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Valtek ChannelStream
Control Valves
1
Valtek ChannelStream
TM
ChannelStream control valves prevent cavitation dam- experience have proven ChannelStream valves to be
age and minimize hydrodynamic noise even under the outstanding anti-cavitation devices. This research, along
most severe liquid applications. This unique, patented with extensive expertise in severe service applications,
design not only eliminates cavitation damage, but also has been incorporated into advanced computer pro-
provides easy maintenance and long life even with difficult grams for sizing and selecting ChannelStream control
applications. valves. We invite you to work closely with a Valtek® field
What makes ChannelStream trim unique? At first appear- representative to evaluate your severe service control
ance, the ChannelStream cartridge may seem familiar valve requirements and to explore the advantages of
because of its drilled holes and close-fitting cylinders. ChannelStream.
Here the similarity ends. Rather than restricting flow, the
drilled holes in the ChannelStream cartridge are used as WARNING: High acoustic noise levels are accom-
expansion areas for the fluid as it enters from restrictive panied by high mechanical vibration levels. These
channels machined in the outside of all interior cylinders. vibration levels can cause failure of the valve, piping
or associated equipment resulting in property dam-
The successive intersections of the restrictive channels age and/or personal injury. Acoustic noise and
and expansion holes create a series of expansions and mechanical vibration levels are greatly compounded
contractions that result in a series of pressure drops. This (up to 50 times) when the frequency of the excitation
staged pressure drop ensures that damaging cavitation matches acoustic and/or mechanical natural frequen-
will not occur. cies of the system. Noise control trim (source treat-
The ChannelStream concept, explained in detail on the ment) should always be considered in any high en-
following pages, is the result of careful research and ergy (high pressure and high flow) and/or resonant
engineering. Extensive laboratory testing and field noise/vibration applications.
2
Valtek ChannelStream
Basic Principles
In conventional, single-throttling-point globe valves, a
vena contracta (point of narrowest flow constriction)
occurs immediately downstream of the throttling point.
P1 (Valve
A simplified pressure profile of the fluid, as it passes P Pressure
Drop)
through the valve, shows slight pressure losses in the
inlet and outlet passages, and a substantial excursion P2
of pressure at the vena contracta. But the overall
(Outlet
pressure drop across the valve – or the difference in Pressure)
pressure between the inlet and outlet – does not reveal
how far the pressure may have dropped within the valve PVC
itself. (Pressure at
Vena Contracta)
The Problem with Liquids: Cavitation
When control valves fail in liquid service, cavitation is
often the cause. Cavitation is a two-stage process: P1
First, as fluid velocity increases through the restriction
at the vena contracta, the pressure of the flowing liquid
drops below the vapor pressure of the liquid, causing P2
vapor bubbles to form. Second, as the flow enters the
enlarging flowstream downstream of the vena contracta
the velocity decreases. The resultant pressure recov- PV
ery raises the fluid pressure back above the vapor Vapor
pressure, causing the vapor bubbles to collapse – or Pressure
implode.
The energy released by the collapsing vapor bubbles
PVC
can result in extensive noise and vibration, often caus-
ing severe damage to metal surfaces. The inception (or
beginning) of cavitation is heard in a piping system as P1
intermittent popping or cracking, but as the pressure
drop increases the noise becomes a steady hiss or
rattle. Fully developed cavitation results in choking of
the liquid flow such that further increases in pressure
drop cause no corresponding increase in the flow. P2
PVC
Figure 3: Pressure / Velocity Graphs
The Solution
The solution to cavitation is to reduce the pressure from
the inlet to the outlet gradually – without allowing the
liquid pressure to drop below its vapor pressure. By
always keeping the pressure through the valve above
the vapor pressure, cavitation can be successfully
Figure 2: Cavitation Damaged Trim Parts avoided.
3
Valtek ChannelStream
FLOW
FLOW
E0034 E0035
4
Valtek ChannelStream
Pressure Reduction Mechanisms
Although it uses many pressure reduction mecha-
nisms, the gradual reduction in pressure through
ChannelStream trim occurs principally as a result
of four physical mechanisms.
1. Sudden expansion of the flow areas as the
liquid exits the restrictive channels and enters
the intersecting expansion holes.
2. Frictional losses due to multiple, small pas-
sageways.
3. Turbulent mixing in the expansion holes.
4. Mutual impingement of opposing streams in
the expansion holes.
In addition, the small channel size generates only
small, rapidly dissipated vortex turbulence, mini-
mizing vortex cavitation associated with larger flow
geometrics.
