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Arab Open University
Faculty of Computer Studies
M/MT129 – Applied Calculus
© 2010 Pearson Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 1 of 78
Course Contents
 Functions
 Derivatives
 Applications of Derivative…
 Techniques of Differentiation
 Logarithmic Functions and Applications
 The Definite Integrals
 The Trigonometric Functions
 Techniques of Integration
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Pearson Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 2 of 78
Tutorial 1
Functions
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Outline
 Functions and Their Graphs
 Some Important Functions
 The Algebra of Functions
 Zeros of Functions
 The Quadratic Formula and Factoring
 Exponents and Power
 Geometric Problems*
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Real (Rational & Irrational) Numbers
Definition Example
Rational Number: A number that may be
2
written as a finite or infinite repeating   0.285714 285714 ...  0.285714
decimal, in other words, a number that 7
1
can be written in the form m/n such that    0.5
2
m, n are integers
Irrational Number: A number that has an
infinite decimal representation whose 3  1.73205
digits form no repeating pattern
The Number Line

A geometric representation of the real numbers is shown below
2
 3
7
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Infinite, Open & Closed Intervals
Definition Example
Infinite Interval: The set of
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
numbers that lie between a given
endpoint and the infinity 4,  
x4
Closed Interval: The set of
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
numbers that lie between two
given endpoints, including the [1, 4]
endpoints themselves 1  x  4
Open Interval: The set of
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
numbers that lie between two
given endpoints, not including the (1, 4)
endpoints themselves 1  x  4
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Functions
• A function f is a rule that assigns to each value of a real variable x
exactly one value of another real variable y.
• The variable x is called the independent variable and the variable y is
called the dependent variable.
• We usually write y = f (x) to express the fact that y is a function of x. Here
f (x) is the name of the function.
EXAMPLES:
f ( x)  x 2  4
1
g ( z) 
z 3
s (t )  t 2  1
( 2  )
k ( )  e  sin  
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Functions
EXAMPLE
If f (x) = x2 + 4x + 3, find f (2) and f (a  2).
SOLUTION
f ( x)  x 2  4 x  3 This is the given function.
f (2)  (2) 2  4(2)  3  1 Replace each x with – 2.

f (a  2)  a  22  4a  2  3 Replace each x with a – 2.
 
f (a  2)  a 2  4a  4  4a  2  3 Evaluate (a – 2)2 = a2 – 4a + 4.
f (a  2)  a 2  4a  4  4a  8  3 Remove parentheses and distribute.
f (a  2)  a 2  1 Combine like terms.
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Functions
EXAMPLE
100 x
Let R( x)  .
b x
(a) Suppose that b = 20. Find R when x = 60.
(b) Determine the value of b if R(50) = 60.
SOLUTION
100  60
(a ) R(60)   75 Replace b with 20 and x with 60.
20  60
Therefore, when b = 20 and x = 60, R (x) = 75.
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Functions
CONTINUED
100 x
(b) R( x)  This is the given function.
b x
100  50
R(50)  Replace x with 50.
b  50
100  50
60  Replace R(50) with 60.
b  50
b  50   60  5000  b  50  Multiply both sides by b + 50.
b  50
60b  3000  5000 Distribute on the left side.
60b  2000 Subtract 3000 from both sides.
b  33.3 Divide both sides by 60.
Therefore, b = 33.3 when R (50) = 60.
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Domain of a Function
Definition Example
Domain of a Function: The domain of the function
The set of acceptable values
f ( x)  x 4  3 x 2  6
for the variable x.
is R
 x 
(, )
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Definition Example
Domain of a Function: The domain of the function
The set of acceptable values
for the variable x. f ( x)  x  2
is x20
x  2
[- 2 ,  )
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Definition Example
Domain of a Function: The The domain of the function
set of acceptable values for 2x
f ( x)  2
the variable x. x 4
is x2  4  0
x  2
x  R \  2
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Definition Example
Domain of a Function: The The domain of the function
set of acceptable values for x2
the variable x. f ( x) 
3 x
is
3 x  0
x 3
(, 3)
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Graphs of Functions
Definition Example
Graph of a Function: The set of
all points (x, f (x)) where x is the
domain of f (x). Generally, this
forms a curve in the xy-plane.
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
The Vertical Line Test
Definition Example
Vertical Line Test: A curve in the
xy-plane is the graph of a function
if and only if each vertical line
cuts or touches the curve at no
more than one point.
Although the red line intersects the

graph no more than once (not at all in
this case), there does exist a line (the
yellow line) that intersects the graph
more than once. Therefore, this is
not the graph of a function.
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Linear Equations
Equation Example
y = mx + b
(This is a linear function)
x=a
(This is not the graph of a
function)
y=b
(This is a constant function)
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Quadratic Functions
Definition Example
Quadratic Function: A
function of the form
f ( x)  ax 2  bx  c
where a, b, and c are constants
and a ≠ 0.
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Polynomial Functions
Definition Example
Polynomial Function: A function of
the form
f ( x)  an x n  an 1x n 1    a0
f ( x)  17 x3  x 2  5
where n is a nonnegative integer and
a0, a1, ..., an are given numbers.
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Rational Functions
Definition Example
Rational Function: A function
expressed as the quotient of two 3x  x 4
g ( x)  2
polynomials. 5x  x  1
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Power Functions
Definition Example
Power Function: A function
of the form f ( x)  x5.2
f ( x)  x r .
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Absolute Value Function
Definition Example
Absolute Value Function: The
function defined for all numbers x
by f ( x)  x
f ( x)  x ,
such that |x| is understood to be x f ( 1 2)   1 2  1 2
if x is positive and –x if x is
negative
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Adding Functions
EXAMPLE
2 1
Given f ( x)  and g ( x)  , express f (x) + g(x) as a rational function.
x3 x2
SOLUTION
f (x) + g(x) =
2 1 Replace f (x) and g(x) with the given
 
x 3 x 2 functions.
x2 2 1 x3
    Multiply to get common
x 2 x3 x 2 x3 denominators.
2x  4 x 3
  Evaluate.
x  2x  3 x  2x  3
2x  4  x  3 3x  1
  Add and simplify the numerator.
x  2x  3 x  2x  3
3x  1
 Evaluate the denominator.
x2  x  6
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Subtracting Functions
EXAMPLE
2 1
Given f ( x)  and g ( x)  , express f (x)  g(x) as a rational function.
x3 x2
SOLUTION
f (x)  g(x) =
 
x 3 x 2 functions.
x2 2 1 x3
    Multiply to get common
x 2 x3 x 2 x3 denominators.
2x  4 x 3
  Evaluate.
x  2x  3 x  2x  3

2 x  4  x  3 Subtract.
x  2x  3
x7 x7
  2 Simplify the numerator and
x  2x  3 x  x  6 denominator.
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Multiplying Functions
EXAMPLE
2 1
Given f ( x)  and g ( x)  , express f (x)g(x) as a rational function.
x3 x2
SOLUTION
f (x)g(x) =
 
x3 x 2 functions.
2 1
 Multiply the numerators and
x  3x  2 denominators.
2
 Evaluate.
x2  x  6
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Dividing Functions
EXAMPLE
2 1 f ( x)
Given f ( x)  and g ( x)  , express as a rational function.
x3 x2 g ( x)
SOLUTION
f ( x)

g ( x)
2
 x3 Replace f (x) and g(x) with the given
1 functions.
x2
2 x2
  Rewrite as a product (multiply by
x3 1 reciprocal of denominator).
2x  2
 Multiply the numerators and
x  31 denominators.
2x  4
 Evaluate.
x3
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Composition of Functions
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
EXAMPLE
Table 1 shows a conversion table for men’s hat sizes for three countries. The
function g(x) = 8x + 1 converts from British sizes to French sizes, and the
1
function f ( x)  x converts from French sizes to U.S. sizes. Determine the
8
function h(x) = f (g(x)) and give its interpretation.
SOLUTION
h (x) = f (g (x)) This is what we will determine.
1
  g x  In the function f, replace each
8 occurrence of x with g (x).
1
  8 x  1 Replace g (x) with 8x + 1.
8
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
CONTINUED
1 1
  8x  1 Distribute.
8 8
1
 x Multiply.
8
Therefore, h (x) = f (g (x)) = x + 1/8. Now to determine what this function h (x) means,
we must recognize that if we plug a number into the function, we may first evaluate
that number plugged into the function g (x). Upon evaluating this, we move on and
evaluate that result in the function f (x). This is illustrated as follows.
g (x) f (x)
British French French U.S.
h (x)
Therefore, the function h (x) converts a men’s British hat size to a men’s U.S. hat size.
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
EXAMPLE
2 1
Given f ( x)  and g ( x)  .
x3 x2
Find (f ○ g) (x) = f (g (x)) and (g ○ f ) (x) = g (f (x)) . Simplify your answer.
SOLUTION
(f ○ g) (x) = f (g (x)) =
2
 Replace x by g(x) in the function
g ( x)  3
f (x)
2
 Substitute.
1
3
x2
2 x2
  Multiply the numerators and
3 x  2
1
denominators by x + 2.
x2
2x  4

 3x  5 Simplify.
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
CONTINUED
(g ○ f ) (x) = g (f (x)) =
1

f ( x)  2 Replace x by f(x) in the function
g (x)
1
 Substitute.
2
2
x3
1 x3 Multiply the numerators and
 
 2 x3
2 denominators by x + 2.
x3
x3
 Simplify.
2x  4
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Zeros of Functions
Definition Example
Zero of a Function: For a
f ( x)  x 2  1
function f (x), all values of x such
that f (x) = 0. 0  x2  1
x  1
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Zeros of Functions
Definition Example
Zero of a Function: Using x2  5x  6  0
Factorization,
(x – a)(x – b) ( x  2)( x  3)  0
= x2 – (a + b)x + ab
x  2, x  3
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Zeros of Functions
Definition Example
Quadratic Formula: A formula for x 2  3x  2  0
solving any quadratic equation of the
form 2
a  1; b  3; c  2
ax  bx  c  0
 3  32  41 2
The solution is: x
21
 b  b 2  4ac
x
2a  3  17
x
There is no solution if 2
These are the solutions/zeros
b2  4ac  0 of the quadratic function
f ( x)  x 2  3x  2
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Graphs of Intersecting Functions
EXAMPLE
Find the points of intersection of the pair of curves.

y  x2  10 x  9; y  x  9
SOLUTION
The graphs of the two equations can be seen to intersect in the following graph. We can
use this graph to help us to know whether our final answer is correct.
100
80
60
40
20
0
-5 0 5 10 15
-20
-40
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
CONTINUED
To determine the intersection points, set the equations equal to each other, since they
both equal the same thing: y.
x2  10 x  9  x  9
Now we solve the equation for x using the quadratic formula.
x2  10 x  9  x  9 This is the equation to solve.
x2  11x  9  9 Subtract x from both sides.
x2  11x  18  0 Add 9 to both sides.
( x  2)( x  9)  0 x = 2 or x = 9
OR, a = 1, b = −11, and c =18.

  11   11  4118
2
x Use the quadratic formula.

21
11  121  72
x Simplify.
2
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
CONTINUED
11  49
x Simplify.
2
11 7
x Simplify.
2
11  7 11  7
x , Rewrite.
2 2
x  9, 2 Simplify.
We now find the corresponding y-coordinates for x = 9 and x = 2. We can use either of
the original equations. Let’s use y = x – 9.
x9 x2
y  x 9 y  x 9
y 99 y  29
y0 y  7
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
CONTINUED
Therefore the solutions are (9, 0) and (2, −7). This seems consistent with the two
intersection points on the graph. A zoomed in version of the graph follows.
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
-5
-10
-15
-20
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Factoring
EXAMPLE
Solve the cubic equation 6 x  2 x 3  0.
SOLUTION
6 x  2 x3 This is the given polynomial.

2 x3  x 2  Factor 2x out of each term.

2x 3  x2
2
 Rewrite 3 as 3 .
2
Now I can use the factorization pattern: a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b).

2x 3  x  3x  Rewrite
2
3  x 2 as  3x  3x .

