LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS (LET)

Refresher Course

WHAT TO EXPECT
MAJORSHIP

Area: Music, Arts, Physical Education and Health

Focus: Research in MAPEH

LET Competencies
1. Determine appropriate research methods for Music, Arts, Physical Education and Health.
2. Define and Review the various types of research in MAPEH.
3. Apply theories and principles in conducting MAPEH Research.

PART I – KNOWLEDGE UPDATE:

Basic Concepts and Principles to Research in MAPEH

Definition of Terms

Applied Research Type of research that has direct value to practitioners but in which the
researcher has limited control over research setting.
Basic Research Type of research that may have limited direct application but in which the
researcher has careful control of the situation.
Biomechanics The application of the physical laws of motion to the study of biological
systems.
Case Study Form of descriptive research in which a single case is studied in depth to
reach a greater understanding about other similar cases.
Categorical Response Type of closed question that offers the subject only two responses such as
“yes” or “no.”
Categorical Variable A kind of independent variable that cannot be manipulated because it is
categorized by age, race, sex, and so on; also called moderator variable.
Central Tendency A single score that best represents all score.
Closed Question Category of question found in the questionnaires or interviews that requires a
specific response and that often takes the form of rankings, scaled items
Content Validity Condition that is claimed (usually in educational settings) when a test
adequately samples what was covered in the course.
Cross-sectional Study Methods of research in which samples of subjects from different age groups
are selected in order to assess the effects of maturation.
Cross Validation Technique to assess the accuracy of a prediction formula in which the formula
is applied to a sample not used when the formula was developed.
Dependent variable The effect of the independent variable; also called the yield.
Descriptive Research Type of research concerned with status, including techniques such as
surveys, case studies, and developmental research.
Developmental Study of changes in behavior across the life span.
Research
Empirical Describes data or a study that is based on objective observations.
External Reliability The content of the data in qualitative research that determines the degree to
which a study can be repeated.
Experimental Research Type of research that involves the manipulation of treatments in an attempt to
establish cause-effect relationships.
External Validity The generalizability of the results of the study.
Historical Research Type of research that deals with events that have already occurred
Hypothesis The anticipated outcome of the study or experiment.

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Independent Variable The part of the experiment that the researcher is manipulating; also called the
experimental or treatment variable.
Internal Reliability The extent of agreement among different observers concerning the
description of events.
Internal Validity The extent to which the results of a study can be attributed to the treatments
used in the study.
Likert Scale Type of closed question that requires the subject to respond by choosing one
of five scaled items with the assumption that there are equal intervals
between items.
Mean A statistical measure of central tendency that is the average score of the
group.
Median A statistical measure of central tendency describing the middle score in a
group.
Mode A statistical measure of tendency that is the most frequently occurring
Normal Curve Distribution of data in which the mean, median and mode are the same point
(center of distribution) and ± 1 s from the median includes 68% of the scores,
± 2 s from the mean, includes 95% of the scores, and ± 3 s includes 99% of
the scores.
Normative Survey Survey method that involves establishing norms for abilities, performances,
beliefs and attitudes.
Null Hypothesis Hypothesis that is primarily used in the statistical test for the reliability of the
results that says that there are no differences among treatments (or no
relationship among variables).
Paradigm A scientific model and the approaches used to test the model; also called
perspective, tradition, and approach in historical research.
Probability The odds that a certain event will occur.
Qualitative Research Research method that involves intensive, long-time observation in a natural
setting; precise and detailed recording of what happens in the setting;
interpretation and analysis of the data using description, narratives, quotes,
and charts and tables. Can also be called ethnographic, naturalistic,
interpretive,, grounded, phenomeno-logical, subjective, and participant
observational.
Questionnaire Type of paper and pencil survey used in descriptive research in which
information is obtained by asking subjects to respond to questions rather than
by observing their behavior.
Reliability The consistency and dependability of a measure.
Research Proposal A formal preparation that includes the introduction, review of literature, and
proposed method for conducting the study.
Standard Deviation An estimate of the variability of the scores of a group around the mean.
Triangulation Term borrowed from the field of surveying that refers to the use of more than
one source of data to substantiate a researcher’s conclusion.
Validity The degree of difference between each individual score and the central
tendency.