The above mechanisms and others occurring in
multiple stages minimize pressure recovery. S0060
Stage Design
The number of stages and the flow area of the
channels in each stage of the ChannelStream car-
tridge are designed to produce the desired overall
pressure drop while avoiding cavitation at any point.
The flow area of the channel is usually greater in
each successive stage in order to minimize the
number of stages. This results in higher pressure
drops being taken in the outer (or initial) stages as
compared with the inner (or final) stages.
5
Valtek ChannelStream
Flow Characteristics Table I:
ChannelStream valves can be designed with a linear flow Standard Materials of Construction
characteristic, producing essentially equal changes of
Body Assembly
flow with equal changes in valve stroke. The linear
characteristic cartridge design consists of an axially uni- Body & Bonnet Steel, stainless steel,
form hole and channel pattern. The linear characteristic is alloys as required
most commonly used for high-drop liquid applications.
Plug 316 stainless steel with
Equal percentage is available by designing an appropriate Stellite, alloys as required
non-uniform hole pattern, along with a corresponding axial
change in the area of the restrictive channels to produce Cartridge 316 stainless steel, Ni-Al-
the desired characteristic. Bronze, Inconel, Monel
Seat Ring 316 stainless steel with
Maintenance
Stellite, alloys as required
Like the Mark One globe valve, ChannelStream is built for
easy, simple, inexpensive maintenance. Heavy-duty, Separable End & Steel, 316 stainless steel
double top-stem guiding is standard. The clamped-in seat Bonnet Flanges (Integral flanges optional)
and top-entry trim design permits quick disassembly, Guides Bronze, glass-loaded
eliminating problems associated with corroded, screwed- Teflon, Grafoil, Stellite
in seat rings. The spring cylinder actuator is smaller,
Packing Teflon V-ring, asbestos-
lighter and easier to disassemble than comparable dia-
free packing, graphite,
phragm actuators.
Grafoil
While the stacked discs of comparable anti-cavitation
valves can experience problems with clearance flow be- Packing Spacer 316 stainless steel
tween the plug head and the discs, ChannelStream avoids Gaskets Stainless steel and graphite
such problems. The cartridge’s smooth, continuous inner- spiral wound, Teflon
stage surface allows close-clearance plug motion.
Bonnet Flange Bolting Zinc-plated steel
Dirt and Debris Gland Flange Stainless steel
Anti-cavitation valves are typically constructed with small
Gland Flange Bolting Zinc-plated steel
flow passages that can become plugged by dirt or other
debris in the fluid stream. Such devices usually direct the Yoke Clamp Stainless steel
flow initially to the throttling plug before passing it through
the restrictive device. This results in sticking and galling
Actuator Assembly
as dirt and other material become trapped between the
sliding plug and the inside surface of the anti-cavitation
Cylinder & Piston Anodized aluminum
device.
On the other hand, ChannelStream is designed with two Yoke Ductile iron
important protective features to minimize such plugging O-rings Buna-N, Viton
problems:
Stem Bushings Oilite bronze
1. Flow is first brought through the cartridge. Dirt too large
to pass through the small outer channels is trapped at Stem Nut Zinc-plated steel
the outer-most stage of the cartridge preventing debris Cylinder Retaining Ring Zinc-plated steel
from traveling through the device to the throttling plug.
Stem Clamp Stainless steel
2. Because the inner channels progressively become
larger, small particles which pass through the first set Actuator Stem 416 stainless steel
of channels are easily passed through the rest of the
Spring Steel
cartridge.
In extremely dirty services, the cartridge can be periodi- Spring Button Zinc-plated steel
cally disassembled and cleaned. Other materials available - contact factory for further information.
6
Valtek ChannelStream
Sigma: The Cavitation Index at which incipient cavitation (σincipient) occurs can
Various cavitation indices have been used to correlate also be deduced from tests; it is found at a
performance data to improve designs of hydraulic equip- somewhat higher value than σdamage (i.e. lower
ment. A cavitation index, called Sigma (σ), has been pressure drop).