2x 3  x  3x 0  Solve the equation.
x  0, x   3
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Factoring
EXAMPLE
Solve the equation for x:
5 6
1 
x x2
SOLUTION
5 6
1  2 This is the given equation.
x x
5 6 
x 2 1    2  x 2 Multiply everything by the LCD: x2.
x x 
5 2 6 2
x2  x  2 x Distribute.
x x
x 2  5x  6 Multiply.
x 2  5x  6  0 Subtract 5x + 6 from both sides.
x  1x  6  0 Factor.
x 1  0 x60 Set each factor equal to zero.
x  1 x6 Solve.
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Exponents
Definition Example
b n  b
 b
b
 53  5  5  5
n times
1 1
b  b
n n
5 3 5
3
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Exponents
Definition Example
 b  5
m 3
m 3
b  b 
n n m n
5  5 
4 4 3 4
m
 1 1 1 3
1 1 1
 m n m  
5  4 
 b
b n
 5
4
m 3 3
bn b n
5 3 4
5 4
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Exponents
Definition Example
1 2 1 2 3

b b  b
r s r s
6 6  6
3 3 3 3
 6  61  6
3
1
1  1 11
b  r
r
4  1 2

b 4 2
42
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Exponents
Definition Example
4
br 7 3 4 1

3
 b r s 1 7 3 3
 7  71  7
3
bs 7 3
b 
5
r s
b rs   4 845

4 1
 9   95 8  98  92  9  3
5
 
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Exponents
Definition Example
125  27  1/ 3
 1251 / 3  271 / 3
ab r
 a r  br
 3 125  3 27  5  3  15
r 4
a a 10 4  10 
r
   r     2 4
 16
b b 5
4
5
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Applications of Exponents
EXAMPLE
Use the laws of exponents to simplify the algebraic expression

 27 x  5 2/ 3
3
x
SOLUTION
 27 x 
5 2/ 3
3
x This is the given expression.
 27   x 5 
2/ 3 2/ 3
3
x
ab r  a r  b r
 27   x 
2/ 3 5 2/ 3
1
b n b
n
x1 / 3
 27 2 / 3  x10 / 3 b 
r s
 b rs
x1 /23

3

 27  x10 / 3 m
b  b
n n m
  b
n
m
x1 / 3
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Applications of Exponents
CONTINUED
 3 2
 x10 / 3 3
 27  3
1/ 3
x
10 / 3
9x
 32  9
x1 / 3
br
9x 10 / 31 / 3
s
 br s
b
9 x9 / 3 Subtract.
9x3 Divide.
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Geometric Problems*
EXAMPLE
Consider a rectangular corral with two partitions, as shown below. Assign

letters to the outside dimensions of the corral. Write an equation expressing the
fact that the corral has a total area of 2500 square feet. Write an expression for
the amount of fencing needed to construct the corral (including both partitions).
SOLUTION
First we will assign letters to represent the dimensions of the corral.
x x x x
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Geometric Problems*
CONTINUED
Now we write an equation expressing the fact that the corral has a total area of 2500
square feet. Since the corral is a rectangle with outside dimensions x and y, the area of
the corral is represented by:
A  xy
Now we write an expression for the amount of fencing needed to construct the corral
(including both partitions). To determine how much fencing will be needed, we add
together the lengths of all the sides of the corral (including the partitions). This is
represented by:
F  xxxx y y
F  4x  2 y
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Surface Area*
EXAMPLE
Assign letters to the dimensions of the geometric box and then determine an
expression representing the volume and the surface area of the open top box.
SOLUTION
First we assign letters to represent the dimensions of the box.
y
x
Therefore, an expression that represents the volume is:
V = xyz.
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Surface Area*
CONTINUED
y
x
Now we determine an expression for the surface area of the box. Note, the box has 5
sides which we will call Left (L), Right (R), Front (F), Back (B), and Bottom (Bo).
We will find the area of each side, one at a time, and then add them all up.
L: yz R: yz
F: xz B: xz
Bo: xy
Therefore, an expression that represents the surface area of the box is:
S = yz + yz + xz + xz + xy = 2yz + 2xz + xy.
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Tutorial 2
The Derivative
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Outline
 The Slope of a Straight Line
 The Slope of a Curve at a Point
 The Derivative
 Limits and the Derivative
 Some Rules for Differentiation
 More About Derivatives
 The Derivative as a Rate of Change
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Nonvertical Lines
Definition Example
Equations of Non-vertical Lines: A
non-vertical line L has an equation of
the form
y  3x  4
y  mx  b
For this line, m = 3 and b = −4.
The number m is called the slope of L
and the point (0, b) is called the y-
intercept. The equation above is called
the slope-intercept equation of L.
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Lines – Positive Slope
EXAMPLE
The following are graphs of equations of lines that have positive slopes:
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Lines – Negative Slope
EXAMPLE
The following are graphs of equations of lines that have negative slopes:
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Interpretation of a Graph
EXAMPLE
A salesperson’s weekly pay depends on the volume of sales. If she sells x units
of goods, then her pay is y = 5x + 60 dollars. Give an interpretation of the slope
and the y-intercept of this straight line.
SOLUTION
The slope is 5, or 5/1. Since the numerator 460
(80, 460)
of this fraction represents the amount of
360
change in her pay relative to the amount of
260
change in her sales, the denominator, for
pay
every 1 sale that she makes, her pay 160
increases by 5 dollars. The y-intercept is 60 60

(0, 60)
and occurs on the graph at the point (0, 60).
-20-40 30 80 130
This point suggests that when she has # of sales
executed 0 sales, her pay is 60 dollars. This
$60 could be referred to as her base pay.
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Properties of the Slope of a Nonvertical Line
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Properties of the Slope of a Line
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Calculus
Finding Slope and y-intercept of a Line
EXAMPLE
x 1
Find the slope and y-intercept of the line y  .
3
SOLUTION
First, we write the equation in slope-intercept form.

x 1
y This is the given equation.
3
x 1 Divide both terms of the
y 
3 3 numerator of the right side by 3.
1 1 x 1
y x Rewrite as x .
3 3 3 3
Since the number being multiplied by x is 1/3, 1/3 is the slope of the line. Since the
other 1/3 is the number being added to the term containing x, 1/3, or (0, 1/3), is the y-
intercept.
Incidentally, it was a complete coincidence that the slope and y-intercept were the same
number. This does not normally occur.
MST129 – Pearson
© 2010 Applied Calculus
Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e – Slide 10 of 115
Sketching Graphs of Lines
EXAMPLE
Sketch the graph of the line passing through (1, 1) with slope ½.
SOLUTION
We use Slope Property 1. We begin at the given point (1, 1) and from there,
move up one unit and to the right two units to find another point on the line. We
connect the two points that have already been determined, since two points
determine a straight line.
5 5
3 3 (1, 2)
(-1, 1) 1
(-1, 1) 1
-5 -3 -1 -1 1 3 5 -5 -3 -1 -1 1 3 5
-3 -3
-5 -5
MST129 – Pearson
Making Equations of Lines
EXAMPLE
Find an equation of the line that passes through the points (1, 0) and (1, 2).
SOLUTION
Using the two points we will determine the slope by using Slope Property 2.
20 2
m  1
1   1 2
y  y1  m x  x1  This is the equation from Property 3.
y  2  1 x  1 (x1, y1) = (1, 2) and m = 1.
y  2  x 1 Distribute.
y  x 1 Add 2 to both sides of the equation.
MST129 – Pearson
Making Equations of Lines
EXAMPLE
Find an equation of the line that passes through the point (2, 0) and is
perpendicular to the line y = 2x.
SOLUTION
We know that the line we desire is perpendicular to the line y = 2x. Using Slope
Property 5, we know that the product of the slope of the line desired and the slope of the
line y = 2x is − 1. We recognize that the line y = 2x is in slope-intercept form and
therefore the slope of the line is 2. We can now find the slope of the line that we desire.
Let the slope of the new line be m.
(slope of a line)(slope of a new line) = −1 The slope of one line is 2 and the
2m = −1 slope of the desired line is denoted
m = −0.5 by m.
Now we can find the equation of the desired line using Property 3.
y  y1  m x  x1  This is the equation from Property 3.
y  0  0.5 x  2 (x1, y1) = (2, 0) and m = −0.5.
y  0.5 x  1 Distribute.
MST129 – Pearson
Tangent Lines
Definition Example
Tangent Line to a
Circle at a Point P:
The straight line that
touches the circle at
just the one point P
MST129 – Pearson
Slope of a Curve & Tangent Lines
Definition Example
The Slope of a
Curve at a Point P:
The slope of the
tangent line to the
curve at P
(Enlargements)
MST129 – Pearson
Slope of a Graph
EXAMPLE
Estimate the slope of the curve at the designated point P.
SOLUTION
The slope of a graph at a point is by definition the slope of the tangent line at that point.
The figure above shows that the tangent line at P rises one unit for each unit change in x.
Thus the slope of the tangent line at P is
change in y 1
  1.
change in x 1
MST129 – Pearson
Slope of a Curve: Rate of Change
MST129 – Pearson
The Derivative (Differentiation)
Definition Example
Derivative: The slope formula Given the function f (x) = x3, the
for a function y = f (x), denoted: derivative is
y  f (x) f ( x)  3 x 2
Differentiation: The process of
computing a derivative.
MST129 – Pearson
Differentiation: Rules
These examples can be summarized by the following rule:
MST129 – Pearson
Differentiation: Illustration
f (x) 7 x3 x 2 a 3×106 1/x

f ́ (x) 0 3x2 2x 3 0 0 x 2
MST129 – Pearson
Differentiation: Examples
EXAMPLE
1
Find the derivative of f ( x)  7 .
x
SOLUTION
1
f ( x)  7 This is the given equation.
x
1
f ( x)  Rewrite the denominator as an
x1 7 exponent.
f ( x)  x 1 7
Rewrite with a negative exponent.
What we’ve done so far has been done for the sole purpose of rewriting the
function in the form of f (x) = xr.
1 1 1
f ( x)   x 1 7 1   x 1 7 7 7   x 8 7 Use the Power Rule where r
7 7 7 = − 1/7 and then simplify.
MST129 – Pearson
Differentiation Examples
EXAMPLE
Find the slope of the curve y = x5 at x = − 2.
SOLUTION
We must first find the derivative of the given function.
f ( x)  x5 This is the given function.

f ( x)  5 x 4 Use the Power Rule.
Since the derivative function yields information about the slope of the original function,
we can now use f `(x) to determine the slope of the original function at x = − 2.
f (2)  5 24 Replace x with − 2.

f (2)  516   80 Evaluate.
Therefore, the slope of the original function at x = − 2 is 80 (or 80/1).
MST129 – Pearson
Equation & Slope of a Tangent Line
EXAMPLE
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of y = x2 at the point (−0.4, 0.16) and then
write the corresponding equation of the tangent line.
SOLUTION
The slope of the graph of y = x2 at the point (x, y) is 2x. The x-coordinate of (−0.4,
0.16) is −0.4, so the slope of y = x2 at this point is 2(−0.4) = − 0.8.
We shall write the equation of the tangent line in point-slope form. The point is (−0.4,
0.16) and the slope (which we just found) is −0.8. Hence the equation is:
y  0.16  0.8x   0.4

y  0.8 x  0.16
MST129 – Pearson
Equation of the Tangent Line
EXAMPLE
Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of f (x) = 3x at x = 4.
SOLUTION
We must first find the derivative of the given function.
f ( x)  3 x This is the given function.

f ( x)  3 Differentiate.
Notice that in this case the derivative function is a constant function, 3. Therefore, at x
= 4, or any other value, the value of the derivative will be 3. So now we use the
Equation of the Tangent Line that we just saw.
y  f (4)  f (4) x  4 This is the Equation of the
Tangent Line.
y  12  3 x  4 f (4) = 12 and f x   3.
y  3x Simplify.
MST129 – Pearson
Leibniz Notation for Derivatives
Ultimately, this notation is a better and more effective notation for working with derivatives.
MST129 – Pearson
Calculating Derivatives Via the Difference Quotient
f x  h  f x 
The Difference Quotient is .
h
MST129 – Pearson
EXAMPLE
Apply the three-step method to compute the derivative of the following

function: f ( x) , where f ( x)   x 2  2 .
SOLUTION
STEP 1: We calculate the difference quotient and simplify as much as possible.
f x  h  f x 
 This is the difference quotient.
h

 x  h  2  x
2 2
2  Evaluate f (x + h) and f (x).
h

 x  2 xh  h 2   2  x 2  2
2
Simplify.
h
 x 2  2 xh  h 2  2  x 2  2
 Simplify.
h
 2 xh  h 2
 Simplify.
h
MST129 – Pearson
CONTINUED

 2 x  hh
Factor.
h
 2 x  h Cancel and simplify.
STEP 2: As h approaches zero, the expression − 2x – h approaches − 2x, and hence

the difference quotient approaches − 2x.
STEP 3: Since the difference quotient approaches the derivative of f (x) = − x2 + 2

as h approaches zero, we conclude that f  x   2 x .
MST129 – Pearson
Using Limits to Calculate a Derivative
EXAMPLE
1
Use the definition of the derivative to compute the derivative f  x  if f x   .
2x  5
SOLUTION
1 1 2x  5 2 x  2h  5
 
f x  h   f x  2 x  h   5 2 x  5 2 x  2h  52 x  5 2 x  2h  52 x  5
lim  lim  lim
h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h
2 x  5  2 x  2h  5  2h 2
 lim  lim  lim
h 0 h2 x  2h  52 x  5 h 0 h2 x  2h  52 x  5 h 0 2 x  2h  52 x  5
2 2
 
2 x  52 x  5 2 x  52
MST129 – Pearson
EXAMPLE
Use the definition of the derivative to compute the derivative f (x) for the
function f ( x)  x .
SOLUTION
f x  h  f x  xh  x xh  x xh  x

lim  lim  lim 
h 0 h h 0 h h 0 h xh  x
xhx h 1 1
 lim  lim  lim 

h 0 h x  h  x  
h 0 h x  h  x h 0   xh  x 2 x 
MST129 – Pearson
Use the definition of the derivative to compute the derivative of the function
f (x) = 3x3 + 2x  1.
MST129 – Pearson
Rules of Differentiation
MST129 – Pearson
Differentiation
EXAMPLE
45
Differentiate f ( x)  .
1 x  x
SOLUTION
45
f ( x)  This is the given function.
1 x  x
d  45 
f ( x)    We begin to differentiate.
dx  1  x  x 
f ( x) 
d 
dx 

45 1  x  x 1 Rewrite the rational expression
with a negative exponent.
f ( x)  45
d 
dx 


1 x  x 1 Use the Constant Multiple Rule.

f ( x)  45 1 1  x  x 2  dxd 1  x  x  Use the General Power Rule taking
1  x  x to be g(x).
MST129 – Pearson
Differentiation
CONTINUED

f ( x)  45 1 1  x  x 2   dxd1  dxd x  dxd x1 2  Use the Sum Rule and rewrite x
  as x1/2.

f ( x)  45 1 1  x  x 2   0  1  12 x1 2  Differentiate.
 

f ( x)  45 1 1  x  x 2  1  12 x1 2  Simplify.
 
