NCM 111: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
ASA || BSN 3G || MR. AMIT || MIDTERM
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Quantitative research is a formal, objective,
rigorous, and systematic process for generating
numerical information about the world.
Quantitative research is conducted to describe
new situations, events, or concepts, examine
relationships among variables, and determine the
effectiveness of interventions on selected health
outcomes (Bhandari, 2020).
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
This form of quantitative research is employed to
elucidate the present condition of a variable or
subject. It can address inquiries regarding what,
where, when, and how, yet it doesn’t 't delve into
the reasons behind these phenomena, which are
typically explored through qualitative research.
In this approach, the researcher merely observes
and gauges variables without actively influencing
or altering them.
➢ Goal: The aim of descriptive research is to
gain insight into the present condition of a
specified variable.
➢ When To Use: Descriptive research is
employed to categorize and discern patterns,
develop hypotheses, establish comparisons,
validate existing phenomena, and delineate
characteristics within a sample.
The following are examples of descriptive
research:
o An athletic shoe brand conducts a
demographic survey to understand
the shoe purchasing trends among
customers in New York.
o Find out where young adults aged
16-20 get their online news with a
survey listing popular news sites.
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
The correlational research approach explores
connections between various subjects
variables without the researcher exerting control
or manipulation over any of them. It emphasizes
examining relationships among predetermined
variables and relies on the scientific method and
hypotheses.
➢ Goal: The aim of correlational research
is to discern variables that exhibit a
certain degree of connection, to the
extent that one influences or impacts the
other.
➢ When To Use: Correlational research is
employed to swiftly collect data from
authentic environments, enabling the
extrapolation of findings to real-world
scenarios.
The following are examples of correlational
research:
o Find out if there is a relationship
between Facebook shares of your
website link and a higher Google
ranking.
o Find out if videos on your website
improve dwell time and increase
conversion.
and
CAUSAL COMPARATIVE/ QUASI –
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
The causal-comparative research approach is
employed to recognize a cause-and-effect
connection between two variables, where one
variable is reliant on the other, and while it shares
some characteristics with experimentation, it
cannot be classified as a genuine experiment.
Three main types of Quasi – experimental
research designs:
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o Nonequivalent groups: The groups
share similarities, but only one of them
encounters the treatment or variable.
o Regression discontinuity:
Researchers establish an arbitrary
dividing point among the participant list.
Those exceeding this threshold receive
the treatment or variable, while those
falling below it do not. The individuals
who are just below this threshold are
utilized as a control group because they
are in close proximity to the cutoff point.
o Natural experiments: An external
occurrence or circumstance (like a
natural event) leads to the random
allocation of subjects to the group that
receives the variable. These experiments
are observational in nature and are not
categorized as genuine experiments.
➢ Goal: The aim of causal-comparative
research is to ascertain the impact of the same
situation on various groups.
➢ When To Use: Causal-comparative or
quasiexperimental research is frequently
employed when conducting experimental
research is considered impractical, unethical,
or restricted.
The ff. are examples of quasi – comparative/quasi
– experimental research:
o Find the difference in wages between
men and women with a comparative
study of wages earned by both
genders across various occupations
and locations.
o Your hypothesis is that sixth-grade
students who attend an afterschool
program will achieve better grades.
You choose two similar groups of
sixthgraders who attend different
schools—one with an afterschool
program and one without.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
• The experimental research approach is driven
by a particular hypothesis or hypotheses and
proves highly beneficial in informing
decisionmaking. Any research conducted
through the scientific method incorporates
elements of experimental research methods.
• The experimental research approach is driven
by a particular hypothesis or hypotheses and
proves highly beneficial in informing
decisionmaking. Any research conducted
through the scientific method incorporates
elements of experimental research methods.
Three types of Experimental Designs:
o Pre-experimental: A researcher watches
one or several groups following the
application of a treatment or the
introduction of a factor believed to
induce alterations in the groups. This is
done to assess whether additional