The Nature of Research

The word “research” may mean several understanding depending on the people’s background,
purpose, and usage. This particular explanation will deal more on the educational aspect of research
whereby it means careful and systematic procedure to solve some problems and objectives.
Characteristics of research:
 Systematic – Problem solving is accomplished though the identification and labeling
variables and is followed by the design of research that tests the relationships among these
variables. Data are then collected that, when related to the variables, allow for the evaluation
of the problem and hypothesis.
 Logical – Examination of the procedures used in the research process allows researches to
evaluate the conclusions that are drawn.
 Empirical - The researcher collects data on which to base decisions.
 Reductive – Research takes many individual events (data) and uses them to establish more
general relationships.
 Replicable – The research process is recorded, enabling others to test the findings by
repeating the research on previous results.

Applied and Basic Research

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Applied Research - Tends to address immediate problems, to use so-called real-world settings, to use
human subjects, and to use limited control over the research setting but to give results that are of
direct value to practitioners.

Basic Research - Usually deals with theoretical problems, has the laboratory as the setting, may
frequently use animals as subjects, has carefully controlled conditions, and procedures results
that have limited direct application.

Quality Research - Always involve some or all of the following components

 Identification and delimitation of a problem
 Searching, reviewing and effectively writing about relevant literature
 Specifying and defining testable hypotheses
 Designing the research to test the hypotheses
 Selecting, describing, testing and treating the subjects
 Analyzing and reporting the results
 Discussing the meaning and implications of the findings.

Unscientific vs Scientific Methods of Problem Solving

Humans Self Method of Solving Problems

a. Tenacity - changing to certain beliefs regardless of the lack of supporting evidence.
e.g. Unlucky day seeing a BLACK cat
Wearing a lucky dress, cap, hat, shoes, etc.
b. Intuition – or sometimes considered common sense.
e.g. Winning a raffle, passing exams
c. Authority – reference to some authority as source of knowledge or totally
dependent on what authority is saying without verified results or knowledge such.
d. Rationalistic Method – rationalizing knowledge
e.g. All basketball players are tall.
Tom Thumb is a basketball player.
Therefore Tom Thumb is tall
(In this case, Tom Thumb happens to be a dwarf)
e. Empirical Method – the word empirical denotes experience and the gathering of
data. This is more guided with observations and experience rather than theory.
These are pitfalls regarding experience because it is limited.

The Scientific Method of Problem Solving

Basic steps in Scientific Method

Step 1. Developing the Problem (Defining and Delimiting)

Designing and executing a selected topic with sound investigation and careful study.
Step 2. Formatting the Hypotheses
Expected results or anticipated solution based on some theoretical construct or results of
previous studies.
Step 3. Gathering the Data
Method of acquiring the necessary data must be thoroughly discussed, the reliability of
measuring instruments, the controls that should be employed, and the objectivity of the data
gathering process. Internal and external validity are related to the research design.
Internal validity refers to the extent to which results can be attributed to the treatments
used in the study.
External validity pertains to the generalibity of the results.

Step 4. Analyzing and Interpreting Results

Analysis and interpretation of results provided by evidences to support the research
synthesizing the data to contribute to the development of a theory.

Types of Research

1. Analytical Research
Involves in-depth study and evaluation of available information in an attempt to explain
complex phenomena. The different types of analytical research are:
 Historical Research
Deals with events, organizations, institutions and people that have already occurred.
Locating pertinent sources of information (primary or secondary) concerning the specific
problem.

 Philosophic Research

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 Critical inquiry. The researcher establishes a hypothesis, examines and analyzes
existing facts and evidences into a workable theoretical model.
 Literature Review
Paper reviews involves analysis, evaluation, and integration of published literature
after leading to a conclusion.
 Meta-Analysis
Analyzing the findings from numerous studies.

