapters usually consist of about 70-100 words each due to character limitations on cell
phones.
4. Chick lit
This is genre fiction, which “consists of heroin-centered narratives that focus on the trials and tribulations of
their individual protagonists”. The genre often addresses issues of modern womanhood – from romantic
relationships to female friendships to matters in the workplace – in humorous and lighthearted ways.
Some of the chick lit in the Philippines are:
 Spotlight New Adult by Mina V. Esguerra

 Tall Story by Candy Gourlay
 All’s Fair in Blog and War by Chrissie Peria
Figure 2. Francisco Batagtas Baltazar
Source: https://owlcation.com/humanities/Life-and-Works-of-Rizal-Synopsis-of-El-Filibusterismo
5. Speculative fiction
It covers all stories from fantasy to science fiction to slipstream to magic realism to urban fantasy — so on and
so forth. In other words (or in other worlds), it encompasses all the stories that are removed from the reality
that we are currently living in. As the introduction states, “speculative fiction is a type of story that deals with
observations of the human condition but offers the experience through a different lens…and challenges us to
see what tomorrow could be like or what the mythic past of our imagination actually is.”
Some of the speculative fiction in the Philippines are:
 Smaller and Smaller Circles by FH Batacan

 Sink by Isabel Yap
 The Secret Origin of Spin-Man by Andrew Drilon
6. Flash fiction
The typical definition of flash fiction is a short fiction story of under 1500 words, usually under 1000 words.)
Flash fiction goes by many names, including microfiction, microstories, short-shorts, short short stories, very
short stories, sudden fiction, postcard fiction and nanofiction. While it can be difficult to pinpoint an exact
definition of flash fiction based on word count, consideration of several of its features can help provide clarity,
like its brevity, length, background and purpose.
Some of the flash fiction in the Philippines are:
 100 Kislap, by Abdon M. Balde Jr.

 Karapote: Antolohia Dagiti 13 a Nasuerte A Sarita, by Ariel S. Tabag
7. Blog
A blog (shortening of “weblog”) is an online journal or informational website displaying information in the
reverse chronological order, with latest posts appearing first. It is a platform where a writer or even a group of
writers share their views on an individual subject.
8. Graphic novels
A graphic novel is a book made up of comics content. The ‘graphic novel’ has existed as an art form arguably
from the time our species learned how to paint. However, the term has only been in use since the 1960’s, and
though it’s often a hotly debated issue, it’s generally accepted that a graphic novel is a longer work or collection
of works presented in ‘comics’ style.
Some of the graphic novels in the Philippines are:
 The Mythology Class (Nautilus comics) by Arnold Arre

 Light (Anino comics) by Rob Cham
 Sixty Six (Anino comics) by Russell Molina
 Maktan 1521 by Tepai Pascual
9. MANGA
It is used in the English-speaking world as a generic term for all comic books and graphic novels originally
published in Japan.
10. SPOKEN POETRY
Oral art that focuses on the aesthetics of word play and intonation and voice inflection. It focuses on the
aesthetics of recitation and word play, such as the performer's live intonation and voice inflection.
Contemporary writers often consciously draw inspiration and ideas from the writers who have come before
them. As an outcome, many works of 21st literature deal with the events, movements and literature of the past
in order to make sense of the current times. In addition, the technological developments of the 21st century
have directed other writers to theoretically write about the future, usually to comment on the present and
suggest introspection.
There are various themes and topics that the contemporary literature addresses. One of which is Identity. With
increasing globalization, intersections of cultures and more vocal discussions of women’s rights
and LGBT rights, identity has become a common theme in 21st century literature. In a world that is now able to
exchange ideas more quickly than ever before via the Internet and other technological advancements, people
have relatively more freedom to draw from multiple cultures and philosophies and question the concept of the
self and its relation to the body, brain and “soul.” Another theme is history and memory.
Modern day Filipinos, as well as the youth of today become more conscious of what’s happening, primarily
because of easier access to education and technology. Print, we might say, is gradually dying but our appetite
for information continues to grow and of course literature, along with technology still thrives. All of this paved
the way to the 21st century Literature, with various genres, themes and voices. The Philippines continues to
develop in many aspects and as a liberal and democratic country, we are part of the worldwide innovation of
ways on how to exchange and share ideas about the present events which have much similarities in each
country.
Since we are in the age of technology, we use them to impart and experience literature to make it more
interesting especially to the young ones. They grew up using technology as a primary learning tool and for them
to be more engaged in literature, technology such as the internet and gadgets play a huge role for them in
acquiring knowledge and information.
Literature continues to change with society and although we are in the 21st century and are bound with
technology, authors are still trying to address absolute human questions in new ways and therefore, reconcile
them with the ever-changing technology that surrounds us; hence, the birth of the different 21st century
literary genres.
Popular Philippine Literature:
1. Jose Rizal –Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo

