Metals -Are shiny, good conductors of heat and
electricity. -All metals are solids at room temp
except for mercury, which is a liquid.
Nonmetals -Do not have a shiny appearance, &
they are generally poor conductors of heat &
electricity. -Nonmetals like sulfur and carbon are
solids at room temperature; bromine is liquid; &
nitrogen&oxygen & nine other elements are gases.
Metalloids -Have properties intermediate bet
metals and nonmetals. -Only seven elements are
categorized as metalloids: Boron, Silicon, Arsenic,
Antimony, Germanium, Tellurium, and Astatine.
Trace Elements
Building-Block Elements -compose almost 96% of
the mass of the human body. Muscle tissues
contain all four human building-block elements.
(Oxygen, Hydrogen , Carbon , Nitrogen)
Major Minerals (Macronutrients)
-Each major mineral is present in 0.1-2% by mass.
At least 100 mg of each mineral is needed in the
daily diet. (Potassium, Sodium, Chlorine,
Magnesium, Sulfur, Calcium and Phosphorous.)
Trace Elements (Micronutrients)
-Each trace element is present in less than 0.1% by
mass. A small quantity (15 mg or less) of each
element is needed in the daily diet. (Arsenic,
Boron, Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Fluorine,
Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel,
Selenium, Silicon, Zinc.)
Alkali Metals (H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr)
COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALS
▪NaOH, Ca (OH)2, Al(OH)3 ▪Acid + Base → Salt +
H2O ▪All halogens react vigorously with alkali
metals ▪If combined with NH3 → blue solution
Fr -remains unreactive -konti agents found
-artificial isotope, 223Fr longest half life
H -Messerschmitt process -most abundant
element in universe -stored in red cylinders -Not
an alkali metal but has 1 valence electron like the
rest of group IA -Aka “inflammable air” -Forms
cations: H+ and H3O+; forms anion: H- -Lightest
element
O -most abundant element in earth
Li -most soluble, decreses with increasing size -Aka
“Earth”, “Soil”, “Stone” -Lightest metal -Flame
color: Red -Pharmacologic action •diuretic,
depressant -Non-pharmacologic action: •Heat
exchanger in air-conditioning systems
Na –“Natrium” -Most abundant EC cation -Most
abundant of group IA metals -Flame color: Yellow
Action:•Maintenance of osmotic pressure
-Isotonic vs Hypotonic vs Hypertonic
•Maintenance of fluid balance -Electrolytes –
[1]for normal metabolism, [2]movement of fluids,
[3]regulation of normal cellular activities -Na, Cl, K,
Ca, PO4, Mg (most common electrolytes in the
body) • Involved in normal CNS functioning -Na-K
pump •Aids in digestion -Provide fluid for
digestion
K -"Kalium" -Isolated from potash by Sir
Humphrey Davy -Flame color: Violet (nonluminous
flame) -Predominant IC cation -Action: Diuretic
effect, Muscle contraction -Deficiency:
Hypokalemia-muscle cramps, muscle weakness
Cs -1st element discovered by the use of
spectroscope -Flame color: blue -No
pharmaceutical use; used in the industry -Catalyst
in the polymerization of resin-forming materials
-Used in making optical glasses
Rb -Found in ashes of some plants (ie. tobacco and
coffee) -4 oxides: Rb2O, Rb2O2, Rb2O3, Rb2O4
Ammonium (NH4) -Resemble many properties of
Na and Rb salts: Diuretic, Buffer, Expectoran,
Anticariogenic
Group 1B: Coinage Metals
-Exist in a polyvalent state -One electron in the
valence shell followed by 18 electrons in the next
shell -Form covalent bonds especially with halides
-Occur in the free metallic state, thus are relatively
easy to recover from their ores and are very
malleable
Cuprum -The only reddish colored metal -3rd most
malleable and 3rd best conductor of electricity -
The only metal used in water purification -Alloys:
Bronze (Cu + Sn), Brass (Cu + Zn) -Toxicity
•Wilson’s Disease -Usually from contaminated
water -Increased copper level in the brain, liver,
kidneys, and cornea -S/Sx: hepatic serosis,
jaundice, bloating, brain damage, demyelination,
and kidney defects -Antidote: trientine (Syprine)
Argentum, Shining Bright -2nd most malleable
metal -2nd best conductor of electricity -Salts are
highly ionized and slightly ionized or insoluble
-Oligodynamic action -Previously given for morning
sickness but it was found out to cross the placenta
(unsafe) -2 Forms of Silver: Sterling Silver,
American Silver -Toxicity: Argyria
-Antidote: 5% hydroquinone treatment
Argentum, Shining Dawn -King of all metals -Most
malleable -Most ductile -Best conductor of
electricity -Soluble only in: Aqua regia
(Components: 3 parts concentrated hydrochloric
acid and one part concentrated nitric acid) Selenic
acid, Purple of Cassius