2. Descriptive Research
Primarily concerned with status. Most prevalent is the use of questionnaires. Other forms
include:
 Questionnaires
The questionnaire usually strives to secure information about present
practices, conditions, and demographic data. Occasionally, a questionnaire asks
for opinion or knowledge.
The researcher must take great care in preparing the questionnaire to
obtain valid and reliable responses. However, the questionnaire has acquired an
unfavorable reputation as research tool in some fields. This has been the result
of poorly designed and overused questionnaires.
 Interview
The interview and the questionnaire are essentially the same technique
insofar as their planning and procedures are concerned. Obviously, the interview
has certain advantages over the questionnaire in that the researcher can
rephrase questions and ask additional ones to clarify responses and secure
more vivid results. Becoming a skilled interviewer requires training and
experience. Telephone interviewing has become increasingly more common in
recent years, mainly because of cost. Telephone interviews costs half as much
as face-to-face interviews and has the additional advantage of being able to
cover a wide geographical area, which is generally a limitation in personal
interviews.
 Normative Study
The normative study generally seeks to gather performance or
knowledge data on a large sample from a population and to present the results in
the form of comparative standards or norms.
 Case Study
The case study is used to provide detailed information about an
individual (or institution, community etc.) the case study aims to determine
unique characteristics about the subject or condition. This descriptive research
technique is used widely in fields such as medicine, psychology, counseling, and
sociology. The case study is also a technique used in qualitative research.
The researcher attempts to gather and analyze as much information
about the case as possible. Sometimes, subjects who are high achievers are
studied, and often the lower performer serves as the subject.
 Job Analysis
The objective of the job analysis is to describe in details the various
duties, procedures, responsibilities, preparation, advantages, and disadvantages
of a particular job. Used widely in vocational training and counseling, the job
analysis research procedures require time, attention to details, and a variety of
data-gathering techniques. The job analysis has not been used to a great extent
in health and physical education, recreation and dance, but some studies dealing
with the duties of athletic director, intramural director, and physical education
teacher have been conducted.
 Documentary Analysis
The documentary analysis could be classified under analytical research
because it is used in literature reviews, historical studies, and other areas.
However, the form of documentary analysis included in descriptive research is
directed primarily at establishing the status of certain practices; areas of interest;
and the prevalence of certain errors, usage of terms, and space counts. For
example news papers or magazines might be studied to determine the extent of
coverage (and thus public interest) devoted to certain sports or recreational
activities. A study to ascertain the frequency of use of various statistical
procedures in a research journal also falls under the category of documentary
analysis.
 Developmental Studies
In developmental research, the investigator is usually concerned with the
interaction of learning or performance with maturation. For example, a
researcher may wish to asses the extent to which the ability to process
information can be attributed to maturation as opposed to strategy, or the

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 researcher may desire to determine the effects of growth on a physical
parameter such as aerobic capacity.
Developmental research can be undertaken by what is called the
longitudinal method, whereby the same subjects are studied over a period of
years. Obvious logistical problems are associated with longitudinal studies, so an
alternative is to select samples of subjects from different age-groups to asses the
effects of maturation. This is called the cross-sectional approach.
 Correlational Studies
The purposes of the correlational study is to examine the relationship
between certain performance variables, such as heart rate and ratings of
perceived exertion; the relationship between traits such as anxiety and pain
tolerance; or the correlation between attitudes and behavior, as in the attitude
toward fitness activities.
Sometimes correlation is employed to predict performance. For example,
a researcher may wish to predict body fat percentage from skin fold
measurements. First, the correlation between percent body fat (as measured) by
a method such as underwater weighing) and skinfold measurements is
established with a sample of subjects. Percent fat can the be predicted for other
subjects on the basis of this relationship simply by using skinfold measurements.
Correlational research is descriptive in that you cannot presume a cause-and-
effect relationship. All that can be established is that there is an association
between two or more traits or performances.

