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QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Participants chosen are those forming a class that remains as one group
incapable of disintegration.
1. Matched comparison – choosing a treatment group and another group that has
similarities with the treatment group
2. Time-series quasi-experimental research – giving them series of pre-tests and
post-tests
3. Single-subject quasi-experimental research – controls treatment and condition
applied to just one individual or a group
(7) VARIABLES
Are changing qualities or characteristics of persons or things like age, gender,
intelligence, ideas, achievements, confidence, and so on that are involved in
research study
BASIC TYPES: (1) independent variables – are those that cause changes in the
subject (2) dependent variables – are those that bear or manifest the
effects cause by the independent variable
VARIABLE RELATIONSHIP: called part and parcel because part is the cause and
the another is the effect that you can subject any form of measurement
Extraneous variable – being extra variables, they form this other type of
variables
(9) HYPOTHESES
Is a tentative explanation or an answer to a question about variables, their
relationships, and other facts involved in the research
PURPOSE
1. They guide you on which aspect of the research to focus on
2. They provide opportunities to prove the relationship between variables
3. They give the right direction of the research
4. They outline your thoughts on your manner of summarizing the result and of
explaining the conclusion
5. They push for an empirical study to prove the existence of relationship of
variables and the effect of independent variable on the dependent variable
CATEGORIES
1. Ho / null hypothesis – states the absence of relationship between the
independent and dependent variables
2. Hi / alternative hypothesis – states the relationship between the independent
and the dependent variables and the fact that the first affects the second
TYPES
1. Theory-driven vs. Data-driven hypotheses – a hypotheses that is based on
existing theory to explain the relationship of variables and the effects of one
variable on the other variable called theory-driven but if it is based on the
findings of previous research studies it is data-driven
2. Directional (one-tailed) vs. Non-directional (two-detailed) hypotheses –
directional state the relationship of two variables as well as of the relationship of
these variables while non-directional state the relationship but not on the
direction of the relationship
3. Descriptive vs. causal hypotheses – a statement specifying the relationship
between two variables due to the influence of something and uses non-
experimental research is descriptive while causal is it due to cause-effect
relationship and uses true experimental or quasi-experimental research such as
correlation study