University Institute of Engineering & Technology

Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra

ELECTRO MAGNETICS LAB

SUBMITTED BY: - SUBMITTED TO: -

ROHIT SAIN DR. MONISH GUPTA

ECE “A” 5th Sem ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

Roll No: - 252001038 ECE DEPARTMENT

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 INDEX

EXP. NO. OBJECTIVE PAGE NO.

1. Introduction of HFSS. 3-7

2. To design a Coaxial line using HFSS. 8-9

3. To Microstrip line designing and characteristics. 10-12

4. To design a rectangular waveguide using HFSS. 13-15

5. To study Microwave components. 16-17

6. To determine frequency using Microwave bench. 18-20

7. To measure unknown impedance using Smith Chart. 21-23

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 Experiment No: – 1

AIM: Introduction of HFSS.

APPARATUS: HFSS 13.0

THEORY: Ansys HFSS is a 3D electromagnetic (EM) simulation software for designing and
simulating high-frequency electronic products such as antennas, antenna arrays, RF or microwave
components, high-speed interconnects, filters, connectors, IC packages and printed circuit boards.
Engineers worldwide use Ansys HFSS to design high-frequency, high-speed electronics found in
communications systems, radar systems, advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), satellites,
internet-of-things (IoT) products and other high-speed RF and digital devices.

 HOW TO CREATE A SIMPLE SOLID STRUCTURE IN HFSS:

Here we are going design 2-rectangular boxes for which we need to follow these steps:

● Create a new project then we get screen consist of x- , y- & z- axis.

● Choose a rectangular solid shape from the above solid shape section.
● Now move your pointer (w.r.t x, y, z-axes) from where you want to start drawing
your shape then expand your drawn shape as much as it is required.
● Now , instead of adjusting its measurement manually, go on to createbox(box1
>> createbox) option and adjust sizes of the shape.
● Again repeat the above 3 procedures.
● Again try to adjust box2 size as per your ease.
● Finally, we get an output consisting of 2-layered-rectangular boxes.

Now, we will see the drawn shape which looks as:

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HOW TO CREATE COMPLEX STRUCTURE & ASSIGNING MATERIALS IN
HFSS:

On continuing the above project, we will draw a circular on the top of

these boxes.

● Select a cylindrical shape and draw it on the top of the upper box.

● Now, adjust its size as per requirement.

● Now, move to cylindrical box1 >> Edit >> copy & paste the same cylindrical
box1 then it yields cylindrical box2.

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 ● Now, select both cylindrical box1 and cylindrical box2 then move to Edit >>
Boolean >> Subtract. This will result a circular ring. Its figure is given as :

 HOW TO ASSIGNING BOUNDARY CONDITIONS, EXCITATION &

CHECK VALIDATION:
To assign boundary conditions, make a right click and go to Select Faces. In this
one face should be a master and other should be a slave and follow the following
steps:

● Make a rectangular box of greater size than the previous one as shown in figure.

● Select faces (making right click) of that in such a way that one is master and other
is slave.

● After selecting a face, make a right click and go to the option Assign Boundary
called Master and define the U-vector. Similarly, make a slave face (just opposite
to master face) and also defined their directions.

● In the same way, select faces for the rest of the two vertical faces.

● Now , for top and bottom faces Assign Excitation. Assign Excitation
>> Floquet Port >> define direction.

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● Now make the setup by defining desired frequency and their starting & stopping
points too.
Check if all setup is correct then it will indicate all green ticks. Its figure is shown
here :

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 ● HOW TO DO MODE SELECTION & RESULT PLOT:

After implementing all setup correctly, then for the selection of mode and result plotting , we
need to follow these steps :

● HFSS >> Results >> Create Modal Solution Data Report >>
Rectangular Plot >> Analyse all.
On analysis, we get the desired result plot.

● LUMPED PORT:
Lumped port is located internally to the solution space and 2D-port rectangle touches the
signal with one edge also little above & below for good feeding to transmission line and
the opposite edge touches the ground plane.