3. Experimental Research
Experimental research is usually acknowledged as being the most scientific of all the
types of research because the researcher can manipulate treatments to cause things to happen.
(i.e., a cause-and-effect situation can be established). This is in contrast to other types of
research in which already existing phenomena or data from the past are observed and analyzed.
For an example of an experimental study, assume the Virginia Reel, a dance teacher,
hypothesizes that students would learn more effectively through the use of a videotape. First, she
randomly assigns students to two sections. One section is taught by the s called traditional
method (explanation, demonstration, practice and critique). The other section is taught in similar
manner, except the students are filmed while practicing and can thus observe themselves at the
same time the teacher critiques their performances. After 9 weeks, a panel of dance teachers
evaluates both sections. In this study, method of teaching is the independent variable and dance
performance (skill) is the dependent variable. After the groups’ scores are compared statistically,
Virginia can conclude whether her hypothesis can be supported or refuted.
In experimental research, the researcher attempts to control all factors except the
experimental (or treatment) variable. If the extraneous factors can be successfully controlled,
then the researcher can presume that the changes in the dependent variable can presume that
the changes in the dependent variable are due to the independent variable.
Several research designs are used in experimental research. Not all designs are truly
experimental in that the independent variable cannot always be manipulated. In a study of
learning strategies of brain-damaged and normal children, the researcher certainly would not take
a sample of children and cause half of them to become brain damaged; instead children with
brain damage would be chosen for the study. Similarly, a researcher wishing to compare training
responses of men and women would select subjects from each sex and then compare their
responses. Thus when there are preexisting differences such as sex, race, age, and personality
traits, the independent variable is not truly independent but categorical. Such design is an
example of quasi-experimental design.

4. Qualitative Research
In physical education, exercise science, and sport science, qualitative research is so
called the new kid on the block. Actually, qualitative research has been used for many years in
other fields, such as anthropology and sociology. Researches in education have been engaged in
qualitative methods longer than researches in our fields. As previously mentioned, several
names are given to this research (ethnographic, naturalistic, interpretative, grounded,
phenomological, subjective and participant observational). Some of these are simply name
differences, whereas some have different approaches and points of focus. We have arbitrarily
lumped them all under the heading of qualitative research as that seems to be the most common
term used in our field.
It is important to note that the term “qualitative” infers interpretative, as opposed to
simple, description. Description is a technique an as such does not constitute a research method.
The term “ethnography” has been closely associated with anthropology, although it has been
adapted by educational researchers. The term refers to the process of re-creating for the reader
the shared beliefs, practices, and behaviors of some group of people. Participant observation
refers to the extent which the researcher is actually involved in the group that is being studied.
Thus, the role of the observer can range from an observer who has almost no involvement in the