2. Francisco Baltazar Balagtas – Florante at Laura
3. Augurio Maranon Abeto – Hiligaynon Literature/ Dan Dan Soy
4. Bob Ong – ABNKKBSNPLAKO?
5. Lualhati Bautista- Dekada ‘70, Anak, Anak Paano ka Ginawa? and ‘GAPO’
Popular World Literature:
1. C.S. Lewis – Chronicles of Narnia

2. J.R.R Tolkien – The Lord of the Rings
3. Joanne Kathlene Rowling – Harry Potter Series
4. Rick Russell Riordan Jr – The Lightning Thief
5. George R.R. Martin – The Game of Thrones
6. Dan Brown – Angels and Demons/ Davinci Code
Figure 4 – Harry Potter
Source:
Play Video
According to watch Mojo, Harry Potter has become a household name in the 21st century to both kids and adult
alike and was even made popular into movies. One of the greatest literatures in the 21st century.
Reading literature gives one a better understanding of human nature and the complexity of the human condition. It
makes one less judgmental and more sympathetic. Literature can also be more insightful than non-
fiction.” – Professor Tommy Koh
“The possibility of being as free with the camera as we are with the pen is a fantastic prospect for the creative life of
21st Century.” – Carlos Fuentes

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 03 GREEK LITERATURE

Classical Greek literature
Ancient Greek literature refers to any literary work (poetry, prose, drama) written in the Ancient Greek
language, from the earliest texts until roughly the rise of the Byzantine Empire. At the beginning of Greek
literature stand the two monumental epic poems of Homer, the Iliad, and the Odyssey. Although these works
as they now stand are credited to him it is certain that their roots reach far back before his time. The other
great poet of the pre-classical period was Hesiod, who wrote Works and Days and Theogony. The first is a
faithful depiction of the poverty-stricken country life and the second is a systematic account of creation and of
the gods.
Sappho, Alcaeus, and Pindarus were lyric poets writing at around the same time as Hesiod (700 BCE). Ancient
Greek tragedy, comedy, and satyr developed around Greece’s theatre culture. All of them were particularly
developed in Athens, so most works are written in the Attic dialect. Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides are the
most well-known tragedy writers, while Aristophanes is the most famous comedy writer.
Three of the most famous historians who have ever written flourished during Greece’s classical age: Herodotus,
Thucydides, and Xenophon. Herodotus is called the father of history, and his “History” contains the first truly
literary use of prose in Western literature.
Greek philosophy had an enormous influence on Western society. There were countless important Greek
philosophers in Ancient Greece, but Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle tower above the rest. The list of important
ancient Greek philosophers is really massive, including philosophers like Thales of Miletus, Anaximander,
Xenophanes, Pythagoras, Heraclitus, Parmenides, Empedocles, Anaxagoras, Democritus, Protagoras, and many
others.
Important literary terms referring to this type of literature are:
(a) Deus ex machina – It is a plot device whereby a seemingly unsolvable problem in a story is suddenly and
abruptly resolved by an unexpected and unlikely occurrence.
(b) Catharsis - Catharsis is the purification and purgation of emotions — particularly pity and fear — through
art or any extreme change in emotion that results in renewal and restoration. If is expected in tragic plays.
(c) Fate – It is also called destiny is depicted in Greek mythology as controlled that even if one tries to stop it,
they’ll be unsuccessful.
(d) Achilles Heels- It is a term which means weakness (from Iliad).