1  1 
f ( x)  45 2
1  0.5 

1 x  x   x 
Simplify.
 0.5 
451  
f ( x)    
x
Simplify.

1 x  x
2

MST129 – Pearson
Differentiation
EXAMPLE
1
Find the points on the graph of f ( x)  3 at which the tangent line is
horizontal. x  12 x  1
SOLUTION
1
f ( x)  This is the given function.
x3  12 x  1
d  1 
f ( x)   3  We begin to differentiate.
dx  x  12 x  1 
f ( x) 
d  3
dx 
 1
x  12 x  1  

Rewrite the rational expression
with a negative exponent.

f ( x)  1 x3  12 x  1  2
 
d 3
dx
x  12 x  1  Use the General Power Rule
taking x3 −12 x + 1 to be g(x).

f ( x)  1 x3  12 x  1 2 d d d 
  x3  12 x  1
 dx dx dx 
Use the Sum Rule.
MST129 – Pearson
Differentiation
CONTINUED

f ( x)  1 x3  12 x  1   3x  12  0
2 2
Differentiate.
f ( x)  1x  12 x  1  3x  12

3 2 2
Simplify.
f ( x)  1
1
3x  12 2
x  12 x  1
3 2 Simplify.
3 x 2  12
f ( x)  
x 3
 12 x  1
2 Simplify.
3x 2  12 Tangent line is horizontal when the

f ( x)   0
x 3
 12 x  1 
2 slope (derivative) is 0.
3x 2  12  0  x 2  4  x  2 Solve the equation.

 1 1 Points at which the tangent line is
 2, ,   2, 
 15   17  horizontal.
MST129 – Pearson
The Derivative as a Rate of Change
EXAMPLE
Let S(x) represent the total sales (in thousands of dollars) for month x in the year
2005 at a certain department store. Represent each statement below by an
equation involving S or S′.
(a) The sales at the end of January reached $120,560 and were rising at the rate
of $1500 per month.
(b) At the end of March, the sales for this month dropped to $80,000 and were
falling by about $200 a day (Use 1 month = 30 days).
MST129 – Pearson
The Derivative as a Rate of Change
SOLUTION
(a) Since the sales at the end of January (the first month, so x = 1) reached
$120,560 and S(x) represents the amount of sales for a given month, we have:
S(1) = 120,560. Further, since the rate of change of sales (rate of change
means we will use the derivative of S(x)) for the month of January is a positive
$1500 per month, we have: S′(1) = 1500.
(b) At the end of March (the third month, so x = 3), the sales dropped to
$80,000. Therefore, sales for the month of March was $80,000. That is: S(3)
= 80,000. Additionally, since sales were dropping by $200 per day during
March, this means that the rate of change of the function S(x) was (30 days) ×
(200 dollars) = 6000 dollars per month. Therefore, we have: S′(3) =
6000.
MST129 – Pearson
Differentiating Various Independent Variables
EXAMPLE
Find the first derivative of T = (1 + 2t)2 + t3.
SOLUTION
dT d

dt dt

1  2t 2  t 3  We begin to differentiate.
dT d d
 1  2t 2  t 3 Use the Sum Rule.
dt dt dt
dT d
 21  2t 1  1  2t   3t 2 Use the General Power Rule.
dt dt
dT
 21  2t 1  2  3t 2 Finish differentiating.
dt
dT
 41  2t   3t 2 Simplify.
dt
dT
 4  8t  3t 2 Simplify.
dt
MST129 – Pearson
Second Derivatives
EXAMPLE
Find the first and second derivatives of f (P) = (3P + 1)5.
SOLUTION
f ( P)  3P  15 This is the given function.
f ( P)  153P  14 This is the first derivative.
f ( P) 
d
dP

dP

 f P   d 153P  14  1803P  13 This is the second derivative.
MST129 – Pearson
Second Derivatives Evaluated at a Point
EXAMPLE
Compute the following: d2
dx2
3 x 4
 4 x 2
  x2
SOLUTION
dy d

dx dx
 
3x 4  4 x 2  12 x3  8 x Compute the first derivative.
d 2 y d  dy  d
dx 2
  
dx  dx  dx
 
12 x3  8 x  36 x 2  8 Compute the second derivative.
d2y
2
dx x  2

 36 x 2  8  x2
 362 2  8  36  4  8  152 Evaluate the second derivative at
x = 2.
MST129 – Pearson
Instantaneous Rate of Change
EXAMPLE
Suppose that f (x) = − 6/x. What is the (instantaneous) rate of change of f (x)
when x = 1?
SOLUTION
The rate of change of f (x) at x = 1 is equal to f  (1). We have
6
f ( x) 
x2
6 6
f (1)  2
  6.
1 1
That is, the rate of change is 6 units per unit change in x.
MST129 – Pearson
Position, Velocity & Acceleration
s(t) is the position function, v(t) is the velocity function, and a(t) is the
acceleration function.
MST129 – Pearson
EXAMPLE
A toy rocket fired straight up into the air has height s(t) = 160t – 16t2 feet after t
seconds.
(a) What is the rocket’s initial velocity (when t = 0)?
(b) What is the velocity after 2 seconds?
(c) What is the acceleration when t = 3?
(d) At what time will the rocket hit the ground?
(e) At what velocity will the rocket be traveling just as it smashes into the
ground?
SOLUTION
(a) To determine what the rocket’s initial velocity is, we must first have a velocity
function and then evaluate t = 0 in that function.
s (t )  160t  16t 2 This is the given position function.
v(t )  s(t )  160  32t Differentiate to get the velocity

function.
MST129 – Pearson
CONTINUED
v(0)  160  320  160  0  160 Now replace t with 0 and evaluate.
Therefore, the initial velocity of the rocket is 160 feet per second.
(b) To determine the velocity after 2 seconds we evaluate v(2).

v(t )  160  32t This is the velocity function.
v(2)  160  322  160  64  96 Replace t with 2 and evaluate.
Therefore, the velocity of the rocket after 2 seconds is 96 feet per second.
(c) To determine the acceleration when t = 3, we must first find the acceleration function.
a(t )  v(t )  32 Differentiate to get the
acceleration function.
Since the acceleration function is a constant function, the acceleration of the rocket is a
constant − 32 ft/s2. Therefore, the acceleration when t = 3 is − 32ft/s2.
MST129 – Pearson
CONTINUED
(d) To determine at what time the rocket will hit the ground we must determine what we
know about the position, velocity, or acceleration of the rocket when the rocket hits the
ground. We know that at the time of impact, the position of the rocket will be 0 feet
above the ground. Therefore, we will use the position function and replace s(t) with 0.
s (t )  160t  16t 2 This is the given position function.
0  160t  16t 2 Replace s(t) with 0.
0  10t  t 2 Factor 16 out of both terms on the
right and divide both sides by 16.
0  t 10  t  Factor.
t  0 t  10 Solve for t.
Therefore, the rocket will be 0 feet above the ground at times t = 0 and t = 10. t = 0
corresponds to when the rocket first began its flight, so that would not be the solution.
So, the rocket hit the ground after 10 seconds, when t – 10 = 0.
MST129 – Pearson
CONTINUED
(e) To determine at what velocity the rocket will be traveling just as it smashes into the
ground, we must use the velocity function. The question is, what do we use for t?
From part (d), we know that the rocket will hit the ground at t = 10 seconds.
Therefore, we will find v(10).
v(10)  160  3210   160  320  160 Replace t with 10 and evaluate.
Therefore, when the rocket hits the ground, it will be have a velocity of −160 ft/s. That
is, it will be traveling 160 ft/s in the downward direction.
MST129 – Pearson
Tutorial 3
Applications of the Derivative
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Pearson Calculus
Outline
 Describing Graphs of Functions
 The First and Second Derivative Rules
 The First and Second Derivative Tests
 Optimization Problems
MST129 – Applied
Increasing Functions
MST129 – Applied
Decreasing Functions
MST129 – Applied
Relative (Local) Maxima & Minima
MST129 – Applied
Absolute (Global) Maxima & Minima
MST129 – Applied
Concavity
Concave Up Concave Down
MST129 – Applied
Inflection Points
Notice that an inflection point is not where a graph changes from an increasing
to a decreasing slope, but where the graph changes its concavity.
MST129 – Applied
First Derivative Rule
MST129 – Applied
First Derivative Rule
EXAMPLE
Sketch the graph of a function that has the properties described.

f (1) = 0; f ΄(x) < 0 for x < − 1; f ΄(1) = 0 and f ΄(x) > 0 for x > 1.
SOLUTION
The only specific point that the graph must pass through is (1, 0). Further, we
know that to the left of this point, the graph must be decreasing (f ΄(x) < 0 for x <
−1) and to the right of this point, the graph must be increasing (f ΄(x) > 0 for x >
−1). Lastly, the graph must have zero slope at that given point (f ΄(1) = 0 ).
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
MST129 – Applied
Second Derivative Rule
f  x   0 f  x   0
MST129 – Applied
First & Second Derivative Scenarios
MST129 – Applied
First & Second Derivative Rules
EXAMPLE
Sketch the graph of a function that has the properties described: f (x) defined
only for x ≥ 0; (0, 0) and (5, 6) are on the graph; f ΄(x) > 0 for x ≥ 0; f ΄΄(x) < 0 for
x < 5, f ΄΄(5) = 0, f ΄΄(x) > 0 for x > 5.
SOLUTION
The only specific points that the graph must pass through are (0, 0) and (5, 6).
Further, we know that to the left of (5, 6), the graph must be concave down
(f ΄΄(x) < 0 for x < 5) and to the right of this point, the graph must be concave up
(f ΄΄(x) > 0 for x > 5). Also, the graph will only be defined in the first and fourth
quadrants (x ≥ 0). Lastly, the graph must have positive slope everywhere that it
is defined. 14
12
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MST129 – Applied
First Derivative Test
MST129 – Applied
First Derivative Test
EXAMPLE
Find the local maximum and minimum of f (x) = 2x3 – 3x2 – 12x + 5.
SOLUTION
Critical numbers: x = –1, 2
Interval (∞, 1) (1, 2) (2, ∞)

Sign of f ′ + − +
Conclusion
The local maximum is f (–1) = 12 and the

local minimum is f (2) = –15
MST129 – Applied
Second Derivative Test
MST129 – Applied
EXAMPLE
Locate all possible relative extreme points on the graph of the function f (x) =
x3 + 6x2 + 9x. Check the concavity at these points and use this information to
sketch the graph of f (x).
SOLUTION
We have
f ( x)  x3  6 x 2  9 x
f ( x)  3x 2  12 x  9
f ( x)  6 x  12.
The easiest way to find the critical values is to factor the expression for f (x) :
3x 2  12 x  9  3x  9 x  1 .
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
From this factorization it is clear that f ΄(x) will be zero if and only if x = −3 or
x = −1. In other words, the graph will have horizontal tangent lines when x =
−3 and x = −1, and no where else. To plot the points on the graph where x =
−3 and x = −1, we substitute these values back into the original expression for
f (x). That is, we compute
f (3)   33  6 32  9 3  0

f (1)   13  6 12  9 1  4.
Therefore, the slope of f (x) is 0 at the points (− 3, 0) and (− 1, − 4).
Next, we check the sign of f x  at x = -3 and at x = − 1 and apply the second
derivative test:
f (3)  6 3  12  6  0 (local maximum)
f (1)  6 1  12  6  0 (local minimum).
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
The following is a sketch of the function.
20
15
10
5
(-3, 0)
0
-6 -4 -2 -5 0 2
(-1, -4)
-10
-15
-20
-25
MST129 – Applied
Test for Inflection Points
MST129 – Applied
EXAMPLE
Sketch the graph of f (x) = x3  x + 2.
SOLUTION
We have
f ( x)  x3  x  2
f ( x)  3x 2  1
f ( x)  6 x.
We set f ( x)  0 and solve for x.