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activity to a complete participant who is totally involved in the activity. The degree of involvement
is determined by type of information designed and sometimes by how much involvement is
permitted. The case study was mentioned in the section on descriptive research. It is also an
important technique in qualitative research. It is used for diagnosing problems; for evaluating
programs, practices, and policies; and for developing insights into the behavior of individuals and
groups.
The basic characteristics of qualitative research include the following:
 Intensive, longtime observation and participation in natural a setting.
 Precise and detailed recording of what happens in the setting through the use of
field notes, audiotapes, videotapes, and other kind of documentary evidence.
 Interpretation and analysis of the data through the use of rich description,
interpretative narratives, direct quotes, charts and tables, and sometimes statistics
(usually descriptive)
The nature of the data and analysis sometimes leads to questions different than those
formulated at the beginning of the study if they more accurately capture the participants’
perspectives that the original focus questions.
Qualitative research is different from other research methods. It is a systematic method
of inquiry, and it follows a scientific method of problem solving to a considerable degree;
however, it deviates in certain dimensions. Qualitative research rarely establishes hypotheses at
the beginning of the study. It proceeds in an inductive process in developing hypotheses and
theory as the data unfolds. Theory is grounded in the data. The researcher is the primary
instrument in the data collection and analysis. Qualitative research is characterized by intensive
firsthand presence. The tools of data of collection are observation, interviews and researcher-
designed instruments.
The narrative vignette is a fundamental component of the qualitative report. Detailed
description of an event, a class, a game, a workout, or a physical setting are presented, including
what people say, do, think, and feel in that setting. The goal is to richly and accurately portray the
experiences and perceptions of the participants. The vignette captures the readers’ attention and
helps give the reader a sense of being there. The participants’ own words are used as much as
possible. The data are primarily verbal as opposed to the numerical data in quantitative types of
research.
The qualitative researcher is interested with the process rather than the product. The
basic question, what is going on here? guides the researcher’s efforts. The research is done in
the natural setting. The term fieldwork borrowed from anthropology, is used in describing
methodology. Data analysis is begun as soon as the data collection is begun rather than at the
end, as in quantitative research. The researcher sorts and categorizes the data, formulates
hypotheses to explain the data, and makes interpretive connections between narrative vignettes
and other forms of description. The interpretations of the analysis of data are confirmed through
triangulation, which means cross-checking through other sources of data, other methodologies,
other researchers, and other theories. Qualitative research is becoming increasingly popular and
will undoubtedly continue to do so. It is not an easy type of research, as it takes a great deal of
time, effort, and analytical skill. Qualitative research offers an interesting and valuable alternative
approach to solving problems in our field.

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Dr. Larry A. Gabao
 Parts of a Thesis

PROBLEM

READING RELEVANT LITERATURE

Theoretical Empirical

Deductive Inductive
Reasoning Reasoning

TESTABLE HYPOTHESIS
Research Null

Operational Definitions

METHOD

Data Collection and Statistical Analysis

FINDINGS

DISCUSSION

Chapter 1: Introduction
Here the problem is defined and delimited. The researcher specifically identifies the problem and
states the research hypotheses. Certain terms critical to the study are operationally defined for the
reader, and limitations and perhaps some basic assumptions are acknowledged. The review of related

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literature may be in the first chapter or may warrant a separate chapter. When it is in the first chapter, it
more closely adheres to the steps in the scientific method of problem solving; that is, the literature review
is instrumental in the formulation of hypotheses and the deductive reasoning leading to the statement of
the problem.

Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature

Chapter 3: Method
Often, this chapter is the review of literature as, for example, in this text. However, because the
purpose here is to make the thesis format parallel to the data-gathering steps, this chapter relates to the
scientific method. First, the researcher explains how the data were gathered. The subjects are identified,
the measuring instruments are described, the measurement and treatment procedures are presented, the
experimental design is explained, and the methods of analyzing the data are summarized. The major
purpose of the method chapter is to describe the study in such detail and with such clarity that you could
duplicate it.
The first two chapters often comprise the research proposal and are presented to the student’s
thesis committee prior to the research being undertaken. When this occurs, these two chapters should be
written in future tense, then changed to past tense when the final version of the thesis is completed.

Chapter 4: Results
The results chapter presents the pertinent findings from the analysis of data. It corresponds to the
step in the scientific method in which the results are scrutinized as to their meaningfulness and reliability.

Chapter 5: Discussion and Conclusions

In this last step in the scientific method, the researcher employs effort to analyze the findings, to
compare these findings with previous studies and to integrate them into a theoretical model. In this
chapter, the research hypotheses are judged as to their acceptability. Then, on the basis of the analysis
and discussion, conclusions are usually made. The conclusions should address the purpose and the sub
purposes that were specified in the first chapter.

PART II – ANALYZING TEST ITEMS

For Competency Number 1:

Determine appropriate research methods for Music, Arts, Physical Education and Health.