research is warranted for the observed
groups.
o True experimental: Relies on statistical
analysis to either validate or disprove the
hypothesis, with the requirement that
participants are selected through random
sampling.
o Quasi-experimental: Participants are
not chosen at random
DEFINING TERMS RELEVANT TO
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
BASIC RESEARCH
is the exploration of knowledge through the
resolution of What, why, and How questions. It
emphasizes acquiring data, identifying causes of
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occurrences, frequently through study or measurements agree and is impacted by SAMPLING AND ASSIGNMENT OF
observation, and applying this acquired random errors, which are frequently PARTICIPANTS TO GROUPS
knowledge to develop a deeper grasp of the reflected by an acceptable value. Is a process of selecting participants who are
subject (Dovetail Editorial Team, 2023). CONTROL IN QUANTITATIVE representative of the population being studied. In
APPLIED RESEARCH RESEARCH quantitative research, random and nonrandom
is an unsystematic approach to solving particular In quantitative research, Control refers to samples are used.
research difficulties or issues. These concerns or ensuring that changes in the researched ideas are STUDY INTERVENTION
problems may affect people individually, in caused by the stated cause and are not the result A study intervention needs to be:
groups, or in society as a whole. It is " non- of uncontrollable circumstances that could offer 1. Clearly and precisely developed,
systematic " since it jumps right into solving alternative explanations (Byju’s, 2022). 2. Consistently implemented, and
problems (Urmita, 2023). 3. Examined for effectiveness through
ELEMENTS CONTROLLED IN
RIGOR IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH quality measurement of the dependent
In quantitative research, rigor is defined as the variables.
EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
careful elaboration of the research question, the
An extraneous variable are other factors than the COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE
use of exact and objective design and analysis
independent variable, such as participant PROBLEM-SOLVING PROCESS,
techniques, and the strict adherence to procedures
characteristics or environmental factors like NURSING PROCESS, AND RESEARCH
at all times (Laher, 2016).
lighting or noise, can influence a study ' s results PROCESS
➢ Logical reasoning, this is deductive
(Mcleod, 2023). PROBLEM - SOLVING AND NURSING
reasoning, a method of reasoning that
RESEARCH SETTINGS PROCESS: BASIS FOR UNDERSTANDING
makes use of premises and their
The setting in quantitative research is the location THE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
connections to arrive at conclusions
where data is gathered, such as a hospital or a PROCESS
logically suggested by those premises
school. A controlled environment provides total Research is a process, and it is similar in some
and connections.
control over the factors under examination, ways to other processes. Therefore, the
➢ Precision, Consistency, not accuracy, is
allowing for exact research (Natural Versus background acquired early in nursing education
the key to precision. It measures the
Controlled Settings in Experiments, n.d.).
consistency with which your
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in problem solving and the nursing process also is However, the nursing process is a subset of the increasingly complex nursing processes
useful in research. problem-solving process. The steps of the nursing and studies.
➢ A process includes a purpose, series of process are assessment, diagnosis, plan, Differences:
actions, and goal. implementation, evaluation, and modification. o Knowledge of the nursing process will
➢ The purpose provides direction for the Similarities: assist you in understanding the research
implementation of a series of actions to o The two processes are similar because process. However, the research process is
achieve an identified goal. they both involve abstract critical more complex than the nursing process
➢ The specific steps of the process can be thinking and complex reasoning. and involves the rigorous application of a
revised and re-implemented to reach the o These processes help identify new variety of research methods (Grove et al.,
endpoint or goal. information, discover relationships, and 2013)
COMPARISON PROBLEM SOLVING make predictions about phenomena. o The research process also has a broader
WITH THE NURSING PROCESS o In both processes, information is focus than that of the nursing process, in
Research is a process, and it is similar in some gathered, observations are made, which the nurse focuses on a specific
ways to other processes. Therefore, the problems are identified, plans are patient and family.
background acquired early in nursing education developed (methodology), and actions o During the quantitative research process,
in problem solving and the nursing process also is are taken (data collection and analysis). the researcher focuses on large groups of
useful in research. o Both processes are reviewed for individuals, such as a population of