3x 2  1  0
3x2  1
x2  1 / 3
3
x (critical values)
3
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
Substituting these values of x back into f (x), we find that
3
 3  3  3 18  2 3

f 
 
 
 
 
 2
 3   3   3  9
3
 3  3  3 18  2 3

f          2  .
3   3   3  9
     
We now compute
 3  3
f    6
 
2 30

(local minimum)
 3   3 
 3  3

f   
 6    2 3  0 (local maximum)
 
 3   3 
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
3 3
Since the concavity reverses somewhere between x  and x   , there
3 3
must be at least one inflection point. If we set f x  0 , we find that
6x  0
x  0.
So the inflection point must occur at x = 0. In order to plot the inflection point,
we compute
f (0)  03  0  2  2.
The final sketch of the graph is given below.
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
 3 18  2 3  4
  , 
 3 9 
(0, 2)
2
 3 18  2 3 
 , 
0
 3 9 
-2 -1 0 1 2
-2
-4
MST129 – Applied
EXAMPLE
Sketch the graph of f (x) = x3  6x2 + 12x  5.
SOLUTION
We have
f ( x)  x3  6 x 2  12 x  5
f ( x)  3x 2  12 x  12
f ( x)  6 x  12.
We set f ( x)  0 and solve for x.
3x2  12 x  12  0
3x  6x  2  0
x2 (critical value)
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
Since f (2)  0 , we know nothing about the graph at x = 2. However, the test
for inflection points suggests that we have an inflection point at x = 2. First,
let’s verify that we indeed have an inflection point at x = 2. If this proves to be
not the case, we would use a similar method (using the first derivative) to see if
we have a relative extremum at x = 2.
Notice, x = 2 was the only candidate for generating a relative extremum.
Therefore, there are no relative extrema. We will now find the y-coordinate for
the inflection point.
f (2)  23  622  122  5  3
So, the only inflection point is at (2, 3).
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
Now we will look for intercepts. Let’s first look for a y-intercept by evaluating
f (0).
f (0)  03  602  120  5  5
So, we have a y-intercept at (0, 5). To find any x-intercepts, we replace f (x)
with 0.
0  x3  6x2  12 x  5
Since this equation does not factor, and the quadratic formula cannot help us
either, we attempt to use the Rational Roots Theorem from algebra. In doing so
we find that there are no rational roots (x-intercepts). So, if there is an x-
intercept, it will be an irrational number. Below, we show some of the work
employed in estimating the x-intercept.
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
x f (x)
0.54 −0.11
0.55 −0.05
0.56 0.01
0.57 0.08
Notice that the y-values corresponding to x = 0.54 and x = 0.55 are below the x-
axis and the y-values corresponding to x = 0.56 and x = 0.57 are above the x-
axis. Therefore, in between x = 0.55 and x = 0.56, there must be an x-intercept.
For the sake of brevity, we’ll just take x = 0.56 for our x-intercept since, out of
the four x-values above, it has the y-value closest to zero. Therefore, the point
of our x-intercept is (0.56, 0).
Now we will sketch a graph of the function.
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
20
15
10
(0.56, 0) 5 (2, 3)
0
-3 -1 1 3 5
-5 (0, 5)
-10
-15
-20
MST129 – Applied
Graphs on closed intervals
EXAMPLE
Let f (x) = x3  3x2  9x + 1,  2 ≤ x ≤ 6.
a) Find the intervals on which the function f is increasing or decreasing
and find the local maximum and minimum, if any.
b) Find the intervals on which the graph of f is concave up or concave
down and find the points of inflection, if any.
c) What is the absolute maximum? Minimum?
d) Sketch the graph of f.
SOLUTION
f ( x)  3x 2  6 x  9  0  x 2  2 x  3  0   x  1 x  3  0
Interval (2, 1) (1, 3) (3, 6)
Sign of f ′ + − +
Conclusion
Local maximum: (1, 6) & (6, 55) Absolute maximum: (6, 55)
Local minimum: (2, 1) & (3, 26) Absolute minimum: (3, 26)
MST129 – Applied
Graphs on closed intervals
CONTINUED
f ( x)  6 x 2  6  0  x  1  0  x  1
Interval (2, 1) (1, 6) Inflection point: (1, 10)
Sign of f ′′ − +
Conclusion  
(6, 55)
(-1, 6)
(-2, -1)
(1, -10) (3, -26)
MST129 – Applied
Optimization Problems
EXAMPLE
Find two positive numbers x and y that maximize Q = x2y if x + y = 6.
SOLUTION
Solving x + y = 6 for y gives y = 6 − x. Substituting into Q = x2y yields
Q( x)  x 2 6  x   6 x 2  x3
dQ
 0  12 x  3x 2  0  3x4  x   0  x  0 or x  4
dx
d 2Q d 2Q d 2Q
2
 12  6 x, 2  12  0, 2  12  0
dx dx x  0 dx x  4
The maximum value of Q occurs at x = 4 and y = 2.
MST129 – Applied
Maximizing Area
EXAMPLE
Find the dimensions of the rectangular garden of greatest area that can be
fenced off (all four sides) with 300 meters of fencing.
SOLUTION
Let’s start with what we know. The garden is to be in the shape of a rectangle.
The perimeter of it is to be 300 meters. Let’s make a picture of the garden,
labeling the sides. y
x x
y
Since we know the perimeter is 300 meters, we can now construct an equation
based on the variables contained within the picture.
x + x + y + y = 2x + 2y = 300 (Constraint Equation)
MST129 – Applied
Maximizing Area
CONTINUED
Now, the quantity we wish to maximize is area. Therefore, we will need an
equation that contains a variable representing area. This is shown below.
A = xy (Objective Equation)
Now we will rewrite the objective equation in terms of A (the variable we wish
to optimize) and either x or y. We will do this, using the constraint equation.
Since it doesn’t make a difference which one we select, we will select x.
2x + 2y = 300 This is the constraint equation.

2y = 300 – 2x Subtract.
y = 150 – x Divide.
Now we substitute 150 – x for y in the objective equation so that the objective
equation will have only one independent variable.
MST129 – Applied
Maximizing Area
CONTINUED
A = xy This is the objective equation.

A = x(150 – x) Replace y with 150 – x.
A = 150x – x2 Distribute.
Now we will graph the resultant function, A = 150x – x2.
6000
5000
4000
Area (A)
3000
2000
1000
0
0 50 100 150
x
MST129 – Applied
Maximizing Area
CONTINUED
Since the graph of the function is obviously a parabola, then the maximum
value of A (along the vertical axis) would be found at the only value of x for
which the first derivative is equal to zero.
A = 150x – x2 This is the area function.
A΄ = 150 – 2x Differentiate.
150 – 2x = 0 Set the derivative equal to 0.
x = 75 Solve for x.
Therefore, the slope of the function equals zero when x = 75. Therefore, that is
the x-value for where the function is maximized. Now we can use the
constraint equation to determine y.
2x + 2y = 300 2(75) + 2y = 300 y = 75
So, the dimensions of the garden will be 75 m x 75 m.
MST129 – Applied
Minimizing Cost
EXAMPLE
A rectangular garden of area 75 square feet is to be surrounded on three sides

by a brick wall costing $10 per foot and on one side by a fence costing $5 per
foot. Find the dimensions of the garden such that the cost of materials is
minimized.
SOLUTION
Below is a picture of the garden. The red side represents the side that is fenced.
y
x x
y
The quantity that we will be minimizing is ‘cost’. Therefore, our objective
equation will contain a variable representing cost, C.
MST129 – Applied
Minimizing Cost
CONTINUED
C = (2x + y)(10) + y(5)

C = 20x + 10y + 5y
C = 20x + 15y (Objective Equation)
Now we will determine the constraint equation. The only piece of information
we have not yet used in some way is that the area is 75 square feet. Using this,
we create a constraint equation as follows.
75 = xy (Constraint Equation)
Now we rewrite the constraint equation, isolating one of the variables therein.
75 = xy
75/y = x
MST129 – Applied
Minimizing Cost
CONTINUED
Now we rewrite the objective equation using the substitution we just
acquired from the constraint equation.
C = 20x + 15y This is the objective equation.
C = 20(75/y) + 15y Replace x with 75/y.
C = 1500/y + 15y Simplify.
Now we use this equation to sketch a graph of the function.
2000
1800
1600
1400
Cost (C)
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 50 100 150
y
MST129 – Applied
Minimizing Cost
CONTINUED
It appears from the graph that there is exactly one relative extremum, a
relative minimum around x = 10 or x = 15. To know exactly where this
relative minimum is, we need to set the first derivative equal to zero and
solve (since at this point, the function will have a slope of zero).
C = 1500/y + 15y This is the given equation.
C΄ = − 1500/y2 + 15 Differentiate.
− 1500/y2 + 15 = 0 Set the function equal to 0.
15 = 1500/y2 Add.
15y2 = 1500 Multiply.
y2 = 100 Divide.
y = 10 Take the positive square root
of both sides (since y > 0).
MST129 – Applied
Minimizing Cost
CONTINUED
Therefore, we know that cost will be minimized when y = 10. Now we will
use the constraint equation to determine the corresponding value for x.
75 = xy This is the constraint equation.
75 = x(10) Replace y with 10.
7.5 = x Solve for x.
So the dimensions that will minimize cost, are x = 7.5 ft and y = 10 ft.
MST129 – Applied
Minimizing Surface Area
EXAMPLE
(Volume) A canvas wind shelter for the beach has a back, two square sides, and
a top. Find the dimensions for which the volume will be 250 cubic feet and that
requires the least possible amount of canvas.
SOLUTION
Below is a picture of the wind shelter.
y
The quantity that we will be minimizing is ‘surface area’. Therefore, our

objective equation will contain a variable representing surface area, A.
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
A = xx + xx + xy + xy Sum of the areas of

the sides
A = 2x2 + 2xy (Objective Equation)
Now we will determine the constraint equation. The only piece of information
we have not yet used in some way is that the volume is 250 ft3. Using this, we
create a constraint equation as follows.
250 = x2y (Constraint Equation)
Now we rewrite the constraint equation, isolating one of the variables therein.
250 = x2y
250/x2 = y
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
Now we rewrite the objective equation using the substitution we just
acquired from the constraint equation.
A = 2x2 + 2xy This is the objective equation.
A = 2x2 + 2x(250/x2) Replace y with 250/x2.
A = 2x2 + 500/x Simplify.
Now we use this equation to sketch a graph of the function.
4000
3500
3000
2500
Area (A)
2000
1500
1000
500
0
-5 5 15 25 35 45
x
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
It appears from the graph that there is exactly one relative extremum, a
relative minimum around x = 5. To know exactly where this relative
minimum is, we need to set the first derivative equal to zero and solve (since
at this point, the function will have a slope of zero).
A = 2x2 + 500/x This is the given equation.
A΄ = 4x – 500/x2 Differentiate.
4x − 500/x2 = 0 Set the function equal to 0.
4x = 500/x2 Add.
4x3 = 500 Multiply.
x3 = 125 Divide.
x=5 Take the cube root of both
sides.
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
Therefore, we know that surface area will be minimized when x = 5. Now we
will use the constraint equation to determine the corresponding value for y.
250 = x2y This is the constraint equation.

