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L1. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
▪ Quantitative research designs are empirical,
straightforward, and can test their reliability and
validity.
▪ Quantitative research designs vary in terms of the
following:
o the intent
o use of manipulation
o procedures used
▪ The research design of a study can easily be
identified based on the abstract of a journal article.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
▪ The main purpose of the experimental research
design is to find out whether an intervention
considered as the independent variable has an effect
on a dependent variable.
▪ An experimental design must contain the following
elements:
1. treatment or intervention
2. controlling extraneous variables
3. randomization of participants
EXAMPLE OF CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
▪ A quasi-experimental design requires the
independent variable to be manipulated but it lacks
a key element of an experimental design, which is
randomization.
EXAMPLES OF A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 2 VARIABLES
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
▪ The purpose of descriptive research design is to
study a naturally occurring phenomenon or subject
of interest. It simply describes a specific
characteristic or behavior of a target population.
▪ Most common types of descriptive research
o Survey research explores the trends in the
characteristics of a group of people
o Demographic research describes basic life
events
o Epidemiological Research studies different
patterns of disease and health
▪ Descriptive research designs explain different
patterns of information about a target population.
L2. SAMPLING PROCEDURE FOR QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
▪ Population is a group of people possessing a similar
characteristic.
▪ Sample pertains to the subgroup or a portion from a
population.
▪ Sample size is the actual number of individuals who
participated in the research study and contributed
significant data
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
▪ In probability sampling, all individuals from the
target population have an equal chance of being
selected for the sample.
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
▪ Simple random sampling is when the researcher
randomly selects their participants from a list of all
the individuals from the population.
SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING
▪ In systematic random sampling, the researcher
randomly decides on a starting point in the list and
chooses every nth case from the population.
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
▪ Stratified random sampling pertains to the division
of the target population into subgroups and
randomly selects participants from each subgroup.
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
▪ Sample is chosen by the researcher from the target
population rather than being randomly selected.
▪ Non-probability sampling is used to address practical
concerns in a research study. The most common
methods under this technique are convenience,
quota, purposive, and snowball sampling.
EXPERIMENTS
▪ An experiment is designed to test hypotheses under
controlled conditions and involves the manipulation
of variables.
▪ Three types of experiments: laboratory, field, and
natural.
QUANTITAIVE OBSERVATION
▪ Observation is a process wherein researchers
purposely or selectively watch or listen to an
occurring interaction or phenomenon.
▪ Quantified by using rating scales and checklists.
QUANTITATIVE INTERVIEW
▪ Quantitative interviews are also called standardized
interviews or survey interviews because of their
similarity to a survey’s question-and-answer format.

CONVENIENCE SAMPLING EVALUATING DATA COLLECTION METHODS

▪ In convenience sampling, the researcher recruits ▪ Data collection procedure must be ethical.
participants who are readily available and accessible ▪ Data collection procedures must be standardized.
to participate in the research study. ▪ Identify how the researchers reduced threats.

QUOTA SAMPLING INTRODUCTION TO DATA ANALYSIS AND HYPOTHESIS

▪ Quota sampling involves selecting people from TESTING
different subgroups from the target population. ▪ Quantitative data analysis is a powerful tool that is
often associated with large-scale research.
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
▪ In purposive sampling, the researcher chooses their
participants intentionally because they are
considered as most suitable for the research study.

SNOWBALL SAMPLING
▪ Snowball sampling is done when the researcher
contacts few potential participants and asks them if
they can refer more participants having similar
characteristics as them.

L4. PLANNING DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Data Collection Methods
▪ Questionnaires
▪ Experiment
▪ Quantitative Observation
▪ Quantitative Interview

QUESTIONNAIRES
▪ A questionnaire is composed of a written list of item
questions wherein the participants can answer
independently.
▪ Numerical data from quantitative research can be
analyzed or performed using computer programs.

HYPOTHESIS TESTING
▪ Hypothesis testing allows researchers to test their
assumptions.
▪ The two types of hypotheses are the null hypothesis
and the alternate hypothesis.

➢ The most common types of data collection methods

used in quantitative research are questionnaires,
experiments, quantitative observations, and
quantitative interviews.
➢ Data collection methods must be evaluated by its
ethical considerations, standardization, and how the
researchers reduced threats to their data.
➢ The scales of data arranged according to complexity
are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scale.
➢ Numerical data in quantitative research can be
summarized or presented using either descriptive or
inferential statistics.