The problem-solving process involves the effectiveness and efficiency—the patients with hypertension.

systematic collection of data to identify a nursing process is evaluated, and o In addition, researchers must be

problem, difficulty, or dilemma; determination of outcomes are determined in the research knowledgeable about the world of

goals related to the problem; identification of process (see Table 2-2). nursing to identify problems that require

possible approaches or solutions to achieve those o Implementing the two processes expands study. This knowledge comes from

goals (plan); implementation of the selected and refines the user’s knowledge. With clinical and other personal experiences

solutions; and evaluation of goal achievement this growth in knowledge and critical and by conducting a review of the

(Chinn & Kramer, 2011). thinking, the user can implement literature.
NCM 111: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
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IDENTIFYING THE STEPS OF THE
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH PROCESS
RESEARCH PROBLEM AND PURPOSE
A research problem is a strong claim that
identifies an issue or question in academic
writing, theory, or practice that requires
investigation for a deeper comprehension and
resolution. A research purpose provides readers
with a clear idea of the study ' s findings and
characteristics by summarizing the study ' s topic
and objectives (ForeignAdmits, 2023).
REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE
It consists of a survey of scholarly resources on a
certain topic. It gives an overview of current
knowledge that allows us to identify relevant
theories, methods, and gaps in the existing
research (McCombes, 2022).
STUDY FRAMEWORK
This could be referred to as a conceptual
framework or theoretical framework. It gives an
illustration of the expected relationships between
the variables, or the characteristics or properties
of a study, which can be written or visualized. It
is developed from a literature review of the study
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES, QUESTIONS,
OR HYPOTHESIS
➢ The research objectives explain what the
study is trying to achieve and why pursue it.
It summarizes the approach and purpose of
the research (Ryan,2022).
➢ The research question is a type of question in
quantitative where it is obtained by a numeric
answer that will provide them with a tangible
answer. It involves collecting objective,
measurable data about a particular subject or
topic, often through surveys, experiments, or
other structured methods (Çobanoğlu, 2023).
➢ The research hypothesis are statements
testified by scientific research. It states
predictions about what the research will find.
It is a tentative answer to a research question
that has not yet been tested and it should be
testable. A hypothesis should be based on
existing theories and knowledge
(McCombes, 2023).
STUDY VARIABLES
Research design is a strategy for answering the
research questions using empirical data.
According to McCombes (2023), creating a
research design means making decisions about:
o Your overall research objectives and
approach Whether you’ll rely on primary
research or secondary research
o Your sampling methods or criteria for
selecting subjects
o Your data collection methods
o Your data analysis methods
o A well-planned research design helps
ensure that your methods match your
research objectives and that you use the
right kind of analysis for your data.
POPULATION AND SAMPLE
➢ A population is the entirety of the group that
is drawn to conclusions about.
➢ A sample is the specific group that will be
collected data from. The size of the sample is
always less than the total size of the
population.
MEASUREMENT METHOD
Measurement is the process of observing and
recording the observations that are collected
as part of a research effort. There are two
major issues that will be considered here
(Trochim, n.d.).
DATA COLLECTION
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It is a systematic process of gathering framework that may decrease the DISCUSSION SECTION It ties together
observations or measurements. Whether it is credibility and generalizability of the the other sections of the research report and
performing research for business, findings. gives them meaning.
governmental or academic purposes, data o Generalization – is the extension of REFERENCE SECTION Also referred to
collection gives permission to gain first-hand the conclusions made based on the as list, includes the studies, theories, and
knowledge and original insights into the research findings from the sample methodology resources that provided a basis
research problem (Bhandari, 2023). studied to a larger population. for the conduct of the study.
DATA ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION SECTION TIPS FOR READING RESEARCH
It is the process of collecting, modeling, and Its report identifies the nature and scope of REPORTS
analyzing data that uses various statistical the problem being investigated and provides ➢ Get a quick overview of the report' s
and logical methods and techniques. a case for the conduct of the study. You content and organization by skimming it
Businesses rely on analytics processes and should be able to identify the significance of and paying attention to the headings,
tools to extract insights that support strategic conducting the study. figures, and tables.
and operational decision-making (Calzon, METHODS SECTION ➢ To understand the major ideas and
2023). It describes how the study was conducted and conclusions of the paper, start by reading
DISCUSSION OF RESEARCH usually includes the study design, treatment the abstract.
OUTCOMES (if appropriate), sample, setting, ➢ To determine the context and objective of
Interpretation of research outcomes - It measurement methods, and data collection the study, it is important to comprehend
involves examining the results from data process. This section of the report needs to be the research problem or question.
analysis, identifying study limitations, presented in enough detail so that the reader ➢ Examine the research techniques used to
exploring the significance of the findings, can critically appraise the adequacy of the determine whether they are suitable for