250 = (5)2y Replace x with 5.
10 = y Solve for y.
So the dimensions that will minimize surface area, are x = 5 ft and y = 10 ft.
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Pearson Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e– Slide 1 of 33
Tutorial 4
Techniques of Differentiation
MST129 – Applied
© 2010 Pearson Education Calculus
Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e– Slide 2 of 33
Outline
 The Product and Quotient Rules
 The Chain Rule and the General Power Rule
 Implicit Differentiation
MST129 – Applied
The Product & Quotient Rules
MST129 – Applied
The Product Rule
EXAMPLE
Differentiate the function.

x 2
 3x 2  3
10
SOLUTION
 
10
Let f ( x)  x  3 and g ( x)  x  3 . Then, using the product rule, and the
2 2
general power rule to compute g΄(x),

d 2
dx
   
x  3x2  310  x2  3 d x2  310  x2  310  d x 2  3
dx dx
 x 2  3  10x 2  3  x 2  3  x 2  3  2 x
9 d 10
dx
 x 2  3  10x 2  3  2 x  x 2  3  2 x.
9 10
MST129 – Applied
The Quotient Rule
EXAMPLE
Differentiate.
x4  4x2  3
x
SOLUTION
Let f (x) = x4 – 4x2 + 3 and g (x) = x. Then, using the quotient rule
d  x4  4x2  3
x 
d 4
 x  4 x 2
 3   x 4
 4 x 2
 3 
d
x 
 dx dx
dx  x 
 x2
x  4 x 3  8 x   x 4  4 x 2  3  1

x2
Now simplify
3x 4  4 x 2  3 3x 4 4 x 2 3
     3 x 2
 4  3 x 2
x2 x2 x2 x2
MST129 – Applied
The Quotient Rule
CONTINUED
Now let’s differentiate again, but first simplify the expression.
x4  4x2  3 x4 4x2 3
  
x x x x
 x3  4x  3x1
Now we can differentiate the function in its new form.

d 3
x  4 x  3x 1   3x 2  4  3x 2
dx
Notice that the same answer was acquired both ways.
MST129 – Applied
The Product Rule & Quotient Rule
Another way to order terms in the product and quotient rules, for the purpose of
memorizing them more easily, is
PRODUCT RULE
d
 f ( x) g ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)  g ( x) f ( x)
dx
QUOTIENT RULE
d  f ( x)  f ( x) g ( x)  g ( x) f ( x)
   .
dx  g ( x)  g ( x)2
MST129 – Applied
The Chain Rule
e.g.
d 3
dx
 
11 3
 10
x  4 x  5  11 x  4 x  5  3x 2  4   
MST129 – Applied
The Chain Rule
EXAMPLE
4
Use the chain rule to compute the derivative of f (g(x)), where f ( x)   x
2
and g ( x)  1  x .
4 x
SOLUTION
4
f ( x)    2 x , g ( x )  4 x 3
x2
f  g ( x)   
4
  4

 
2 1 x
4 2
1 x
Finally, by the chain rule,
 
d
f  g ( x)   f  g ( x) g ( x)  
4
 
 2 1  x   4 x3 .
4

dx 
 1  x 4 2

MST129 – Applied
Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 12e– Slide 10 of 33
The Chain Rule
EXAMPLE
dy
Compute using the chain rule.
dx
y  u  1, u  2 x 2
SOLUTION
dy
Since y is not given directly as a function of x, we cannot compute by
dx
differentiating y directly with respect to x. We can, however, differentiate with
respect to u the relation y  u  1 , and get
dy 1
 .
du 2 u  1
Similarly, we can differentiate with respect to x the relation u  2x2 and get
du
 4 x.
dx
MST129 – Applied
The Chain Rule
CONTINUED
Applying the chain rule, we obtain
dy dy du 1
   4 x.
dx du dx 2 u  1
dy
It is usually desirable to express as a function of x alone, so we substitute
2x2 for u to obtain dx
dy 4x
 .
dx 2 2 x  1
2
MST129 – Applied
Implicit Differentiation
MST129 – Applied
EXAMPLE
Use implicit differentiation to determine the slope of the graph at the given
point.
4 y3  x2  5; x  3, y  1
SOLUTION
The second term, x2, has derivative 2x as usual. We think of the first term, 4y3,
as having the form 4[g(x)]3. To differentiate we use the chain rule:
4
d
g ( x)3  12g ( x)2 g ( x)
dx
or, equivalently,
d
4 y 3   12 y 2 dy .
dx dx
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
On the right side of the original equation, the derivative of the constant
function −5 is zero. Thus implicit differentiation of 4 y3  x2  5 yields
dy
12 y 2  2 x  0.
dx
dy
Solving for we have
dx
dy 2x x
 2
 2
.
dx 12 y 6y
At the point (3, 1) the slope is
dy
 2
x

3  3  1 .
dx x 3 6 y x 3 612 6 2
y 1 y 1
MST129 – Applied
This is the general power rule for implicit differentiation:
EXAMPLE
dy
Use implicit differentiation to determine for x2  4 xy  4 y  1
dx
SOLUTION
x2  4 xy  4 y  1 This is the given equation.

d 2
x  4 xy  4 y   1
d
Differentiate.
dx dx
d 2
x   d 4 xy   d 4 y   d 1 Eliminate the parentheses.
dx dx dx dx
d
2x  4 xy   4 dy  0 Differentiate all but the second
dx dx term.
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
 d d  dy
2 x  4 x  y   y 4 x   4  0 Use the product rule on the
 dx dx  dx second term where f (x) = 4x
and g(x) = y.
dy dy
2x  4x  4y  4  0 Differentiate.
dx dx
dy dy
4 x  4  2 x  4 y Subtract so that the terms not
dx dx containing dy/dx are on one
side.
4 x  4 dy  2 x  4 y Factor.
dx
dy  2 x  4 y
 Divide.
dx 4x  4
MST129 – Applied
EXAMPLE
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of x 2  3xy  5 y  5 at

the point (2, 1)
SOLUTION
x 2  3xy  5 y  5 This is the given equation.
d 2
dx

x  3 xy  5 y 
d
dx
5 Differentiate.
2x  3xy'3 y  5 y'  0 Eliminate the parentheses.
4  6 y'3  5 y'  0 Substitute.
y'  7
MST129 – Applied
Tutorial 5
Logarithm & Exponential

Functions and Applications
MST129 – Applied
Outline
 Exponential Functions
 The Exponential Function ex
 Differentiation of Exponential Functions
 The Natural Logarithm Function
 The Derivative ln x
 Properties of the Natural Logarithm Function
 Exponential Growth and Decay
 Applications of the Natural Logarithm Function
MST129 – Applied
Exponential Function
Definition Example
Exponential Function: A
function whose exponent is the x
independent variable y 3
MST129 – Applied
Properties of Exponential Functions
MST129 – Applied
Simplifying Exponential Expressions
EXAMPLE
Write each function in the form 2kx or 3kx, for a suitable constant k.
25 x 1
x2
1
(a)   (b)
 81  2  2 x
SOLUTION
(a) We notice that 81 is divisible by 3. And through investigation we recognize

that 81 = 34. Therefore, we get
 
x2 x2
1 1
   4   3
4 x 2
 3 4 x 2   3 2 x.
 81  3 
(b) We first simplify the denominator and then combine the numerator via the
base of the exponents, 2. Therefore, we get
25 x 1 25 x 1 5 x 1 1 x 
x
 1 x
 2  2 6x
.
22 2
MST129 – Applied
Graphs of Exponential Functions
Notice that, no matter what b is (except 1), the graph of y = bx has a y-intercept
of 1. Also, if 0 < b < 1, the function is decreasing. If b > 1, then the function is
increasing.
MST129 – Applied
Solving Exponential Equations
EXAMPLE
Solve the following equation for x:

2  3x 5 x  4  5 x  0
SOLUTION
2  3x 5x  4  5x  0 This is the given equation.

5x 2  3x   4  0 Factor.
5x 6  3x  0 Simplify.
5x  0 6  3x  0 Since 5x and 6 – 3x are being

multiplied, set each factor
equal to zero.
x2 5x ≠ 0.
MST129 – Applied
The Number e
Definition Example
e: An irrational number,
approximately equal to
2.718281828… ,
f ( x)  e x
such that the function f (x) = bx
has a slope of 1, at x = 0, when
b=e
MST129 – Applied
The Derivatives of bx and ex
 ln b
MST129 – Applied
EXAMPLE
ex
Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve y  at (0, 1).
xe x
SOLUTION
We must first find the derivative function and then find the value of the
derivative at (0, 1). Then we can use the point-slope form of a line to find the
desired tangent line equation.
ex
y This is the given function.
x  ex
d  ex 
d
y    Differentiate.
dx dx  x  e x
dy
 x  e x  e x  e x x  e x 
d d
 dx dx Use the quotient rule.
dx x  e x 2
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
dy x  e x e x  e x 1  e x 

x  e x 2
Simplify.
dx
dy e x x  e x   1  e x 

x  e x 2
Factor.
dx
dy e x  x  1

dx x  e x 
2 Simplify the numerator.
Now we evaluate the derivative at x = 0.
dy e x x  1 e0 0  1 1 1  1
   2   1
dx x0 x  e  x0 0  e  0  1
x 2 0 2
1
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
Now we know a point on the tangent line, (0, 1), and the slope of that line, −1.
We will now use the point-slope form of a line to determine the equation of the
desired tangent line.
y  y1  m x  x1  This is the point-slope form of

a line.
y  1  1 x  0 (x1, y1) = (0, 1) and m = −1.
y  x  1 Simplify.
MST129 – Applied
Chain Rule for eg(x)
e.g.
d x3  4 x 5
dx
e e x3  4 x 5
 3x 2  4  
MST129 – Applied
Chain Rule for eg(x)
EXAMPLE
Differentiate.

g ( x)  e 2 x
 2x 
3
SOLUTION
  2x
g ( x)  e 2 x 3
This is the given function.
g ( x)  3e  2 x   e 2 x  2 x 
2 x 2 d
Use the chain rule.
dx
g ( x)  3 e 2 x

2 d d 
 2 x   e 2 x  2 x
 dx dx 
Remove parentheses.
g( x)  3 e 2 x
 2
 2 x  2e2 x  2  Use the chain rule for
exponential functions.
MST129 – Applied
Functions of the form ekx
MST129 – Applied
The Natural Logarithm of x
Definition Example
Natural logarithm of x: Given
the graph of y = ex, the
reflection of that graph about
the line y = x, denoted y = ln x
MST129 – Applied
Properties of the Natural Logarithm
• The point (1, 0) is on the graph of y = ln x [because (0, 1) is on the

graph of y = ex].
• ln x is defined only for positive values of x.
• ln x is negative for x between 0 and 1.
• ln x is positive for x greater than 1.
• ln x is an increasing function and concave down.
MST129 – Applied
Exponential Expressions
EXAMPLE
Simplify
eln 3 2 ln x
SOLUTION
Using properties of the exponential function, we have
ln 3 2 ln x eln 3 3 3
e  2 ln x  2
 2.
e eln x x
MST129 – Applied
EXAMPLE
Solve for x the equation
e   e
x 2 2 3 x
4
SOLUTION
e   e
x 2 2 3 x
4 This is the given equation.
e 2 x  e 2 3 x  4 Remove the parentheses.
2 x  2  3 x  Combine the exponential
e 4 expressions.
e2 x  4 Add.
 
ln e2x  ln 4 Take the logarithm of both sides.
2  x  ln 4 Simplify.
x  2  ln 4 Finish solving for x.
MST129 – Applied
Solving Logarithmic Equations
EXAMPLE
Solve for x the equation

5 ln 2 x  8
SOLUTION
5 ln 2 x  8 This is the given equation.

ln 2 x  1.6 Divide both sides by 5.
2 x  e1.6 Rewrite in exponential form.

e1.6
x  2.477 Divide both sides by 2.
2
MST129 – Applied
Common Logarithms
Definition Example
Common logarithm:
Logarithms to the base 10 log 10 100  2
log 10 1000  3
log 10 10,000  4
MST129 – Applied
Max’s & Min’s of Exponential Equations
EXAMPLE
The graph of f ( x)  1  x  12 e x is shown in the figure below. Find the

coordinates of the maximum and minimum points.
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
At the maximum and minimum points, the graph will have a slope of zero.
Therefore, we must determine for what values of x the first derivative is zero.
f ( x)  1  x  12 e x This is the given function.
d
f ( x)  e x  x  12 x  12  d e x Differentiate using the product
dx dx rule.
f ( x)  e x  2x  1  x  12 e x Finish differentiating.
f ( x)  e x  x  12   x  1 Factor.
0  e x x  12  x  1 Set the derivative equal to 0.
ex  0 x 1  0 2  x 1  0 Set each factor equal to 0.

ex  0 x  1 x  1 Simplify.
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
Therefore, the slope of the function is 0 when x = 1 or x = −1. By looking at the
graph, we can see that the relative maximum will occur when x = −1 and that the
relative minimum will occur when x = 1.
Now we need only determine the corresponding y-coordinates.
f (1)  1  1  12 e1  1  0  e  1
f (1)  1   1  1 e  1 
2 1  22 4
 1   0.472
e e
Therefore, the relative maximum is at (1, 0.472) and the relative minimum is
at (1, 1).
MST129 – Applied
Derivative Rules for Natural Logarithms
MST129 – Applied
Differentiating Logarithmic Expressions
EXAMPLE
Differentiate.
ln e 2x
1 2
SOLUTION
ln e  1
2x 2
This is the given expression.
 ln e  1 
d  2x  2
Differentiate.
dx  
2 ln e  1 ln e 
d
2x 2x
1 Use the power rule.
dx
 1
2 ln e 2 x  1 
2x
e 
 1 dx
d 2x
e 1   Differentiate ln[g(x)].
2x 1
2 ln e  1  2 x
e 1
  2e2 x Finish.
MST129 – Applied
EXAMPLE
The function f (x) – (ln x + 1) / x has a relative extreme point for x > 0. Find
the coordinates of the point. Is it a relative maximum point?
SOLUTION
f ( x)  ln x  1 / x This is the given function.
x   ln x  1  1
1
Use the quotient rule to
f ( x)  x differentiate.
x2
ln x
f ( x)   Simplify.
x2
ln x
0 2 Set the derivative equal to 0.
x
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
The derivative will equal 0 when the numerator equals 0 and the denominator
does not equal 0.
0  ln x Set the numerator equal to 0.

x  e0  1 Write in exponential form.
To determine whether the function has a relative maximum at x = 1, let’s use the
second derivative.
ln x
f ( x)   This is the first derivative.
x2
1
 x 2   ln x  (2)
f ( x)  x Differentiate.
x  
2 2
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
 x  2 x ln x
f ( x)  Simplify.
x4
 1  2 ln x
f ( x)  Factor and cancel.
x3
 1  2 ln 1  1  2  0
f (1)  3
  1 Evaluate the second derivative
1 1 at x = 1.
Since the value of the second derivative is negative at x = 1, the function is

concave down at x = 1. Therefore, the function does indeed have a relative
maximum at x = 1. To find the y-coordinate of this point
f (1)  ln 1  1 / 1  0  1 / 1  1.
So, the relative maximum occurs at (1, 1).
MST129 – Applied
Properties of the Natural Logarithm Function
MST129 – Applied
Simplifying Logarithmic Expressions
EXAMPLE
1
Write 5 ln x  ln y  3 ln z as a single logarithm.
2
SOLUTION
1
5 ln x  ln y  3 ln z This is the given expression.
2
ln x5  ln y1 2  ln z 3 Use LIV (this must be done
first).
x5
ln 1 2  ln z 3 Use LIII.
y
 x5 3 
ln  1 2 z  Use LI.
y 
 x5 z 3 
ln  1 2  Simplify.
 y 
MST129 – Applied
EXAMPLE
Differentiate.  x x  12 x  23 

ln  
 4x  1 
SOLUTION
 x x  12 x  23 
ln   This is the given expression.
 4 x  1 
ln  
x  x  12  x  23  ln 4 x  1 Rewrite using LIII.
ln x  ln  x  12  ln  x  23  ln 4 x  1 Rewrite using LI.