1. Enrico Rosales wanted to discover the origins of a sport way back the time of Modern Olympics
in 1896. What type of research method will Mr. Rosales use?
A. Normative Study
B. Analytic Study
C. Philosophic Research
D. Historical Research

2. In the selection of subjects in a problem of who plays the violin better between male or female,
the subjects’ characteristics are extremely pertinent. What method can be best utilized to select
the subjects?
A. Random sampling
B. Fish-bowl sample
C. Draw lots sampling
D. Purposive sampling

3. Which is research subjects rights must be considered in the following?

Identification number is used rather than the name.
A. Right to remain anonymous
B. Right to privacy and nonparticipation
C. Right to confidentiality
D. Right to human dignity

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4. The researcher does not ask unnecessary information and should even ask consent from
parents.

A. Right to remain anonymous

B. Right to privacy and nonparticipation
C. Right to confidentiality
D. Right to human dignity

5. The researcher’s questioning is well meaning and sensitive to the person or subject.
A. The right to remain anonymous
B. The right to privacy and nonparticipation
C. The right to confidentiality
D. The right to human dignity

6. The researcher has to tell honestly the subjects of his intention not to divulge identities and data.
A. The right to privacy and nonparticipation
B. The right to remain anonymous
C. The right to confidentiality
D. The right to human dignity

7. In the conduct of experiments using the different meaning instruments in measuring sports skills,
attitude, and habit, the researcher bears the following:
To generate accurate information in a sport psychology study regarding the influence of steroid
usage which test is more appropriately selected.
A. Steroid Knowledge Test
B. Responsible Drug Test
C. Personality Trait Measure Test
D. All of the above

8. Motor behavior is conducted to test the subjects.

A. Reaction and Movement Time
B. Reaction Time
C. Movement Tine
D. Measured Time

9. Vincent is conducting a research to find out the cause and effect of his newly developed exercise
routine. What type of research will he use?

A. Correlational Studies
B. Experimenting Research
C. Development Studies
D. Documentary Analysis

10. In the descriptive type of research, what is the most commonly utilized instrument to obtain
factual data?

A. Survey
B. Questionnaire
C. Interview
D. Essay

11. The artifacts found in the Mangyan culture are well described in their artworks inscribed in wood
and bamboo carvings. Which type of research study can be used to validate the information?
A. Experimental Research
B. Quantitative Research
C. Historical Research
D. Qualitative Research

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12. Triangulation of data is appropriately utilized in
A. Experimental Research
B. Quantitative Research
C. Historical Research
D. Qualitative Research

13. The best technique employed in a survey using a series of questionnaires in order for the
subjects to arrive to a decision is
A. Open-ended Survey
B. Delphi Survey Method
C. Nero-Interview Method
D. Normative Survey

14. In experimental research the type of questioning is applied. Which type of questions is best used
for the following question:
What it would be like in my first day of teaching?
A. Ideal Question
B. Hypothetical Question
C. Interpretive Question
D. Subjective Question

15. What it would be like if I handle the best or least section of grade six pupils?
A. Ideal
B. Hypothesis
C. Interpretive
D. Subjective

16. What it would be like if I make my students feel comfortable and happy?
A. Hypothetical
B. Ideal
C. Interpretive
D. Subjective

17. In the descriptive type of research several observations are made. There are commonly used
procedures for recording observational data.
Which type of observation recording can be utilized in the difficulty of counting movement
occurrences?
A. Narrative or continual recording
B. Tallying or frequency counting
C. Interval Method
D. Duration Method

18. The recording is done in a series of occurrences on movement happening.

A. Narrative or continual recording
B. Tallying or frequency counting
C. Interval Method
D. Duration Method

19. The recording is done each time the movement occurs

A. Narrative or continual recording
B. Tallying or frequency counting
C. Interval Method
D. Duration Method

20. The recording is done in a time device on how much time a movement occurs.
A. Narrative or continual recording
B. Tallying or frequency counting
C. Interval Method
D. Duration Method

21. Research characterizes scientific search for result or findings. In order to protect the study one
material must possess a characteristic which is valid. What kind of technique will one utilize on
this principle?
A. Cross Validation
B. Internal Validation
C. External Validation
D. All of the above

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22. Historical Research involves different types of research methods for accuracy of reporting.
Which of the following best describe the type of historical report?

