Data are in the form of numbers and statistics, often
Mrs. Rosalina L. Guzman arranged in tables, charts, figures, or other non-textual forms. Lesson 1: Characteristics, Strengths, Weaknesses, 7. Project can be used to generalize concepts more widely, and Kinds of Quantitative predict future results, or investigate casual relationships. Research Strengths: Testing and validating already constructed theories Quantitative Research about how and why phenomena occur - deals in numbers, logic, and an objective stance Testing hypotheses that are constructed before the - focuses on numbers and unchanging data and detailed data are collected convergent reasoning rather than divergent. Can generalize research findings when the data are based on random samples of sufficient size Logic – the science that studies the formal processes Can generalize a research finding when it has been used in thinking and reasoning replicated on many different populations and Objective – based on facts rather than feelings subpopulations Stance – publicly stated opinion Useful for obtaining data that allow quantitative Convergent – tending to move forward one point or to predictions to be made approach each other The researcher may construct a situation that eliminates the confounding influence of many variables, allowing one to more credibly establish Main Characteristics of Quantitative Research cause and effect relationships 1. The data is usually gathered using structured research Data collection using some quantitative methods is instruments. relatively quick (e.g. telephone interviews) 2. The results are based on larger sample sizes that are Provides precise, quantitative, numerical data representative of the population. Data analysis is relatively less time consuming (using 3. The research study can usually be replicated or repeated, statistical software) given its high reliability. The research results are relatively independent of the 4. Researcher has a clearly defined research question to researcher (e.g. statistical significance) which objective answers are sought. It is useful for studying large numbers of people 5. All aspects of the study are carefully designed before the data is collected. Weaknesses: COMPETENCY AT THE ELEVENTH GRADE STUDENT OF PALOMPON The researcher’s categories that are used might not NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL” reflect local constituencies understandings The researcher’s theories that are used might not 2. Non-experimental – is a way of finding out truths about a reflect local constituencies understandings subject by describing the collected data about such subject The researcher moght5 miss out on phenomena and determining their relationship or connections with one occurring because of the focus on theory or hypothesis another. Any treatment or condition is not involved in this type testing rather than on theory or hypothesis generation of research. It collects data through survey, observation, (called the confirmation bias) historical studies, case studies, documentary analysis, and so Knowledge produced might be too abstract and on. (Suter 2012; Sarantakos 2013) general application to specific local situations, contexts, Sample Title of Non-Experimental Research: “A STUDY OF and individuals THE CONSUMERS PERCEPTION OF VALUE IN ONLINE FASHION RETAIL SALES”
Two Kinds of Quantitative Research:
1. Experimental – is a quantitative research that treats or Practical Research II deals with the object or subject of the research in a definite or Mrs. Rosalina L. Guzman exact manner and determines the extent of the effects or Lesson 2: Importance of Quantitative Research influence of the treatment on the object/subject then discovers Across Fields the cause of such effects. In an experiment, the factor (also called an independent variable) is an explanatory variable manipulated by the experimenter. Each factor has two or more levels, i.e., Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields different values of the factor. Combinations of factor levels are The importance of quantitative research lies greatly in called treatments. the production of results that should reflect precise Example of treatment: If somebody is sick (fever) you measurement and in-depth analysis of data. It is also useful in give biogesic (paracetamol) as your treatment. The same thing obtaining an objective understanding of people, things, places, in experimental research you give treatments to make and events in this world; meaning attaching accurate or exact changes in the dependent variables. meanings to objects or subjects, rather than inflated meanings Sample Title of Experimental Research: “STUDY ON THE resulting from researcher’s bias or personal attachment to EFFECT OF PARTS STRATEGY AND ANXIETY ON READING things related to the research. Requiring the use of reliable measurement instruments or statistical methods, a quantitative study enables people to study their surroundings as objective as they can. This kind of research is likewise an effective Qualitative Research and Medicine method to obtain information about specified personality traits This tends to be predominantly observational research of a group member or of the group as a whole as regards to based on surveys or correlational studies. Experimental the extent of the relationship of their characteristics and the research designs may enhance the quality of medical reason behind the instability of some people’s characteristics. education.