1
ln x  2 ln x  1  3 ln x  2  ln 4 x  1 Rewrite using LIV.
2
d 1 
ln x  2 ln  x  1  3 ln  x  2   ln 4 x  1
dx  2  Differentiate.
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
d 1  d
 ln x   2 ln  x  1 
d
3 ln  x  2  
d
ln 4 x  1 Distribute.
dx  2  dx dx dx
1 1 1 1 1
 2 3  4 Finish differentiating.
2 x x 1 x  2 4x  1
1 2 3 4
   Simplify.
2x x  1 x  2 4x  1
MST129 – Applied
Logarithmic Differentiation
Definition Example
Logarithmic Differentiation: Given a
function y = f (x), take the natural
logarithm of both sides of the equation,
use logarithmic rules to break up the right
side of the equation into any number of Example will follow.
factors, differentiate each factor, and
finally solving for the desired derivative.
MST129 – Applied
EXAMPLE
Use logarithmic differentiation to differentiate the function.
f ( x) 
 x  23 x  34
x  45
SOLUTION
f ( x) 
 x  23 x  34
This is the given function.
x  45
 x  23 x  34 
ln  f ( x)  ln  
Take the natural logarithm of
 x  4 
5
both sides of the equation.
   
ln  f ( x)  ln  x  23  x  34  ln  x  45 Use LIII.
ln  f ( x)  ln  x  2  ln  x  3  ln  x  4 
3 4 5
Use LI.
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
ln  f ( x)  3 ln  x  2  4 ln  x  3  5 ln  x  4 Use LIV.

f x 
d
ln  f ( x)  
3

4

5
f x  x  2 x  3 x  4
Differentiate.
dx
  3 4 5 
f ( x)  f ( x)    Solve for f ΄(x).
 x 2 x 3 x  4

f ( x) 
 x  23 x  34  3

4

5 
  Substitute for f (x).
 x  45
 x  2 x 3 x  4
MST129 – Applied
Working With Differential Equations
Generally speaking, a differential equation is an equation that contains

a derivative.
MST129 – Applied
Solving Differential Equations
EXAMPLE
1

Determine all solutions of the differential equation y  y .
3
SOLUTION
1

The equation y  y has the form y΄ = ky with k = 1/3. Therefore, any
3
solution of the equation has the form
1
x
y  Ce 3
where C is a constant.
MST129 – Applied
Solving Differential Equations at Initial Values
EXAMPLE
Determine all functions y = f (x) such that y΄ = 3y and f (0) = ½.

SOLUTION
The equation y   3 y has the form y΄ = ky with k = 3. Therefore,
f ( x)  Ce 3 x
for some constant C. We also require that f (0) = ½. That is,
1
 f (0)  Ce30  Ce0  C.
2
So C = ½ and
1
f ( x)  e3x .
2
MST129 – Applied
Exponential Growth
Definition Example
Exponential Growth: A quantity,
such that, at every instant the rate of
increase of the quantity is P (t )  3  e4t
proportional to the amount of the
quantity at that instant
MST129 – Applied
Exponential Decay
Definition Example
Exponential Decay: A quantity, such
that, at every instant the rate of
decrease of the quantity is P(t )  3  e 4t
proportional to the amount of the
quantity at that instant
MST129 – Applied
Exponential Growth & Decay in Application
EXAMPLE
A 50 mg dose of quinine is given to a patient to prevent malaria. The quinine

remaining in the body t hours after taking the dose satisfies the differential
equation Q′ (t) = −0.06Q (t).
a) Find a formula for the amount Q of quinine in the body t hours after the dose
is given.
b) How much quinine in the body after 24 hours?
c) How long will it take for the quinine in the body to reach 10 mg?
d) What is the half-life of the quinine in the body?
MST129 – Applied
SOLUTION
a) Q(t )  50e 0.06t
b) Q(24)  50e 0.06  24  11.8mg
c) 10  50e 0.06t  0.2  e 0.06t  t 

ln 0.2
 26.8 hours
 0.06
d) 25  50e  0.06t  0.5  e  0.06t t 

ln 0.5
 11.5 hours
 0.06
MST129 – Applied
EXAMPLE
The world’s population was 5.51 billion on January 1, 1993 and 5.88 billion
on January 1, 1998. Assume that at any time the population grows at a rate
proportional to the population at that time. In what year will the world’s
population reach 7 billion?
SOLUTION
The year 1993 will be the year t = 0 and the population at time t = 0 is 5.51
(measured in billions). Therefore, the year 1998 will be year t = 5 and the
population at time t = 5 is 5.88 (measured in billions).
Since the population grows at a rate proportional to the size of the population,
we can use the exponential growth model P(t) = P0ekt to describe the population
of the world. Since P0 is the initial quantity, P0 = 5.51. Therefore, our formula
becomes
P(t )  5.51ekt.
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
Now we use the other given information (5.88 billion in 1998) to determine k.
P(5)  5.88  5.51e k 5 When t = 5, the population is
1.07  e k 5 5.88 billion people.
ln 1.07  5k Rewrite in logarithmic form.
0.013  k Solve for k.
Therefore, our formula to model this situation is Pt   5.51e0.013t .
Now we can determine when the world’s population will be 7 billion.
7  5.51e0.013 t Replace P(t) with 7.
1.27  e0.013 t Divide.
ln 1.27  0.013t Rewrite in logarithmic form.
18.36  t Solve for t.
Therefore, the world’s population will be 7 billion people about 18.36 years
after our initial year, 1993. That is, around the year 2011.
MST129 – Applied
EXAMPLE
Radium-226 is used in cancer radiotherapy, as a neutron source for some

research purposes, and as a constituent of luminescent paints. Let P(t) be the
number of grams of radium-226 in a sample remaining after t years, and
suppose that P(t) satisfies the differential equation
P(t )  0.00043 P(t ), P(0)  12.
(a) Find the formula for P(t).

(b) What was the initial amount?
(c) What is the decay constant?
(d) Approximately how much of the radium will remain after 943 years?
(e) How fast is the sample disintegrating when just one gram remains? Use the
differential equation.
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
(f) What is the weight of the sample when it is disintegrating at the rate of 0.004
grams per year?
(g) The radioactive material has a half-life of about 1612 years. How much will
remain after 1612 years? 3224 years?
SOLUTION
(a) Since the function y = Cekt satisfies the differential equation y΄ = ky,
the function P(t) = Cekt = Ce-0.00043t (where k = -0.00043).
Since for the function y = Cekt, C is always the initial quantity (at time t = 0),
C = 12 (since P(0) = 12). Therefore, our function is
P(t )  12e0.00043 t .
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
(b) We were given P(0) = 12. Therefore the initial amount is 12 grams.
(c) Since our exponential decay function is P (t )  12e 0.00043 t , the decay
constant, being the coefficient of t, is 0.00043.
(d) To determine approximately how much of the radium will remain after 943
years, we will evaluate the function at t = 943.
P(t )  12e 0.00043 t

This is the decay function.
P (943)  12e  0.00043 943  Evaluate the function at t = 943.
P(943)  8 Simplify.
Therefore, after 943 years, there will be approximately 8 grams remaining.
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
(e) To determine how fast the sample is disintegrating when just one gram
remains, we must first recognize that this is a situation concerning the rate
of change of a quantity, namely the rate at which the radium is
disintegrating. This of course involves the derivative function. This
function was given to us and is P(t )  0.00043 P(t ) . Now we will
determine the value of the derivative function at P(t) = 1 (when one gram
remains).
P(t )  0.00043 P(t ) This is the derivative function.
P(t )  0.000431  0.00043 Replace P(t) with 1.
So, when there is just one gram remaining, the radium is disintegrating at a rate
of 0.00043 grams/year.
(f) To determine the weight of the sample when it is disintegrating at the rate of
0.004 grams per year, we must determine P(t) when P΄(t) = −0.004.
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
P(t )  0.00043 P(t ) This is the derivative function.
 0.004  0.00043 P(t ) Replace P΄(t) with −0.004.
9.3  P(t ) Solve for P(t).
So, the weight of the sample when it is disintegrating at the rate of 0.004 grams
per year, is 9.3 grams.
(g) To determine how much of the radium will remain after 1612 years, that is
one half-life, we will simply recognize that after one half-life, half of the
original amount of radium will be disintegrated. That is, 12/2 = 6 grams will
be disintegrated and therefore 6 grams will remain.
After 3224 years, two half-lives, half of what was remaining at the end of the
first 1612 years (6 grams) will remain. That is, 6/2 = 3 grams. These results can
be verified using the formula for P(t).
MST129 – Applied

Tutorial 6
The Definite Integral
MST129 – Applied Calculus

Outline
 Anti-differentiation
 Areas
 Definite Integrals and the Fundamental
Theorem
 Areas in the xy-Plane
 Applications of the Definite Integral

Anti-differentiation
Definition Example
Anti-differentiation: The process of If f ΄(x) = 2x, then f (x) = x2
determining f (x) given f ΄(x)
EXAMPLE
Find all antiderivatives of the function f (x) = 9x8
SOLUTION
The derivative of x9 is exactly 9x8. Therefore, x9 is an antiderivative of 9x8.
So is x9 + 5 and x9  17.2. It turns out that all antiderivatives of f (x) are of
the form x9 + C (where C is any constant) as we will see next.

Goldstein/SCHNIEDER/LAY, CALCULUS AND ITS APPLICATIONS, 11e – Slide #5
Anti-differentiation and The Indefinite Integrals

Rules of Integration

Finding Anti-derivatives
EXAMPLE
Determine the following

 1

   dx
2
x 2 x
3x 
SOLUTION
Using the rules of indefinite integrals, we have
 1
  x  2 x 2
  dx   xdx    2 x 2
dx  
1
dx
3x  3x
1 1
  xdx  2 x dx   dx
2
3 x
x2 x3 1
  2  ln x  C
2 3 3

EXAMPLE
Find the function f (x) for which f ( x)  x 2  x and f (1) = 3.
SOLUTION
The unknown function f (x) is an anti-derivative of f ( x)  x 2  x . One
x3 2 x3 2
Anti-derivative is  . Therefore, by Theorem I,
3 3
x3 2 x3 2
f ( x)    C , C a constant.
3 3
Now, we want the function f (x) for which f (1) = 3.
13 2  13 2 1 2 1
3  f (1)   C    C 1 C
3 3 3 3
So, 3 = 1 + C and therefore, C = 2. Therefore, our function is
x3 2 x3 2
f ( x)    2.
3 3
Anti-derivatives in Application
EXAMPLE
A rock is dropped from the top of a 400-foot cliff. Its velocity at time t seconds
is v(t) = −32t feet per second.
(a) Find s(t), the height of the rock above the ground at time t.
(b) How long will the rock take to reach the ground?
(c) What will be its velocity when it hits the ground?
SOLUTION
(a) We know that s΄(t) = v(t) = − 32t and we also know that s(0) = 400. We can
now use this information to find an anti-derivative of v(t) for which s(0) = 400.
The anti-derivative of v(t) is
s(t )    32tdt  16t 2  C.

400  s (0)  16  02  C  0  C  C.
Therefore, C = 400. So, our antiderivative is s(t) = − 16t2 + 400.

CONTINUED
(b) To determine how long it will take for the rock to reach the ground, we
simply need to find the value of t for which the position of the rock is at
height 0. In other words, we will find t for when s(t) = 0.
s(t) = −16t2 + 400 This is the function s(t).