applied to valves: If this same valve operates wide open at an up-
(P2 - Pv) stream pressure (p1) of 500 psia and a down-
σ= stream pressure (p2) of 200 psia, and the water
(P1 - P2) temperature increased to 180O F (vapor pressure
Where: = 7.5 psia), the operating Sigma is:
P1 = Upstream pressure (psia), measured 2 pipe (200 - 7.5)
diameter upstream from the valve σoperating = = 0.64
P2 = Downstream pressure (psia), measured 6 pipe (500 - 200)
diameters downstream from the valve Because this Sigma value is greater than σchoked,
PV = Vapor pressure of the liquid at flowing the valve is not choked at these conditions. How-
temperature ever, the Sigma is less than σdamage ; therefore, the
Sigma is seen as the ratio of the potential for resisting valve may experience cavitation damage unless
cavity formation to the potential for causing cavity special anti-cavitation trim or harder materials are
formation. When Sigma is zero or a negative value, used.
flashing is occurring. Through laboratory and field Some of the other factors that affect the intensity of
testing results, acceptable operating Sigmas for elimi- cavitation are the magnitude of the actual service pres-
nating cavitation, and its associated choking, noise, sure compared with test pressures, the flow path geom-
and damage, have been established. For example: etries, and the fluid purity. By researching these fac-
Tests indicate that a full area, single-seated globe tors, methods of scaling the index for such variables
valve at 100 percent open with 80O F (vapor have been established. This geometry and pressure
pressure of 0.5 psia), 200 psia water and with flow scaling is not accounted for in the use of FL and Fi in the
over the plug chokes at a downstream pressure of ISA valve sizing equations.
56 psia. The choked cavitation index is then:
Sigma offers better resolution when evaluating a valve’s
(56 - 0.5) suitability for various cavitating conditions. Values of
σchoked = = 0.38
Sigma for acceptable operation may range from 0.005
(200 - 56)
for a globe valve with ChannelStream trim to 3.0 or 4.0
These tests also indicate that cavitation damage for untreated rotary valves. Table II provides a sample
(σdamage) for this particular style of valve in continu- comparison of Sigma values with recovery coefficients
ous operation begins at about σ = 0.73. The point for typical valve types.
7
Valtek ChannelStream
Flow Capacity 4. Calculate service Sigma for each pressure using this
equation:
Because of the physical size of the ChannelStream car- σ
tridge the flow capacity (Cv) produced by a Channel- σservice =
Stream globe valve is generally less than an equally sized, KS
standard globe valve. In choosing a valve for a particular Search the typical ChannelStream data table for the
application, it is necessary to consider not only the Cv, but valve size that will accommodate the required Cv and
also the velocity and the Sigma value that must be the calculated Sigma value.
accommodated.
If the required service Sigma is less than the calculated
The typical ChannelStream information given in the tables σmin., a larger valve size with more stages should be
on page 9 is not intended to provide a complete listing of chosen.
all available designs. Rather, it can be useful in estimating
a particular valve design. 5. Calculate the inlet (or outlet) flow velocity to ensure that
it does not exceed a maximum of 30 feet per second.
If the actual velocity is higher, a larger valve size must
Valve Size Estimation
be chosen.
To estimate a ChannelStream valve size, use the follow-
Valve sizes estimated using this procedure must be con-
ing procedure:
firmed by a Valtek applications engineer. Several other
1. Calculate the required Cv, or flow capacity for the design considerations may dictate a different valve size.
given application. With conventional valves, choked
flow conditions must be considered. Designed prop- Liquid Example
erly, the ChannelStream valve does not choke, thus, Fluid .................. Water Inlet Temp. ....... 208O F
the sizing equations should be adjusted accordingly. Max. Flow ...... 515 gpm Vapor Press. ...... 13.57
(FL = 1 in ChannelStream Trim.) This means that the Inlet Press. .... 287 psia Spec. Gravity ....... 0.92
required Cv for a ChannelStream valve may be smaller Outlet Press. .... 24 psia
than a conventional valve.
Apply the ChannelStream sizing procedure:
2. Using the Sigma formula discussed on page 7, calcu-
1. Using Sizing & Selection section 3, Control Valve
late the operating Sigma based on the flow conditions
Sizing, the required Cv is 30 (flow is not limited by a
for the required Cv.
choked pressure drop as in conventional valves).
3. Calculate the difference between upstream pressure
2. Using the Sigma formula on page 7, the operating
and vapor pressure (P1 - Pv). Locate the pressure
Sigma is 0.040.
scaling factor Ks from the chart below.
Using the graph (Figure 8) to find the pressure scale
3.0 – factor for P1 - Pv of 273, Ks is approximately 1.38.
- 3. The allowable Sigma for these conditions is:
0.04
2.5 – σservice = = .029
1.38
- From the ChannelStream data tables, note that a Cv of
33 and a Sigma value of 0.025 will require a 4-inch,
Ks 2.0 –
4-stage ChannelStream valve.