Fig. 1 - Greek Gods and Goddesses
The Ancient Greeks believe is scores of gods and demigods but the most powerful were the deities of Mount
Olympus. Meet the Olympians: (1) Zeus is the king of all gods. He overthrew his father; marries his sister. He
controls almost everything in the world. His bird is the eagle and his weapons are scepter and thunderbolt and
a bad temper. (2) Hera is the queen of the heavens; goddess of the kings, childbirth, marriage and empire. Her
symbols are pomegranates and Lotus staff. (3) Poseidon is the god of the sea, floor droughts and horses. He is
the brother of the Zeus and his weapon is the trident. He rides horses and dolphins. (4) Hades is the god of
underworld and Death. He is in love with Persephone; his beast is Cerberus. (5) Ares is the god of war, civil
order and violence his weapon is a bronze-stripped spear; his garb is a golden armor; his beasts are the vulture
and the venomous snake. (6) Apollo is the god of music, poetry archery and healing. He is Zeus son by his lover
Leto. His weapon is bow and arrow. His musical instrument is lyre. (7) Aphrodite is the goddess of love and
beauty. Her symbol is the apple, the myrtle wreath and the scallop shell. Her bird is the dove. (8) Eros is the god
of love and desires, son of Aphrodite and Ares. His garb is his wings. His weapon is bow and arrow. (9) Athena is
the goddess of wisdom, warfare, and handicrafts; She sprang fully formed from the head of Zeus wearing an
armor. He weapon is a spear and a shield. Her symbol is an owl and an olive tree. (10) Hermes is the heavenly
messenger; god of travel and trade. Son of Zeus and Maia. His role is to lead the dead souls to the realms of
Hades. His garb is the wing sandals and travelers cap. (11) Dionysus is the god of celebration, drunkenness and
pleasure. His symbol is a cup full of wine. The Olympus is in Greece’s highest peak also known as Mytikas.
Notable Literary Personalities and concepts of Greek Literature
Homer - is a Greek epic poet, the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey. Ancient Greeks revered Homer and
considered him the first and greatest of all epic poets. Homer is a Greek epic poet, the author of the Iliad and
the Odyssey. Ancient Greeks revered Homer and considered him the first and greatest of all epic poets.
We don’t know for sure when or where he lived (or if he existed at all for that matter). Herodotus tells us that
Homer lived around 400 years before his own time, which would place Homer’s birth at around 850 BC.
The importance of Homer to the ancient Greeks is described in Plato’s Republic, which describes him as the
protos didaskalos, “first teacher”, and the hegemon paideias, “leader of our culture”.
Homer’s works, which are about fifty percent speeches, provided models in persuasive speaking and writing
that were emulated throughout the ancient and medieval worlds. Fragments of Homer account for nearly half
of all identifiable Greek literary papyri finds in Egypt.
“The difficulty is not so great to die for a friend, as to find a friend worth dying for.” – Homer, Iliad
1. The Iliad - The Iliad is an epic poem which narrates the happenings in and around the city of Ilion which was
a city within the state of Troy, during the Trojan War. The word Iliad is derived from the name of the city and its
literal meaning is “something concerned with Ilion”.
Fig. 2 - Trojan Horse
The Iliad is a poetic account of the events during the Trojan war. The war itself, its main characters and heroes,
and various battles incidents that happened during the war. In the Iliad Homer explains how the Greek and
Trojan heroes and warriors communicated with their gods and gained favors and strength from them by
making sacrifices in their name. Even though the Iliad focuses only on the last year of the Trojan war, it is an
exceptionally lengthy account of the warfare.
2. The Odyssey - The Odyssey is an epic poem describing Odysseus’ ten-year-long journey from Troy to Ithaca
after the end of the Trojan War. The Odyssey also explains the events leading to the start and conclusion of the
war in much detail. In fact, the Odyssey doesn’t only recount Odysseus’ dangerous adventures on his journey
back home, it also talks about the ordeals his family goes through in Ithaca in his absence. The poem is written
in 12, 110 lines of dactylic hexameter. It has been translated into numerous modern languages of the world and
continues to be read widely.
Although the Iliad and Odyssey are Homer’s best-known poems, more of his works, for instance, the Homeric
Hymns have come to surface. Sadly, a lot of his other works are believed to be lost in time.
Greek Drama
Drama was a critical part of ancient Greek life. Drama was used by ancient Greeks to investigating the world
they lived in, and explore what it meant to be human. Ancient Greek drama had 3 genres: comedy, satyr or
satirical plays, and most important of all, tragedy.
Comedy: Initially comedies mostly mocked men in power for their vanity and foolishness, but as time went by,
they became more complex in themes and included plays about ordinary people which read more like modern-
day sitcoms. Aristophanes and Menander were the most famous writers of ancient Greek comedies.
Satire (satyr): Very few examples of this type of plays survived from ancient Greek times. The Satyr or
satirical plays were short plays which were performed between the acts of tragedies and made fun of the plight
of the tragedy’s main characters. It’s assumed that the actors in the satyr plays were dressed like a satyr. The
satyrs were mythical half-human, half-goat figures and actors in these plays were dressed like them and also
wore large phalluses for comic effect and relief.
Tragedy: The word “tragedy” (or tragodia in Greek) literally means a “goat song”. Scholars assume that this
name came about because a goat was either the prize in a competition or that there was some kind of a ritual
sacrifice of the animal during these plays. The Athenian tragedy is the oldest surviving form of tragedy. Tragedy
usually dealt with stories of love, loss, pride, the abuse of power and the relationships between people and the
gods. In most tragedies, the main protagonist commits some terrible crime without realizing how foolish and
arrogant they have been. Then, as they slowly realize their error, the world crumbles around them. Aristotle
suggested that tragedy cleansed the heart by purging us of our petty concerns and worries and making us
aware that there can be nobility in suffering. He called this experience “catharsis”.

