Student’s full name: Lê Công Tuyền

Student’s code: 220000684

Group: 30ENG024_NNA D2020 N01

REFLECTION
ON CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS
Chapter 2
In chapter 2, I have learned how to compare 2 sound systems. And today I’ll focus on
segmental and suprasegmental units. Segmental and suprasegmental language units are
separate. Phonemes, the building blocks of segmental units, together form phonetic
sequences with different states (syllables, morphemes, words, etc.). Suprasegmental units
express various modifying meanings (functions) reflected in strings of segmental units,
but do not exist in a vacuum; are made in combination with segment units. Accents, rests,
intonation contours, and word order patterns all belong to the suprasegmental units. A
hierarchy of levels is created by the segmented linguistic units. This hierarchy is of the
kind into which the units of each higher level can be subdivided (i.e. (the units of the next
lower level consist of)) As a result, words are subdivided into phonemes, morphemes into
words, sentences into words, etc. . .
This hierarchical relationship, however, is by no means reduced to the mechanical
composition of larger units from smaller units; rather, the units of each level are
distinguished by their own unique functional characteristics that allow for the recognition
of the corresponding language levels.
Phonemes, the component parts of higher-level segments, make up the lowest level of
lingual segments, known as the phonemic level. The phoneme is only meant to
distinguish morphemes and words as physical entities; it has no intrinsic meaning. It is
not a sign because the phoneme has no meaning.
Syllables are formed by putting phonemes together. A rhythmic segmental group of
phonemes known as a syllable is also not a sign; its meaning is purely formal. That said,
it would be difficult to justify acknowledging a clear syllabic level in the language;
rather, syllables should be seen in the context of the combinability properties of
phonemes at different levels. Written letters represent phonemes. The letter is a sign
because it has a representative status, even if it differs in concept from the signs that form
the level of the language.
All higher levels of the language have meaningful units, sometimes referred to as
"signemes" instead of "cortemes" (from the Latin). bark ("bark", "zest", "shell"), i. And.
meaningless units of various statuses, including syllables, phonemes (and letters acting as
representatives of phonemes), and others.
The morphemic level is higher than the phonemic level. The basic meaning component of
the word is called a morpheme. So that the shortest morphemes contain only one
phoneme, it is built from phonemes. E G.: ros-y [-1], a-fire [a-] and comes [-z].
The morpheme expresses abstract and "meaningful" meanings that combine to form more
specific and "nominative" meanings for words.
The word level or lexemic level is the third level in the segmental hierarchy of language.
Unlike the morpheme, the word (lexeme) is a directly nominative (nominative) unit of
language; it names things and their relations. The shortest words contain only one explicit
morpheme because morphemes are the building blocks of words. see : man, will, but, I,
etc.
The sentence (group of words), which belongs to the phrase level, is the next higher unit.
Combinations of two or more noun word combinations belong to the sentence types that
form the level. These blends look like single words. have a nominative function, but they
represent the nominative referent as a complex phenomenon, be it a specific object, an
action, a quality or an overall situation. Compare each picturesque village; start with a
jerk; extremely difficult; and the sudden appearance of the leader. This type of naming is
called "polynomination" as opposed to "mononaming" which is caused by separate
words.
Stable and free types of fictitious expressions are possible. The phraseological
department of lexicology is responsible for finding the stable syntagms (phraseological
units) that make up the phraseological part of the lexicon. The lower division of syntax
deals with free sentences that are constructed during speech based on previously used
productive patterns. Sub-syntax refers to the grammatical description of sentences, as
opposed to "main syntax" which examines the sentence and its textual connections.
Consider their position within the larger linguistic units they construct in order to gain a
better understanding of the nature of sentences as level-building units. Sentences make up
these lengthy paragraphs. Each sentence in the paragraph serves the level-dependent
purpose for which it was intended (even though they are all fictitious parts of the
sentence). However, any dummy word, not just a phrase, can be used as a standalone
component of the phrase, e. g. a predicate, subject, object, etc. In particular, we reach the
conclusion that units above words in the segmental lingual hierarchy are made-up
sentence components. These are made up of sentences (groups of words) or just one
fictitious word. These elements can be referred to as "denotemes" (in earlier editions of
the book, they were called "namemes") because their function is denotative (they not only
name the objects and phenomena involved in the situation expressed by the sentence, but