- The operating Sigma is still greater than the minimum
Sigma, indicating a satisfactory selection.
1.5 –
Ks = [.02(P1 - Pv)]0.19
4. With an ANSI Class 300 valve, the expected velocity is
-
approximately 13 feet per second which is acceptable
1.0 – and less than the established maximum of 30 feet per
–
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–
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–
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–
-
–
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–
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–
8
Table III: ChannelStream Trim, Flow-over, Linear
Valtek ChannelStreamC
Class 150 - 600
σmin.
Class 900 - 1500 (cont.)
Body Trim No. Stages Stroke V
Bore Body Trim No. Stages Stroke CV σmin. Bore
Size (Seat Dia.) Area Size (Seat Dia.) Area
11/2 1.38 2 1.50 17 .170 1.77 4 3.50 2 3.00 85 .200 10.3
1.25 3 1.50 11 .070 1.48 3.12 3 3.00 53 .080 8.3
1.12 4 1.50 6 .020 .99 2.75 4 3.00 32 .025 6.49
2 1.38 2 1.50 18 .170 1.77 2.38 5 3.00 20 .007 4.91
1.25 3 1.50 12 .070 1.49 1.88 6 3.00 12 .002 3.14
1.12 4 1.50 7 .020 .99 6 5.25 2 4.00 170 .200 22.7
3 2.50 2 2.50 50 .200 5.41 4.75 3 4.00 100 .080 18.7
2.38 3 2.50 34 .080 4.91 4.25 4 4.00 65 .025 15.0
2.00 4 2.50 20 .025 3.55 3.25 5 4.00 40 .007 10.3
1.62 5 2.50 12 .007 2.41 3.00 6 4.00 25 .002 7.67
1.25 6 2.50 7 .002 1.49 8 6.50 2 6.00 310 .200 34.5
4 3.50 2 3.00 85 .200 10.3 6.00 3 6.00 200 .080 29.5
3.12 3 3.00 54 .080 8.3 5.50 4 6.00 130 .025 24.8
2.75 4 3.00 33 .025 6.51 5.00 5 6.00 85 .007 20.6
2.38 5 3.00 21 .007 4.91 4.50 6 6.00 55 .002 16.8
1.88 6 3.00 12 .002 3.14 10 7.75 2 8.00 490 .230 48.7
6 5.25 2 4.00 175 .200 22.7 7.25 3 8.00 310 .090 42.7
4.75 3 4.00 105 .080 18.7 6.75 4 8.00 200 .028 37.1
4.25 4 4.00 65 .025 15.1 6.25 5 8.00 140 .008 31.9
3.50 5 4.00 40 .007 10.3 5.75 6 8.00 95 .002 27.1
3.00 6 4.00 25 .002 7.67 12 9.75 2 8.00 630 .230 76.6
9.00 3 8.00 390 .090 65.4
8 6.50 2 6.00 320 .200 34.5
8.38 4 8.00 250 .028 56.7
6.00 3 6.00 200 .080 29.5
7.88 5 8.00 170 .008 50.3
5.50 4 6.00 130 .025 24.8
7.38 6 8.00 120 .002 44.2
5.00 5 6.00 85 .007 20.6
4.50 6 6.00 55 .002 16.8 14 10.25 2 8.00 670 .240 84.5
9.50 3 8.00 420 .095 72.8
10 8.75 2 7.50 530 .230 61.9
8.75 4 8.00 270 .030 61.9
8.38 3 7.50 350 .090 56.7
8.00 5 8.00 180 .008 51.8
7.88 4 7.50 230 .028 50.3
7.38 6 8.00 130 .002 44.2
7.38 5 7.50 155 .008 44.2
6.88 6 7.50 105 .002 38.5
12 9.75 2 8.00 640 .230 76.6 Class 2500
9.00 3 8.00 400 .090 65.4
8.38 4 8.00 260 .028 56.7 Body Trim No. Stages Stroke CV σmin. Bore
7.88 5 8.00 180 .008 50.3 Size (Seat Dia.) Area
7.38 6 8.00 125 .002 44.2
11/2 1.62 2 1.50 20 .170 2.41
14 11.00 2 8.00 720 .240 97.2 1.38 3 1.50 12 .070 1.77
10.25 3 8.00 460 .095 84.5 1.12 4 1.50 7 .020 1.23
9.50 4 8.00 300 .030 72.8 1.12 5 1.50 4 .006 .99
8.75 5 8.00 200 .008 61.9
8.00 6 8.00 135 .002 51.8 2 1.62 2 1.50 20 .170 2.41
1.38 3 1.50 12 .070 1.77
Class 900 - 1500 1.25 4 1.50 7 .020 1.23
1.12 5 1.50 4 .006 .99
Body Trim No. Stages Stroke CV σmin. Bore
3 2.38 2 2.50 45 .180 4.91
Size (Seat Dia.) Area
2.00 3 2.50 27 .075 3.55
11/2 1.62 2 1.50 20 .170 2.41 1.75 4 2.50 18 .022 2.76
1.38 3 1.50 12 .070 1.77 1.50 5 2.50 11 .007 2.07
1.12 4 1.50 7 .020 1.13 1.25 6 2.50 7 .002 1.48
1.12 5 1.50 4 .006 .99
4 3.25 2 3.00 75 .200 8.95
2 1.62 2 1.50 20 .170 2.41 3.00 3 3.00 50 .080 7.67
1.38 3 1.50 12 .070 1.77 2.62 4 3.00 30 .025 5.94