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 Experiment No: – 2

AIM: To design a Coaxial line using HFSS.

APPARATUS: HFSS 13.0 Software.

THEORY: Coaxial cable is defined as two concentric wires, cylindrical in shape, separated by an
insulating dielectric of some type. One wire is the center conductor and the other is the outer
conductor (usually called a shield). The dielectric maintains a constant capacitance between the
two conductors, which is very important in radio transmission. The dielectric is soft and deforms
easily if tied too tightly or with the wrong type of tape. The conductors are covered by a protective
jacket. The protective jacket is then covered by an outer protective armor. Coaxial cables are used
as transmission lines and are constructed to provide protection against outside signal interference.

There are two types of coaxial lines, flexible(solid) and rigid(air) coaxial lines. The physical
construction of both types is basically the same; that is, each contains two concentric
conductors.

Some useful formulas:

Impedance

Cut Off Frequency

Flexible coaxial lines are made with an inner conductor that consists of flexible wire insulated
from the outer conductor by a solid, continuous insulating material. The outer conductor is made of
metal braid, which gives the line flexibility.
The Rigid coaxial line consists of a central, insulated wire (inner conductor) mounted inside a tabular
outer conductor. The inner
conductor is insulated from the outer conductor by insulating spacers or beads at regular intervals.
The spacers are made of pyrex, polysterene, or some other material that has good insulating ability
and low dielectric losses.

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 Experiment No: – 3

AIM: To Microstrip line designing and characteristics.

APPARATUS: HFSS 13.0 Software.

THEORY: A microstrip is a type of transmission line that consists of a conductor fabricated on

dielectric substrate with a grounded plane by a dielectric layer known as the substrate. Microstrip
lines are used to convey microwave-frequency signals. It is easily miniaturized and integrated
with microwave devices making it a popular choice of transmission line.

A microstrip line consists of a conductor of width W, a dielectric substrate of thickness d and

permittivity εr. The presence of the dielectric (commonly thin with d << λ) concentrates the field
lines in the region between the between the conductor and the ground plane, with some fraction
being in the air region above the conductor, leading to quasi-TEM modes of propagation in
which dispersion occurs as a function of wavelength.
The phase velocity and propagation constant is given by:

With the effective dielectric constant, εe of the microstrip line satisfying the relation:

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 Experiment No: – 4
AIM: To design a rectangular waveguide using HFSS.

APPARATUS: HFSS 13.0 simulation software.

THEORY: A rectangular waveguide is a hollow metallic tube with a rectangular cross

section. The conducting walls of the waveguide confine the electromagnetic fields and thereby
guide the electromagnetic wave. The rectangular waveguide is basically characterized by its
dimensions i.e., length a and breadth b.

● HOW TO DESIGN A RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE:

To design rectangular waveguide we need to follow some steps which are given as :

● Create a new project (named as Project2) >> Open 3D area >> Draw a rectangular
box.
● Adjust its dimensions as per ease.
● Select two faces respectively and assign them an excitation i.e., Assign
Excitation >> Wave Port and define its vectorial direction.
● Assign boundaries to the rest of the faces such as Assign_Boundaries
>> Perfect E...

● Now go to Analysis and create Setup of the schematic (Analysis >> Setup).
● Now go to Setup1 >> Add Frequency Sweep.
● Analyse the Setup for detecting error (if any) (Analyse All).
● Now, for visualising the behavior of electric field in rectangular waveguide: Select
Object and select entire object (rectangular waveguide) the Plot Fields >> E >>
Vector_E >> Done. If you want to animate then just go to Field Overlay >>
Vector_E >> Animate.
● Similarly, Select face i.e. Select Faces >> PlotFields >> E >> Mag_E . We can
animate this also by following the same procedure above.
● For Results, go to Results >> Model Data Report >> Rectangular Plot
>>select S (x ,y) >> New report. Got the result. Here are
some experimental diagrams shown ....