The Great Playwrights of Athens’ “Golden Age”
The father of Greek tragedy is Aeschylus who died in 456 BC. Aeschylus left a number of important plays which
thankfully still survive today, including The Persians and The Oresteia. Aeschylus was followed by two important
playwrights: Sophocles, who wrote several important and well-known plays such as Antigone, Oedipus at
Colonus, and Oedipus Rex; and Euripides, who wrote The Trojan Trilogy, of which only the Trojan Women
survives, as well as two other important plays about the roles of women in the Greek society of the time:
The Phoenician Women and The Bacchae.
Aristophanes was most famous playwright of comedies. He specialized in what we would today call political
satire, and his most famous works are Lysistrata, the Clouds and the Acharnians. It total eleven of
Aristophanes’ plays survived to this day.

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Lesson Proper for Week 1

Refined – norms, being civilized and sociable.

Culture – Adaptation to environment

Human – Having the nature of; being a person

Why do we need to study Humanities?

1. It drives your existence

The arts are generally grouped into:

Figure 2 – Plastic Art

Figure 3 – Performing Arts

The Nature of Art

1. Art is Timeless - People created art at all times; It is as old as man.

Figure 4: Art is Timeless

◄ Preliminary Activity for Week 1

Analysis, Application, and Exploration For Week 1 ►

 Lesson Proper for Week 1

 Analysis, Application, and Exploration For Week 1

 Generalization for Week 1

 Evaluation for Week 1

 Assignment for Week 1

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Lesson Proper for Week 2

Figure 2. Francisco Batagtas Baltazar

 New literary works created within the last decade

 Various dimension of Philippine Literary History

Some of the creative nonfiction in the Philippines are:

3. Mobile phone text tula

Some of the chick lit in the Philippines are:

 Spotlight New Adult by Mina V. Esguerra

Figure 2. Francisco Batagtas Baltazar

Some of the speculative fiction in the Philippines are:

 Smaller and Smaller Circles by FH Batacan

Some of the flash fiction in the Philippines are:

 100 Kislap, by Abdon M. Balde Jr.

Some of the graphic novels in the Philippines are:

 The Mythology Class (Nautilus comics) by Arnold Arre

Popular Philippine Literature:

1. Jose Rizal –Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo

1. C.S. Lewis – Chronicles of Narnia

Figure 4 – Harry Potter

◄ Preliminary Activity for Week 2

Analysis, Application, and Exploration for Week 2 ►

 Preliminary Activity for Week 2

 Lesson Proper for Week 2

 Analysis, Application, and Exploration for Week 2

 Generalization for Week 2

 Evaluation for Week 2

 Assignment for Week 2

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Lesson Proper for Week 3

Important literary terms referring to this type of literature are:

(d) Achilles Heels- It is a term which means weakness (from Iliad).

Fig. 1 - Greek Gods and Goddesses

Notable Literary Personalities and concepts of Greek Literature

The Great Playwrights of Athens’ “Golden Age”

◄ Preliminary Activity for Week 3

Analysis, Application, and Exploration for Week 3 ►

 Preliminary Activity for Week 3

 Lesson Proper for Week 3

 Analysis, Application, and Exploration for Week 3

 Generalization for Week 3