A good map locates roads and landmarks including the time, place, and person involved. What
type of historical report is applied?
A. Analytic Historical Report
B. Descriptive Historical Report
C. Experimental Historical Report
D. Methodological Historical Report

23. To compare the Inter-collegiate intramurals in 2005 at the Philippine Normal University and today
what type of historical report can be used?
A. Analytic Historical Report
B. Descriptive Historical Report
C. Experimental Historical Report
D. Methodological Historical Report

24. Writing the research report is both prepared in a scientific procedure. The written report follows
an appropriate format and the oral report or defense is well patterned.
When preparing for a oral defense which is a more attractive presentation via PowerPoint
presentation of numerical data?
A. Graphical Presentation
B. Word Text Presentation
C. Puzzle Type Presentation
D. Audio-Visual Presentation

25. In a big conference or meetings of scholars which has the most usable method of research
presentations?
A. Oral Presentation
B. Poster Presentation
C. Plenary Presentation
D. Group Presentation

1. D
2. D
3. A
4. B
5. D
6. C
7. D
8. A
9. C
10. C
11. D
12. D
13. B
14. B
15. A
16. C
17. C
18. A
19. B
20. D
21. D
22. B
23. A
24. A
25. B

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 PART III – ENHANCING TEST TAKING SKILLS

1. One characteristic of strong research follows an examination of the procedures which allows the
researcher to evaluate the necessary conclusion. This characteristic pertains to what principle?
A. Systematic C. Empirical
B. Logical D. Replicable

2. There are Humans self method are sometimes attempted to influence research findings. Which of
the following options dictate doubts of reliability using common sense?
A. Authority type of solving problem C. Empirical
B. Intuition D. Rationalistic

3. In developing a problem, one basic requirement is to clearly spell out what the intention is all
about. Which option below can be applied?
A. Formulating Hypothesis C. Analyzing Result
B. Gathering Data D. Defining and Delimiting

4. Jun Posadas is a political celebrity in the ZTE Deal scandal. To find out more of the details of this
person, one can apply which type of research?
A. Correlational Studies C. Developmental Study
B. Case Study D. Interview

5. Music and dance of the ethnic groups vary in many aspects of interpretations on how they were
gathered. To protect the integrity of the ethnic group, one should utilize what type of research?
A. Qualitative Research C. Experimental Research
B. Quantitative Research D. Analytical Research

6. A hypothesis is established prior to the conduct of actual research. This is done to test the
reliability of the result that says there are no differences on relationship among variables. Which of
the following is appropriately used?
A. The hypothesis is true and valid C. The hypothesis is null
B. The hypotheses is null and valid D. The hypotheses is not true and valid

7. When two variables are measured on their degree of association a simple correlation is used
known as
A. Pearson r C. Z - test
B. T – test D. Central Tendency

8. A Statistical computation is used whether the independent variable (weight training vs. regular
activity) produces a change in the dependent variable (standing long jump score). The test to be
used is
A. Pearson r C. Central Tendency
B. Z – test D. T – test

9. To select subjects to represent a larger population is known as:

A. Sampling C. Subject Sampling
B. Random Sampling D. Sample Sampling

10. A concept that deals with certain things to happen is called.

A. Frequency C. Tendency
B. Equally likely event D. Probability

11. When a researcher wants to determine the average of two or more correlation he will use a tool
called
A. Z – test C. Correlation Test

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 B. T – test D. Prediction test

12. The degree to which a test or instrument measures what it intends to measure is known as
A. Reliability C. Stability
B. Validity D. Probability

13. In measuring physical fitness, the most valid test for cardio-vascular fitness is called
A. Step test C. VO2 Max
B. Flex-Arm Hang D. Distance Run