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 Experiment No: – 5
AIM: To study Microwave components.

APPARATUS: Klystron tube, Klystron power supply, Klystron mount, Isolator, frequency
meter, variable attenuator, Slotted section waveguide, Tunable probe, VSWR meter, Waveguide
stand, Movable short.

THEORY: A setup of a microwave bench, which consists of Microwave devices has a

prominent place.

Signal Generator:

As the name implies, it generates a microwave signal, in the order of a few milliwatts. This uses
velocity modulation technique to transfer continuous wave beams into milliwatt power.

A Gunn diode oscillator or a Reflex Klystron tube could be an example for this microwave
signal generator.

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Precision Attenuator:

This is the attenuator which selects the desired frequency and confines the output around 0 to
50db. This is variable and can be adjusted according to the requirement.

Variable Attenuator:

This attenuator sets the amount of attenuation. It can be understood as a fine adjustment of
values, where the readings are checked against the values of Precision Attenuator.
Isolator:

This removes the signal that is not required to reach the detector mount. Isolator allows the
signal to pass through the waveguide only in one direction.
Frequency Meter:

This is the device which measures the frequency of the signal. With this frequency meter, the
signal can be adjusted to its resonance frequency. It also gives provision to couple the signal to
the waveguide.
Crystal Detector:

A crystal detector probe and crystal detector mount are indicated in the above figure, where the
detector is connected through a probe to the mount. This is used to demodulate the signals.
Standing Wave Indicator:

The standing wave voltmeter provides the reading of standing wave ratio in dB. The waveguide
is slotted by some gap to adjust the clock cycles of the signal. Signals transmitted by waveguide
are forwarded through BNC cable to VSWR or CRO to measure its characteristics.

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 Experiment No: - 6

AIM: To determine frequency using Microwave bench.

APPARATUS: Klystron tube, Klystron power supply, Klystron mount, Isolator, frequency
meter, variable attenuator, Slotted section waveguide, Tunable probe, VSWR meter, Waveguide
stand, Movable short.

THEORY: In the field of Microwave engineering, there are many applications. Hence,
while using different applications, we often come across the need of measuring different
values such as Power, Attenuation, Phase shift, VSWR, Impedance, etc. for the effective
usage.

For dominant TE10 mode in rectangular waveguide λ0, λg, and λc are related as below:

1/ λo2 = 1/ λg2 + 1/ λc2

where λo is free space wavelength, λ g is guide wavelength and λc is cutoff wavelength. For
TE10 mode, λc = 2a, where ‘a’ is the broad dimension of the waveguide.

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PROCEDURE:

1. Set up the components and equipment.

2. Set the variable attenuator at maximum position.

3. Keep the control knobs of VSWR meter as below: Range dB 50 dB position Input switch
Crystal low impedance Meter switch Normal position Gain (coarse & fine) Mid Position.
4. Keep the control knobs of Klystron power supply as below: Meter switch ‘Off’ Mod-
switch AM Beam voltage knob Fully anticlockwise Reflector voltage Fully clockwise
AM-Amplitude

knob Around fully clockwise AM-Frequency knob Around mid-Position.

5. Switch ‘ON’ the Klystron power supply, VSWR meter and
cooling fan.
6. Rotate the meter switch of the power supply to the beam voltage position and set beam
voltage at 300 V.

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7. Adjust the reflector voltage to get some deflection in the VSWR meter.

8. Maximize the deflection with AM amplitude and frequency control knob of power
supply.
9. Tune the plunger of Klystron mount for maximum deflection.

10. Tune the reflector voltage knob for maximum deflection.

11. Tune the probe for maximum deflection in the VSWR meter.

12. Tune the frequency meter knob to get a ‘dip’ on the VSWR scale and note down the
frequency directly from the frequency meter.
13. Replace the termination with movable short, and detune the frequency meter.

14. Move the probe along with the slotted line, the deflection in the VSWR meter will vary.
Move the probe to a minimum deflection position, to get accurate reading; it is necessary
to increase the VSWR meter range dB switch to higher position. Note and record the
probe position.
15. Move the probe to the next minimum position and record the probe position again.