0 = −16t2 + 400 Replace s(t) with 0.
−400 = −16t2 Subtract.
25 = t2 Divide.
5=t Take the positive square root
since t ≥ 0.
So, it will take 5 seconds for the rock to reach the ground.

CONTINUED
(c) To determine the velocity of the rock when it hits the ground, we will need to
evaluate v(5).
v(t) = −32t This is the function v(t).

v(5) = −32(5) = −160 Replace t with 5 and solve.
So, the velocity of the rock, as it hits the ground, is 160 feet per second in the
downward direction (because of the minus sign).

Areas Under a Graph
Definition Example
Area Under the Graph of f (x)
from a to b:
An example of this is shown to

the right
b
 f ( x) dx
a

Calculating Definite Integrals
EXAMPLE
Calculate the following integral.

1
  x  0.5dx
0
SOLUTION
The figure shows the graph of the function f (x) = x + 0.5. Since f (x) is
nonnegative for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, the definite integral of f (x) equals the area of the
shaded region in the figure below.
The region consists of a rectangle and a triangle. 1.6
By geometry, 1.4
area of rectangle   width  height   1  0.5  0.5 1.2

1
1
area of triangle   1 width  height   1 11  0.5 0.8
2 2 0.6
Thus the area under the graph is 0.5 + 0.5 = 1, 0.4 1

0.2
0.5
and hence 1
  x  0.5dx  1 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
0


Calculating Definite Integrals
EXAMPLE
Calculate the following integral

1
 x dx
1
SOLUTION
The figure shows the graph of the function f (x) = x on the interval −1 ≤ x ≤ 1.
The area of the triangle above the x-axis is 0.5 and the area of the triangle below
the x-axis is 0.5. Therefore, from geometry we find that
1.5
1
1
 x dx  0.5  0.5  0. 0.5
1 -1.5 -1 -0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

EXAMPLE
Use the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to calculate the following integral.
 
1
 3x  1  e
13 0.5 x
dx
0
SOLUTION
An antiderivative of 3x1/3 – 1 – e0.5x is

9
F x   x4 3  x  2e0.5 x
4
Therefore, by the fundamental theorem,
 
1
 3x  1  e
13 0.5 x
dx  F 1  F 0
0
9  9 
  14 3  1  2e0.51    04 3  0  2e0.50 
4  4 
  1  1  2e0.5    0  0  2e0    2.047    2  0.047
9  9 
4  4 

EXAMPLE
Some food is placed in a freezer. After t hours the temperature of the food is
dropping at the rate of r(t) degrees Fahrenheit per hour, where
r (t )  12  4 / t  32 .
(a) Compute the area under the graph of y = r(t) over the interval 0 ≤ t ≤ 2.
(b) What does the area in part (a) represent?
SOLUTION
(a) To compute the area under the graph of y = r(t) over the interval 0 ≤ t ≤ 2,
we evaluate the following.
2
12  4 / t  3 dt  12t  4 /(t  3)t 0
2 t 2
0
 12  2  4 /( 2  3)  12  0  4 /(0  3) 
116 4
  24.533
5 3
(b) Since the area under a graph can represent the amount of change in a
quantity, the area in part (a) represents the amount of change in the temperature
between hour t = 0 and hour t = 2. That change is 24.533 degrees Fahrenheit.

Area Under a Curve as an Anti-derivative

Properties of Definite Integrals

Area Between Two Curves

Finding the Area Between Two Curves
EXAMPLE
Let R be the region enclosed by the graphs of f (x) = x2 + 5x  7 and g (x) =

x2 + 5x + 1. Find the area of the region R.
SOLUTION
f ( x)  g ( x)
 x 2  5 x  7   x 2  5 x  1  2 x 2  8  x  2.
2
AR    g ( x)  f ( x)  dx
2
 
2
2
 2   16   16   64
  8  2 x 2 dx  8 x  x3   16     16    
2  3   2  3  3  3

EXAMPLE
Find the area of the region between y = x2 – 3x and the x-axis (y = 0) from x = 0
to x = 4.
SOLUTION
Upon sketching the graphs we can see that the two graphs cross; and by setting
x2 – 3x = 0, we find that they cross when x = 0 and when x = 3. Thus one
graph does not always lie above the other from x = 0 to x = 4, so that we
cannot directly apply our rule for finding the area between two curves.
However, the difficulty is easily surmounted if we break the region into two
parts, namely the area from x = 0 to x = 3 and the area from x = 3 to x = 4. For
from x = 0 to x = 3, y = 0 is on top; and from x = 3 to x = 4, y = x2 – 3x is on
top. Consequently,

CONTINUED
area from x  0 to x  3   (0)  ( x2  3x)dx
3
 
3
   x 2  3x dx
0
3
 x3 x2   27 
    3     9    0  0  4.5.
 3 2 0  2
area from x  3 to x  4   ( x2  3x)  (0)dx
4
 
4
  x 2  3x dx
3
4
x 3 2 
   3
x    64  24    9  27   1.833 .

 3 2 3  3   2 
Thus the total area is 4.5 + 1.833 = 6.333.

CONTINUED
12
10
8
y = x2 – 3x
6
y=0 0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-2
-4

EXAMPLE
Write down a definite integral or sum of definite integrals that gives the area of
the shaded portion of the figure.
SOLUTION
Since the two shaded regions are (1) disjoint and (2) have different functions on
top, we will need a separate integral for each. Therefore

CONTINUED
2 2
area from x  1 to x  2    f ( x)  (0)dx   f ( x)dx
1 1
4 4
area from x  3 to x  4   (0)  f ( x)dx    f ( x)dx
3 3
Therefore, to represent all the shaded regions, we have
2 4
 f ( x)dx    f ( x)dx.
1 3

EXAMPLE
Two rockets are fired simultaneously straight up into the air. Their velocities
(in meters per second) are v1(t) and v2(t), respectively, and v1(t) ≥ v2(t) for t ≥ 0.
Let A denote the area of the region between the graphs of y = v1(t) and y = v2(t)
for 0 ≤ t ≤ 10. What physical interpretation may be given to the value of A?
SOLUTION
Since v1(t) ≥ v2(t) for t ≥ 0, this suggests that the first rocket is always traveling
at least as fast as the second rocket. Therefore, we have
10
A   v1 (t )  v2 (t )dt
0
10 10
  v1 (t )dt   v2 (t )dt
0 0
10 10
 s1(t ) 0  s2 (t ) 0

CONTINUED
 s1(t )  s2 (t ) 0
10
But again, since v1(t) ≥ v2(t) for t ≥ 0, we know that

10
 v1 (t )  v2 (t )dt  0.
0
So this implies that

s1(t )  s2 (t )100  0.
This means that the position of the first rocket is always at least as high (up in
the air) as that of the second rocket. That is, the first rocket is always higher up
than the second rocket (or at the same height).

Average Value of a Function Over an Interval

EXAMPLE
Determine the average value of f (x) = 1 – x over the interval –1 ≤ x ≤ 1.
SOLUTION
Using (2) with a = –1 and b = 1, the average value of f (x) = 1 – x over

the interval –1 ≤ x ≤ 1 is equal to
1 1
 1  x dx.
1   1 1
x2
An antiderivative of 1 – x is x  . Therefore,
2
1
1 1 1  x  2
1  12    12  1  1 3 
 1  x dx   x    1      1         1.
2 1 2 2 2  2  2  2  2 2 
1
So, the average value of f (x) = 1 – x over the interval –1 ≤ x ≤ 1 is 1.

EXAMPLE
(During a certain 12-hour period the temperature at time t (measured in hours

1
from the start of the period) was 47  4t  t 2 degrees. What was the average
temperature during that period? 3
SOLUTION
The average temperature during the 12-hour period from t = 0 to t = 12 is
12
1 
12 1 2 1  2 t 
3
  47  4t  t dt   47t  2t  
12  0 0  3  12  9
0
1  2 12  
3
2 0 
3
  4712   212      470  20  
12  9   9 
 660  0  55 degrees.
1
12

Tutorial 7
The Trigonometric Functions
MST129 – Applied
Outline
 Radian Measure of Angles
 The Sine and the Cosine
 Differentiation and Integration of sine and
cosine
 The Tangent and Other Trigonometric
Functions
MST129 – Applied
Radians and Degrees
MST129 – Applied
Positive & Negative Angles
Definition Example
Positive Angle: An
angle measured in the
counter-clockwise
direction
Definition Example
Negative Angle: An
angle measured in the
clockwise direction
MST129 – Applied
Converting Degrees to Radians
EXAMPLE
Convert the following to radian measure:
(a) 450 (b)  210
SOLUTION
5
(a) 450  450  radians 
180 2
 7
(b)  210  210  radians  
180 6
MST129 – Applied
Determining an Angle
EXAMPLE
Give the radian measure of the angle described.
SOLUTION
The angle above consists of one full revolution (2π radians) plus one half-
revolutions (π radians). Also, the angle is clockwise and therefore negative.
That is,
t   2     3.
MST129 – Applied
Sine & Cosine in Right Angle
MST129 – Applied
Sine & Cosine in a Unit Circle
MST129 – Applied
Properties of Sine & Cosine
MST129 – Applied
Calculating Sine & Cosine
EXAMPLE
Give the values of sin t and cos t, where t is the radian measure of the angle
shown.
SOLUTION
We can immediately determine sin t.
1
sin t 
4
Since sin2t + cos2t = 1, we have
2
1
   cos t  1 Replace sin2t with (1/4)2.
2
4
15
cos 2 t 
16
15 Take the square root of both
cos t 
4 sides.
MST129 – Applied
Using Sine & Cosine
EXAMPLE
If t = 0.4 and a = 10, find c.
SOLUTION
Since cos(0.4) = 10/c, we get

10
cos(0.4) 
c
ccos( 0.4)  10
10
c  10.9.
cos(0.4)
MST129 – Applied
Determining an Angle t
EXAMPLE
Find t such that –π/2 ≤ t ≤ π/2 and t satisfies the stated condition
sin t   sin(3 / 8)
SOLUTION
One of our properties of sine is sin(–t) = –sin(t). And since –sin(3π/8) =

sin(–3π/8) and –π/2 ≤ –3π/8 ≤ π/2, we have t = –3π/8.
MST129 – Applied
The Graphs of Sine & Cosine
MST129 – Applied
Derivatives of Sine & Cosine
MST129 – Applied
Differentiating Sine & Cosine
EXAMPLE
Differentiate the following:

a  ecos x b  3 sin πt
SOLUTION

d cos x
dx

a  e  e  cos x   ecos x  sin x 
cos x d
dx
b  d 3
dt
 dt

sin πt  sin t   sin t   sin t 
d 13 1
3
2 3 d
dt
1

 sin t  2 3
 
 cos t  t 
d
3 dt
 sin t   cos t   
1 2 3
MST129 – Applied
Differentiating Cosine in Application
EXAMPLE
Suppose that a person’s blood pressure P at time t (in seconds) is given by

P = 100 + 20cos 6t.
Find the maximum value of P (called the systolic pressure) and the minimum
value of P (called the diastolic pressure) and give one or two values of t where
these maximum and minimum values of P occur.
SOLUTION
The maximum value of P and the minimum value of P will occur where the
function has relative minima and maxima. These relative extrema occur where
the value of the first derivative is zero.
P  100  20 cos 6t This is the given function.
P  20 sin 6t 6  120 sin 6t Differentiate.
120 sin 6t  0 Set P΄ equal to 0.
sin 6t  0 Divide by -120.
MST129 – Applied
Differentiating Cosine in Application
CONTINUED
Notice that sin6t = 0 when 6t = 0, π, 2π, 3π,... . That is, when t = 0, π/6, π/3,
π/2, ... . Now we can evaluate the original function at these values for t.
t 100 + 20cos6t
0 120
π/6 80
π/3 120
π/2 80
Notice that the values of the function P cycle between 120 and 80. Therefore,
the maximum value of the function is 120 and the minimum value is 80.
MST129 – Applied
Application of Differentiating & Integrating Sine
EXAMPLE
The average weekly temperature in Washington, D.C. t weeks after the
beginning of the year is
 2 
f (t )  54  23 sin  t  12 .
 52 
The graph of this function is sketched below.
(a) What is the average weekly temperature at week 18?
(b) At week 20, how fast is the temperature changing?
MST129 – Applied
SOLUTION
(a) The time interval up to week 18 corresponds to t = 0 to t = 18. The average

value of f (t) over this interval is
1 18 1 18  2 
 f (t ) dt  54  23 sin  t  12  dt
18  0 0 18 0   52 
18
1 52  2 
 54t  23   cos t  12  
18  2  52  0
1 598  3   1  598   6  
 972  cos 
 13   18 0  cos 13  
18      
1
 829.521  1  22.944  47.359.
18 18
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
Therefore, the average value of f (t) is about 47.359 degrees.
(b) To determine how fast the temperature is changing at week 20, we need to
evaluate f ΄(20).
 2 
f (t )  54  23 sin  t  12  This is the given function.
 52 
 2  2
f (t )  23 cos t  12   Differentiate.
 52  52
23  
f (t )  cos t  12  Simplify.
26  26 
23  
f (20)  cos 20  12   1.579 Evaluate f ΄(20).
26  26 
Therefore, the temperature is changing at a rate of 1.579 degrees per week.
MST129 – Applied
Other Trigonometric Identities
MST129 – Applied
Applications of Tangent
EXAMPLE
Find the width of a river at points A and B if the angle BAC is 90°, the angle
ACB is 40°, and the distance from A to C is 75 feet.
r
SOLUTION
Let r denote the width of the river. Then equation (3) implies that
r
tan 40 
75
75 tan 40  r.
We convert 40° into radians. We find that 40° = (π/180)40 radians ≈ 0.7
radians, and tan(0.7) ≈ 0.84229. Hence
75 tan 40  r  750.84229  63.17 meters.
MST129 – Applied
Tangent
MST129 – Applied
Differentiating Tangent
EXAMPLE
Differentiate.
y  2 tan x 2  4
SOLUTION
We find that
d
dx dx dx

 y   dy  d 2 tan x 2  4 
 2 sec 2 x  4  dxd  x  4 
2 2
 2 sec  x  4  x  4  x 
1 d 1 2
2 2 2 2
4
2 dx
 2 sec  x  4  x  4  2 x
2 2 1 2 1 2
2 x sec  x  4 
2 2
 .
x2  4
MST129 – Applied
EXAMPLE
Determine the following