1.12 4 1.50 7 .020 1.13 2.25 5 3.00 20 .007 4.43
1.12 5 1.50 4 .007 .99 1.75 6 3.00 12 .002 2.76
3 2.50 2 2.50 50 .180 5.41 6 4.75 2 4.00 150 .200 18.7
2.38 3 2.50 32 .075 4.91 4.25 3 4.00 90 .080 15.0
2.00 4 2.50 20 .022 3.55 3.50 4 4.00 55 .025 10.3
1.69 5 2.50 12 .007 2.41 3.00 5 4.00 33 .007 7.67
1.69 6 2.50 7 .002 1.49 2.50 6 4.00 22 .002 5.41
NOTE: Body Size is in inches. Trim Number is in inches of seat diameter. Stroke is maximum plug lift in inches.
Bore Area of the cartridge is in square inches.
9
Valtek ChannelStream
Construction
ChannelStream valves, both unbalanced and pres- cost, all parts – except the ChannelStream cartridge,
sure-balanced designs, are manufactured in sizes 11/2 plug, pressure-balance sleeve, and bonnet – are inter-
through 14-inch utilizing conventional Valtek globe- changeable with conventional Valtek Mark One globe
style bodies. For smaller parts inventory and lower valves.
Upper Guide
Sleeve Gasket
Plug
Seat Gasket
10
Valtek ChannelStream
Construction
ChannelStream valves, sizes 16 through 36-inch, may bodies, angle bodies in Classes 150 through 600 are
be custom fabricated using an angle body configuration generally constructed from a modified pipe “Tee” with
with the inlet at the side and the outlet on the bottom. To welded flanges. For applications requiring long strokes,
minimize the costs associated with large globe valve long-stroking cylinder actuators are available.
Stroke Plate
Sleeve Gasket
Plug Seals
Cartridge
Plug
Seat Ring
Seat Gasket
11
Valtek ChannelStream
Dimensions E
DISASSEMBLY
CLEARANCE
Flowserve Corporation has established industry leadership in the design and manufacture of its products. When properly selected, this Flowserve
product is designed to perform its intended function safely during its useful life. However, the purchaser or user of Flowserve products should be
aware that Flowserve products might be used in numerous applications under a wide variety of industrial service conditions. Although Flowserve
can (and often does) provide general guidelines, it cannot provide specific data and warnings for all possible applications. The purchaser/user must
therefore assume the ultimate responsibility for the proper sizing and selection, installation, operation and maintenance of Flowserve products. The
purchaser/user should read and understand the Installation Operation Maintenance (IOM) instructions included with the product, and train its
employees and contractors in the safe use of Flowserve products in connection with the specific application.
While the information and specifications contained in this literature are believed to be accurate, they are supplied for informative purposes only and
should not be considered certified or as a guarantee of satisfactory results by reliance thereon. Nothing contained herein is to be construed as a
warranty or guarantee, express or implied, regarding any matter with respect to this product. Because Flowserve is continually improving and
upgrading its product design, the specifications, dimensions and information contained herein are subject to change without notice. Should any
question arise concerning these provisions, the purchaser/user should contact Flowserve Corporation at any of its worldwide operations or offices.
Rev.
12 9/94 ©1994 Flowserve Corporation. Flowserve and Valtek-Kammer are registered trademarks of Flowserve Corporation.