16. Calculate the guided wavelength as twice the distance between two successive minimum
positions obtained as above.
17. Measure the waveguide inner broad dimension ‘a’, which will
be around 2.286cm for X-band waveguide.
Calculate the frequency by following equation: f = c/ λo = c{sqrt(1/ λg2 + 1/ λc2)}
where c = 3 × 108 meter/sec is velocity of light in free space.

18. Verify with frequency obtained by frequency meter.

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 Experiment No: – 7

AIM: To measure unknown impedance using Smith Chart.

THEORY: Smith chart devised by P.H. Smith is the most widely used graphical chart for transmission line
calculations. It is a chart of resistance(r) and reactance(x) circles in the plane for where r - and x- circles are
everywhere orthogonal to one another. The intersection of an r-circle and an x-circle defines a point that
represents normalized load impedance. This can be obtained by selecting option 3 from the menu and
providing the values of r and x in the space specified. The actual load impedance is. Since a Smith chart plots
the normalized impedance for, it can be used for calculations concerning a lossless transmission line only with
arbitrary characteristic impedance. The Smith chart is marked with rectangular coordinates. The same chart
can be marked with polar coordinates, such that every point in the Γ- plane is specified by a magnitude and a
phase angle θΓ. All -circles are centered at the origin, and their radii vary uniformly from 0 to 1. The circles
can be drawn in the LabVIEW programme provided with the experiment by selecting option 6 from the menu
and giving desired value in the column specified. The radius of the VSWR circle is equal to the magnitude of
the load reflection coefficient.

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 Each -circle intersects the real axis ( ) at two points. The points are marked in the above figure as
on the positive-real axis ( ) and on the negative-real axis ( ). Since along the real axis, and both
represent situations with a purely resistive load, Obviously, at, where; and at
, where. Value of the r-circle passing through the point is numerically equal to the standing-
wave ratio(S). Similarly, the value of the rcircle passing through the point on the negative-real
axis is numerically equal to 1/S.

Calculation of Input Impedance: As we know that the input impedance looking toward the
load at a distance z’ from the load is the ratio of V(z’) and I(z’)

V(z’) = IL/2(ZL + ZO)eYZ’[1 + tau(e-2YZ’)] (1)

I(z’) = IL/2(ZL + ZO)eYZ’[1 - Γ(e-2YZ’)] (2)
From equation (1) and (2) we have (3)
Zl(z’)=V(z’)/ I(z’)=ZO{ (1 + Γ(e-2YZ’)) /(1 – Γ(e-2YZ’))}
(4)
=ZO{ (1 + |Γ|(e-2YZ’)) /(1 – |Γ|(e-2YZ’))}

Where phi = (theta)tau – 2*beta*z’

We note that the magnitude of the reflection coefficient and therefore the standing-wave ratio
S, are not changed by the additional line length . Thus just as we can use the Smith chart to
find and for a given at the load, we can keep constant and subtract (rotate in the clockwise
direction) from an angle equal to . This will locate the point for , which determines , the
normalized input impedance looking into a lossless line of characteristic impedance length z’,
and a normalized load impedance .

Procedure:

Step 1: Select the option from the menu according to your requirement. Step 2: Enter the
values corresponding to the option provided in the previous step.

Step 3: Run the VI to see the desired plot in Smith chart. In case, you wish to see the other plot
then click stop and repeat steps 1-2 before running the program again.

Task:

1. Observe the various plots on Smith Chart. Differentiate between resistance and reactance
circle.

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2. Analyze the intersection point of resistance and reactance circle as load point. View the short
circuit and open circuited points on Smith chart.

3. Observe the |Γ|-circle plotted on the Smith Chart with centered at the origin on the Smith
chart. The value of the r-circle passing through the intersection of the |Γ|-circle and the positive-
real axis equals the standing-wave ratio S.

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