forming conclusions, generalizing the study methods to produce reliable findings answering the research issue.
findings, considering the implications for RESULTS SECTION ➢ Read the results and discussion sections
nursing, and suggesting further studies. It includes the outcomes from the statistical to learn more about the conclusions,
o Limitations – are restrictions in a analysis and their significance. statistical significance, and implications.
study methodology and/or
NCM 111: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
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PRACTICAL READING A
QUASIEXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Steps of the Research Process in a Quasi –
Experimental Study
INTRODUCTION
➢ Quasi-experimental research is a type of
research design that attempts to establish a
cause-and-effect relationship between an
independent and dependent variable, but
lacks random assignment of participants to
groups.
➢ This is in contrast to true experiments, where
random assignment is used to ensure that the
groups are equivalent at the beginning of the
study, except for the independent variable
(Cook & Campbell, 1979)
A. RESEARCH PROBLEM Is a question
about the effects of an intervention that
the researcher is trying to answer using a
quasi-experimental design. (Shadish &
Cook, 2002).
B. RESEARCH PURPOSE
Is to evaluate the effects of an
intervention on an outcome of interest.
(Harris et al., 2006).
C. LITERATURE REVIEW
It is a kind of academic writing which
demonstrates knowledge and
understanding of the academic literature
on a specific topic placed in context. It
also includes a critical evaluation of the
material; this is why it is called a
literature review rather than a literature
report. It is a process of reviewing the
literature, as well as a form of writing
(Royal Literary Fund, 2014).
D. FRAMEWORK
It provides an underlying structure or
model to support the collective research
efforts (Godfrey, 2021).
E. HYPOTHESIS TESTING is the
process of using statistical methods to
direct the conduct of the studies and the
interpretation of findings. (Gray et al.,
2017; see chapter 5).
F. VARIABLES
are concepts at various levels of
abstraction that are measured,
manipulated, or controlled in a study.
(Gray et al., 2017).
G. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE:
DEDICATED EDUCATION UNIT
Quasi experiments have independent
variables that already exist such as age,
gender, eye color. These variables can
either be continuous (age) or they can be
categorical (gender). In short, naturally
occurring variables are measured within
quasi experiments (Dinardo, 2008). e.g.
(Participation in a new educational
program).
H. DEPENDENT VARIABLE: SELF-
EFFICACY
The variable that the researcher is
measuring to see if it is affected by the
independent variable. (Cook & Campbell
1979). e.g. (Student achievement on a
standardized test).
METHODS
A. DESIGN
is a blueprint for the conduct of a study
that maximizes control over factors that
could interfere with the study ' s desired
outcome. (Gray et al., 2018).
B. SAMPLE
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It is a smaller set of data that a researcher
chooses or selects from a larger
population using a predefined selection
bias method. These elements are known
as sample points, sampling units, or
observations. An efficient method of
conducting research (Fleetwood, 2023).
C. INTERVENTION
is a treatment, program, or policy that is
implemented to see if it has an effect on
the outcome of interest. (Harris et al.,
2006).
D. MEASUREMENT
It is the process of describing some
property of a phenomenon under study
and assigning a numerical value to it. Can
be considered as the foundation of
scientific inquiry (Kumar, 2020).
E. DATA CONNECTION
In research, it is the process of gathering
relevant information from a variety of
sources. It will be analyzed
systematically in order to
questions or draw conclusions about a
particular topic or issue (Vijayamohan,
2023).
RESULTS
are the findings of the study. They are based on
the data that was collected on the outcome of
interest for both the intervention and control
groups before and after the intervention. (Gray et
al., 2018).
DISCUSSION
is where the researcher interprets the results of the
study and discusses the implications of the
findings. The discussion section should be well-
organized and should include the following:
➢ Discussion of major findings
➢ Identification of the limitations
➢ Presentation of conclusions
➢ Implications of the findings for nursing
practice
➢ Recommendations for further research
CRITICAL APPRAISAL GUIDELINES
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
The quantitative research critical appraisal
process includes three steps:
answer 1) identifying the steps of the research
process in studies;
2) determining study strengths and
weaknesses; and
3) evaluating the credibility and meaning of
study findings.
These steps occur in sequence, vary in depth, and
presume accomplishment of the preceding steps.
However, an individual with critical appraisal
experience frequently performs two or three steps
of this process simultaneously (Cavaleri, et
al.,2018).
• These questions have been selected as a
means for stimulating the logical
reasoning and analysis necessary for
conducting a critical appraisal of a study.
Those experienced in the critical
appraisal process often formulate
additional questions as part of their
reasoning processes.
STEP 1: IDENTIFYING THE STEPS OF
THE RESEARCH PROCESS IN STUDIES
According to Cavaleri, et al. (2018), identifying
the steps of the research process in Studie is the
first step in quantitative research critical
appraisal. It involves understanding the terms and
concepts in the report, as well as identifying study
elements and grasping the nature, significance,
and meaning of these elements. The following
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guidelines will direct you in identifying a study’s
elements or steps.
STEP 2: DETERMINING THE STRENGTHS
AND WEAKNESSES IN STUDIES
The ideal ways to conduct the steps of the
research process are then compared with the
actual study steps. According to Cavaleri et al.
(2018), this term was determined during this
comparison, you examine the extent to which the
researcher followed the rules for an ideal study,
and the study elements are examined for strengths
and weaknesses.