 1
  sin 2 x  1  2e 2 x 1
 dx
 3x 
SOLUTION
Using the rules of indefinite integrals, we have




sin 2 x  1  2e 2 x 1

1

3x 
dx   sin 2 x  1dx   2e 2 x 1
dx  1
 dx
3x

1 1
  sin 2 x  1dx  2 e2 x 1dx   dx
3 x
1 1
  cos2 x  1  e2 x 1  ln x  C
2 3
MST129 – Applied
Education Inc. Goldstein/Schneider/Lay/Asmar,
Goldstein/SCHNIEDER/LAY, CALCULUS AND –ITS
CALCULUS 11e
AND ITS APPLICATIONS, APPLICATIONS,
Slide #10 12e– Slide 26 of 39
Tutorial 8
Techniques of Integration
MST129 – Applied
Outline
 Integration by Substitution
 Integration by Parts
 Evaluation of Definite Integrals
MST129 – Applied
Differentiation & Integration Formulas
MST129 – Applied
Integration by Substitution
If 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥), then
‫𝑔 )𝑥(𝑔 𝑓 ׬‬′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫𝑢𝑑 𝑢 𝑓 ׬‬.
MST129 – Applied
Using Integration by Substitution
EXAMPLE
Determine the integral by making an appropriate substitution.
 x  2 x  3 x  1 dx
2 6
SOLUTION
Let u = x2 + 2x + 3, so that du 
d 2
dx
 
x  2 x  3 dx  2 x  2 dx . That is,
du  2x  1dx. Therefore, du  x  1dx. And so we have

1
2
 x  x  1dx   u
6 1
2
 2x  3 6
du Rewrite in terms of u.
2
1 6

2  u du Bring the factor 1/2 outside.
1 u7
  C Integrate.
2 7
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED

x 2
 2x 1 
7
C Replace u with x2 + 2x + 3.
14
MST129 – Applied
EXAMPLE

5
1 
  x  dx
2
x   2
SOLUTION
  d 1
Let u = 1/x + 2, so that du    2 dx   x 2 dx. Therefore,  du  x 2 dx.
dx  x 
And so we have
5 5
2  1  1  2
 x 
x   2  dx    x   x dx
  2 Rearrange factors.
   u 5 du Rewrite in terms of u.
u6
  C Integrate.
6

1 / x  2
6
C Rewrite u as 1/x + 2.
6
MST129 – Applied
EXAMPLE
 sin 2 x e
cos 2 x
dx
SOLUTION
Let u = cos2x, so that du  cos 2 x dx  2 sin 2 xdx . Therefore,  du  sin 2 xdx.
d 1
dx 2
And so we have
 sin 2 x e cos 2 x
dx   e cos 2 x
 sin 2 x dx Rearrange factors.
  eu du Rewrite in terms of u.
 eu  C Integrate.
 e cos 2 x  C Rewrite u as cos2x.
MST129 – Applied
Integration by Parts
G(x) is an antiderivative of g(x).
MST129 – Applied
Using Integration by Parts
EXAMPLE
Evaluate.
 x2 x  3 dx
3
SOLUTION
Our calculations can be set up as follows:
f x   x g x   2 x  3
3
Differentiate Integrate
f x   1 Gx   2 x  34 .
1
8
Then
 x2 x  3 dx  x  2 x  34   1 1 2 x  34 dx
3 1
8 8
x2 x  3   2 x  3 dx
1 1

4 4
8 8
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
x2 x  3   2 x  3  C
1 1 1

4 5
8 8 10
x2 x  3  2 x  3  C.
1 1

4 5
8 80
MST129 – Applied
EXAMPLE
Evaluate.
 e dx
2 x
x
SOLUTION
f x   x 2 g x   e x
f x  2x Gx   e x .
Then
     
2 x 2 x x
x e dx x e 2 x e dx.
Notice that the resultant integral cannot yet be solved using conventional
methods. Therefore, we will attempt to use integration by parts again.
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
f x   2 x g x   e x
f x  2 Gx   e x .
Then
      dx

x x x
2 x e dx 2 x e 2 e
 2 x  e x  2e x  C.
Therefore, we have
 x 2 x
e dx  x 2
 e x
  2 x  e x
dx  x 2 x
e  
2 xe x
 2e x
C 
 x 2 e x  2 xex  2e x  C.
MST129 – Applied
EXAMPLE
Evaluate.
 x sin 8 x dx
SOLUTION
f x   x g x  sin 8x
f x   1 G x    cos 8 x.
1
8
Then
 1   1 
 x sin 8 x dx  x  


8
cos 8 x  
 
  
8
cos 8 x  1 dx

1 1
  x cos 8 x   cos 8 x dx
8 8
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
1 1 1
  x cos 8 x   sin 8 x  C
8 8 8
1 1
  x cos 8 x  sin 8 x  C.
8 64
MST129 – Applied
where F΄(x) = f (x).
MST129 – Applied
Evaluating Definite Integrals
EXAMPLE
Evaluate. 1 1
0 1  2 x 4 dx
SOLUTION
First let u = 1 + 2x and therefore du = 2dx. So, we have
1 1 1
 1  2 x 4
dx   4
u 2
 du
1 4

2  u du
u 3
 C
6

1  2x
3
 C.
6
MST129 – Applied
Evaluating Definite Integrals
CONTINUED
Consequently,
1 1 1  2 x 3 1
0 1  2 x 4 dx 
6 0

1  2 1
3

1  2  0
3
6 6
1 1
 
 6  33  6 13
1 1 26 13
    .
 162  6 162 81
MST129 – Applied
Change of Limits Rule
MST129 – Applied
Using the Change of Limits Rule
EXAMPLE
Evaluate using the Change of Limits Rule.

1 1
0 1  2 x 4 dx
SOLUTION
First let u = 1 + 2x and therefore du = 2dx. When x = 0 we have u = 1 + 2(0) = 1.
And when x = 1, u = 1 + 2(1) = 3. Thus
1 1 3 1 1
0 1  2 x 4 1 u 4 2 du
dx  
1 3 4

2 1
u du
3
1 u 3 1 1 26 13
      .
2  3 1  6  33  6 13 162 81
MST129 – Applied
Finding the Area Under a Curve
EXAMPLE
Find the area of the shaded region.
SOLUTION
To find the area of the shaded region, we will integrate the given function. But
we must know what our limits of integration will be. Therefore, we must
determine the three x-intercepts of the function.
y  x 9  x2 This is the given function.
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
0  x 9  x2 Replace y with 0 to find the
x-intercepts.
x0 9  x2  0 Set each factor equal to 0.
x0 9  x2  0 Solve for x.

x  3
Therefore, the left-most region (above the x-axis) starts at x = -3 and ends at
x = 0. The right-most region (below the x-axis) starts at x = 0 and ends at x = 3.
So, to find the area in the shaded regions, we will use the following.
0 3
3
 x 9  x 2 dx  0
 x 9  x 2 dx .
Now let’s find an antiderivative for both integrals. We will use u = 9 – x2 and
du = -2xdx.
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
1
   dx  
2
x 9 x u du
2
1 12
2
 u du
1 2 32 1
  u  C  u3 2  C
2 3 3

1
3
9  x2 32
C
Now we solve for the area.

0 3
0
3 x 9  x 2
dx  0 
3
x 9  x 2
dx 
1
3

9  x2 32 1

 9  x2
3

32
3 0

1
3
 32 1
3

9  0 2   9   3
2
32

1
3
9  32   9  0 2 
32 1
3
32
MST129 – Applied
CONTINUED
 9  9  93 2  1 9  93 2  1 93 2

1 32 1
3 3 3 3
 9  0  0  9

1 32 1 32 1 32 1 32
3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1
  27   0   0   27
3 3 3 3
 90  09
 9  9  18
MST129 – Applied
Integration by Parts & Definite Integrals
EXAMPLE
Evaluate.
e
 ln x dx
1
SOLUTION
To solve this integral, we will need integration by parts. Our calculations can
be set up as follows:
f x  ln x g x   1
f  x   Gx  x.
1
x
Then
1
 ln x dx  x ln x   x  x
dx
MST129 – Applied
Integration by Parts & Definite Integrals
CONTINUED
 x ln x   1dx
 x ln x  x  C.
Therefore, we have
ln x dx  x ln x  x  1
e

e
1
 e ln e  e  1 ln 1 1
 e 1  e  1 0 1
0
MST129 – Applied

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Arab Open University

Faculty of Computer Studies

M/MT129 – Applied Calculus

The Number Line

f ( x)  x 2  4 x  3 This is the given function.

f (2)  (2) 2  4(2)  3  1 Replace each x with – 2.

f (a  2)  a 2  4a  4  4a  8  3 Remove parentheses and distribute.

f (a  2)  a 2  1 Combine like terms.

Although the red line intersects the

Find the points of intersection of the pair of curves.

OR, a = 1, b = −11, and c =18.

x Use the quadratic formula.

Solve the cubic equation 6 x  2 x 3  0.

6 x  2 x3 This is the given polynomial.

Now I can use the factorization pattern: a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b).

Use the laws of exponents to simplify the algebraic expression

Consider a rectangular corral with two partitions, as shown below. Assign

M/MT129 – Applied Calculus

increases by 5 dollars. The y-intercept is 60 60

First, we write the equation in slope-intercept form.

y  2  1 x  1 (x1, y1) = (1, 2) and m = 1.

y  x 1 Add 2 to both sides of the equation.

Estimate the slope of the curve at the designated point P.

These examples can be summarized by the following rule:

f (x) 7 x3 x 2 a 3×106 1/x

Find the slope of the curve y = x5 at x = − 2.

f ( x)  x5 This is the given function.

f (2)  5 24 Replace x with − 2.

Therefore, the slope of the original function at x = − 2 is 80 (or 80/1).

y  0.16  0.8x   0.4

Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of f (x) = 3x at x = 4.

f ( x)  3 x This is the given function.

Apply the three-step method to compute the derivative of the following

 2 x  h Cancel and simplify.

STEP 2: As h approaches zero, the expression − 2x – h approaches − 2x, and hence

STEP 3: Since the difference quotient approaches the derivative of f (x) = − x2 + 2

f x  h  f x  xh  x xh  x xh  x

f ( x)  1x  12 x  1  3x  12

3x 2  12 Tangent line is horizontal when the

3x 2  12  0  x 2  4  x  2 Solve the equation.

f ( P)  3P  15 This is the given function.

f ( P)  153P  14 This is the first derivative.

The rate of change of f (x) at x = 1 is equal to f  (1). We have

That is, the rate of change is 6 units per unit change in x.

v(t )  s(t )  160  32t Differentiate to get the velocity

(b) To determine the velocity after 2 seconds we evaluate v(2).

M/MT129 – Applied Calculus

Applications of the Derivative

Concave Up Concave Down

Sketch the graph of a function that has the properties described.

Critical numbers: x = –1, 2

Interval (∞, 1) (1, 2) (2, ∞)

The local maximum is f (–1) = 12 and the

f (3)   33  6 32  9 3  0

Sketch the graph of f (x) = x3  x + 2.

We set f ( x)  0 and solve for x.

The final sketch of the graph is given below.

Sketch the graph of f (x) = x3  6x2 + 12x  5.

We set f ( x)  0 and solve for x.

f (2)  23  622  122  5  3

So, the only inflection point is at (2, 3).

Find two positive numbers x and y that maximize Q = x2y if x + y = 6.

The maximum value of Q occurs at x = 4 and y = 2.