14. Skinfold thickness with the use of calipers or the accuracy of predicting percent of fat is an
anthropometric measure also known as
A. Density C. Body Composition
B. Density Volume D. Body Fat

15. Which of the following is an open-ended question?

A. How do you like your job? C. Where do you work?
B. What is your job? D. What is your work?

16. Which part of the process is developing the problem of the study relates the bulk of reviews and
attempting compare similarities and differences?
A. Identifying the problem C. Review of related literature
B. Developing Hypothesis D. Background of the study

17. A study on teacher pedagogical skills to handle the piano lessons are capable in terms of
knowledge and skills. What type of research activity is being considered?
A. Basic assumptions and limitations C. Basic Procedure
B. Basic and applied research D. Basic Understanding

18. The most common tool for research in striving to secure information about practices, conditions,
and demographic data is called:
A. Questionnaire C. Documentary Analysis
B. Interview D. Background of the study

19. The subjects of the study or respondents must feel secured and can trust the researcher. Which of
this type of character is a requirement?
A. Kind and Cheerful C. Cooperative and Hardworking
B. Trustworthy and honest D. Joyful and smart

20. Which of the process is applicable to value the new works of research?
A. Public Bidding C. Public Broadcasting
B. Pilot Testing D. Investigating

Scales of measurement are established to determine the validity and reliability of results. Which
of the following are appropriately used?

21. When scores are grouped into categories or classes like gender and race:
A. Ordinal Scale C. Interval Scale
B. Normal Scale D. Ratio

22. It provides more information or data that determine the highest to lowest.
A. Interval Scale C. Nominal
B. Ratio D. Ordinal

Research in MAPEH
Dr. Larry A. Gabao
23. Scores are interpreted to find out the difference of in-between scores.
A. Ratio C. Nominal Scale
B. Interval Scale D. Ordinal Scale

24. A way to measure force, time, and distance with true zero points is called
A. Ratio C. Nominal
B. Interval D. Ordinal

25. Terms used in the study may come in different interpretations. If terms are observational and on
actual usage, the definitions may be called as
A. Preferable Term C. Operational Terms
B. Conditional Term D. Dictionary Terms

Part III – Enhancing Test Taking

Skills

1. B
2. B
3. D
4. B
5. A
6. C
7. A
8. C
9. B
10. D
11. A
12. B
13. C
14. C
15. A
16. C
17. A
18. A
19. B
20. B
21. B
22. D
23. B
24. A
25. C

Research in MAPEH

PART II – ANALYZING TEST ITEMS

Table of Specification

Research in MAPEH
Dr. Larry A. Gabao
 Determine Define Apply
*Competencies Appropriate and Theories Item Number Percentage
Research Review and Placement of Items
Methods in Types of Principles
MAPEH Research in
Conducting
Research

TOPICS

Types of 4 2 3 1,6,8,9,10, 9 36%

Research 11,12,22,
23
Research 3 2 2 3,4,5,13,1 7 28%
Characteristics 4,17,21
Methods of 2 2 2,7,15,16 4 16%
Gathering Data
Literature 2 24,25 2 8%
Review
Statistical Tools 3 18,19,20 3 12%
No. of Items 9 6 110 100%

Research in MAPEH

PART III- ENHANCING TEST TAKING SKILLS

Table of Specification

Research in MAPEH
Dr. Larry A. Gabao
 Determine Define and Apply
*Competencies Appropriate Review Theories Item Number Percentage
Research Types of and Placement of Items
Methods in Research Principles
MAPEH in
Conducting
Research

TOPICS

Types of 2 2 1,4,16,17 4 16%

Research
Research 4 3 2,3,6,10,1 7 28%
Characteristics 2,15,19
Methods of 3 3 5,9,18,21, 6 24%
Gathering Data 22,23
Literature 3 14,15,16 3 12%
Review
Statistical Tools 5 7,8,11,13, 5 20%
21
No. of Items 9 11 5 100%

36% 44% 20%

%

Research in MAPEH
Dr. Larry A. Gabao