also designate or denote them). The level of denothemic language is therefore the level at
which denotes are identified. The phrase level should be displayed in this context as the
denote level's top sublevel. The approach that has been demonstrated represents a
necessary advancement in the theory of language levels, placing special emphasis on the
implied relationships between linguistic units that are strictly hierarchical between levels
(see above). The sentence level, also known as the suggestive level, lies above the
taxonomic level.
The unique quality of the sentence ("proposeme") as a signemic unit of language is that it
expresses a prediction, i.e. H demonstrates how the event in question is related to reality.
In other words, it shows whether this event is true or false, wanted or required, asserted
or demanded as true, etc. According to this definition, the sentence is a predicative unit
rather than the word and the sentence alone. I received a letter from Peter Melrose at the
start of June; see receipt; received. The speaker creates the sentence as a concrete,
situation-specific expression during the speech process. In addition, it enters the linguistic
system through its syntactic model, which, like all other categories of linguistic units,
possesses both syntagmatic and paradigmatic characteristics.
But in the hierarchy of levels, the sentence is not the highest linguistic unit. There is
another level above proposal, whose units are made up of single sentences combined into
thematic groupings. We tentatively refer to these groups of sentences as "super-sensory
constructs," each separate from its micro-subject within a continuous text. The level at
which they are recognized may be referred to as "supra-proposemic" for the sake of
terminology consistency.
A textual unit is created by combining several separate sentences into a superphrase.
Such combinations are considered syntactic elements because they adhere to established
linguistic patterns. Under the heading "cumulation," the syntactic procedure by which
sentences are connected to form textual units is examined. Both syndetic and asyndetic
processes can result in the formation of compound sentences. See:.
His interrupted breakfast was continued. The two of them fell silent as Lisette remained
silent. But once her hunger was satisfied, her disposition changed. He stopped being
angry with her and instead started feeling sorry for himself. With an odd lack of
understanding of how women felt, he considered trying to prompt Lisette's repentance by
making himself seem pitiful (S. Maugham). The intersentence construction frequently
matches the paragraph in printed text (as in the example above). The constituent unit of
the level in question, however, should be reducible to a single sentence, just as the
sentence is reducible to a denoteme (sentence), and the denoteme is reducible to a lexeme
(word), etc. A group of sentences, such as a superscriptive, are not always adequate to
represent the generalized entity covering the sentence, which is distinguished by its
topical (micro-topical) function, according to this regularity. building ; Typically, this
unit is made up of a number of sentences working together to form a superphrase, as
shown above, or a single sentence positioned in a semantically (topically) significant area
of the language. The appropriate "closing" intonation is used in conjunction with a long
pause to mark the end of oral speech. This generalized thing is what we refer to as the
"dicteme" (from Latin). "I speak" (dictionary) [ло, 1986, 48]. It is frequently represented
by a sentence-paragraph in written (printed) text, i. H by a sentence that stands alone in a
paragraph. .
The supra-sentential level can thus be referred to as the dictemic level from the
perspective of its constituent units, with a dicteme being defined as an elementary topical
segmental unit of the continual text.
We looked at six linguistic levels, each of which was denoted by a particular functional
category of segmental units. The level-forming segments can be divided into more and
less self-sufficient types now that we have carefully observed their functional status, with
the latter type being defined only in relation to the functions of other level units. Indeed,
from a functional standpoint, the phonemic, lexemic, and proposemic levels are most
precisely and exhaustively identified: the phoneme's function is differential, the word's
function is nominative, and the sentence's function is predicative. As opposed to these,
dictemes indicate the change from the sentence to the text, denotemes present notional
parts of sentences, and morphemes are only recognized as the significative components
of words.
Additionally, keeping in mind that the phonemic level serves as the language's sub-
foundation, i. e. The two notions of grammatical description—the notion of the word and
the notion of the sentence—will be highlighted as crucial even within the context of the
structural hierarchy of language in order to distinguish the meaningful from the non-
meaningful aspects of meaningful expressive means. The grammatical instruction of the
word, or morphology, is used to analyze the first; the grammatical instruction of the
sentence, or syntax, is used to analyze the second.
 References
Nguyễn Huy Kỷ (2016) Giáo Trình Ngôn Ngữ Học Đối Chiếu(Contrastive Linguistics)