Quantitative Research and Behavioral Science
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ACROSS FIELDS The output of this research focuses on how human behavior relates with another people and also the individual People do research to find solutions, even tentative ones to differences that may affect human relations. problems, in order to improve or enhance ways of doing things, to disprove or provide a new hypothesis or simply to Quantitative Research in Educational and Psychology find answers to questions or solutions in daily life. In natural Many educational principles in understanding human and social sciences, quantitative research is the systematic, behavior are the offshoot of this research. empirical investigation of observable phenomena via statistical and mathematical techniques. Quantitative Research and Social Science The method employed in this type of quantitative social Quantitative Research and Anthropology research are mostly typically the survey and the experiment. Many discoveries in this field like human behavior in Example: the study of DSWD regarding 4P’s. the society, racial conflicts, and human evolution have given enormous contributions to the improvement of human life. Practical Research II Quantitative Research and Communication Mrs. Rosalina L. Guzman Researchers are often interested in how an Lesson 3: Kinds of Variables and Their Uses understanding of a particular communication phenomena might be generalized to a larger population. Example: What communicative behaviors are used to respond Variables to co-workers displaying emotional stress? Variables are “changing qualities or characteristics” of persons or things like age, gender, intelligence, ideas, achievements, confidence, and so on that are involved in your research study. Made up of the root or base word “vary” which OTHER TYPES OF VARIABLES (Russel 2013; Babbie means to undergo changes or differ from. Variables have 2013) different or varying values in relation to time and situation. For Extraneous Variables – are to be controlled by you the instance, as years go by, your age or intelligence increases. experimenter. But if they do not give in to your control, they But placed in a situation where you are afflicted with a disease become confounding variables that can strongly influence or have no means of reading or no access to any sources of your study. Dealing with these types of variables gives you knowledge, your intelligence tends to decrease. difficulty in determining the real cause of changes in the dependent variables; that is whether it is due only to the Two Types of Variables independent variable or to the combination between the 1. Independent Variables (IV) – are those that cause confounding and the independent variables. changes in the subject. 2. Dependent variables (DV) – are those that bear or Constant Variable – do not undergo any changes during an manifest the effects caused by the independent experiment. For example, in an experiment to test the effect of variables. Hence, in a causal relationship, the cause different lights on plants, other factors that affect plant growth comes from the independent variables; the effects on and health, such as soil quality and watering, would need to the dependent variables remain constant. Example: In an experimental research, the independent variable Attribute Variable – characteristics of people: intelligence, as the condition or treatment applied to the experimental group creativity, anxiety, learning styles, etc. One example of an is under the control, direction, or manipulation of the attribute variable is gender. If a study compared men and researcher or experimenter. For instance, to determine the women on a dependent variable (e.g., response to this new positive effects of one modern grammar theory called SFG Miracle drug), then gender would be an attribute independent (Systematic Functional Grammar) on IC (Intercultural variable in that study. Competence), you apply this theory in varied ways like realizing this in a collaborative, oral, or written activity. In this Covariate Variable – included in the research study to create case, the SFG serves as the independent variable and the IC interactions with the independent and dependent variables. as the dependent variable. For example, you are running an experiment to see how corn plants tolerate drought. Level of drought is the actual “treatment” Continuous Variable – quantitative in nature and is used in variables in the system. For example, take a simple causal interval or ratio scale of measurement. In general, a system like farming. Variables like weather, farmer skill, pests, continuous variable is one that is measured, not counted. and availability of seed are all exogenous to crop production. Height, for example, is measured. Weight is measured. Temperature, time, distance – all are continuous variables. Endogenous Variable – found inside; as part of identified model. For example, the amount of product (white sugar) is Dichotomous Varibale – has only two possible results: one or the endogenous variable and is dependent on any number of zero. Dichotomous variables are nominal variables which other variables which may include weather, pests, price of fuel, have only two categories or levels. For example, if we were etc. As the amount of sugar is entirely dependent on the other looking at gender, we would most probably categorize factors in the system, it’s said to be purely endogenous. somebody as either “male” or “female”. This is an example of a dichotomous variables.
Latent Variable – cannot be directly observed like personality
traits. Most constructs in research are latent variables. Consider the psychological construct of anxiety, for example. Any single observable measure of anxiety, whether it is a self- report measure or an observational scale, cannot provide a pure measure of anxiety. Observable variables are affected by measurement error.
Manifest Variable – can be directly observed to give proofs to
latent variables. Example: Actual customer satisfaction is a hidden or latent factor that can only be measured in comparison to a manifest variable, or observable factor. Suppose retailer Home Delight wants to get a sense of whether its customers are happy with its new line of throw pillows.
Exogenous Variable – found outside an identified model. An
exogenous variable is a variable that is not affected by other