Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
Atoms and Atomic Structure
• Dalton’s Atomic Theory - 1808
1. -Elements are composed of small, nondivisible
particles called atoms
2. -Atoms of an element have identical properties
and differ from those of other elements
3. -Atoms cannot be created, destroyed, or
transformed into other atoms
4. -Compounds are formed when atoms of different
elements combine in whole-number ratios
5. -Atom ratios are constant in a given compound
6. -Chemical reactions rearrange and recombine 2
atoms but do not destroy them
Structure of the Atom
1. -atom is mostly empty space
2. -consists of a very small, dense center called the
nucleus
3. -nearly all of the atom’s mass is in the nucleus
4. -the nuclear diameter is 1/10,000 to 1/100,000
times less than the atom’s radius
3
Structure of the Atom
• -Sir John Joseph Thompson and Ernest
Rutherford established a model of the
atom still in use today
• -Three fundamental particles make-up
atoms:
Particle Mass (amu) Charge
Neutron(n,n0) 1.0087 0 4
5
Elements
• substances that cannot be decomposed
into simpler substances via chemical
reactions
9
• Groups (families)
– Vertical group of elements on the
periodic table
• -similar chemical and physical properties
10
• Metalloids
• separate metals from nonmetals
• Metals are to the left of stair
step
– -Approximately 80% of the
elements
• Nonmetals are to the right of
stair step
– -Approximately 20% of the
elements
• Elements box on the stair step
have properties between
metals and nonmetals
11
The Periodic Table
• Chemical properties of metals
15
Metals
Group IIIA: B, Al, Ga, In, Tl
• -Aluminum (Al) most abundant metal in the earth’s crust
• -Boron (B) is the only nonmetal
• -forms compounds of analogous chemical formulas
17
Group VA: N, P, As, Sb, Bi
• Nitrogen (N)
• -makes up ~75% of the earth’s atmosphere
• -used to make fertilizer (NH3)
• -found in biological systems in proteins and DNA
• Phosphorous (P)
• -has several allotropes most common are white
and red phosphorus
• -white ignites spontaneously in air and used to
make phosphoric acid
• -red phosphorus is used in striking strips of
matchbooks
• -form similar types of chemical compounds 18
• Group VIA: nonmetals
– Chalcogens
– O, S, Se, Te
-Oxygen (O) is the power source of life on earth by
combining with other substances, and has allotropes
-Sulfur (S) (and even Selenium, Se) is fowl smelling, and S
appears as allotropes
-these elements are considered poisonous, but essential for
human diets
-Some variations is chemistries, but form analogous
formulas
19
• Group VIIA nonmetals
– halogens
– F, Cl, Br, I
-All exist in the form of diatomic molecules
-At room temperature, Fluorine (F) and Chlorine (Cl) are
gases where Bromine (Br) is a liquid and Iodine (I) is a
solid
-Some of the most reactive of all elements they react
with metals and nonmetals to form compounds
20
• Group VIIIA nonmetals
– noble, inert or rare gases
– He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
-least reactive elements and for a long time considered
unreactive
-all are gases and none are abundant on earth
-He is the second most abundant element in the universe
21
Transition Metals
• Most are found as compounds in nature
– -Ag, Au, Pt are less reactive and can be
found as pure substances
– -These elements are commercially useful
as building materials, in paints, catalytic
converters, coins, batteries, and fireworks
– -Play important roles in biological
processes
– -Bottom two rows of the periodic table are
used in television picture tubes, atomic
fuel, smoke detectors 22
23
Atomic Number (Z)
24
12 ?
200
79 ?
15
7 ?
27
Isotopes
• Atoms of the same element but with different numbers of
neutrons (or same atomic number, but different mass
numbers)
1 H
or deuterium (D) is the second most abundant hydrogen isotope
• -one proton and one neutron
2 or tritium (T) is a radioactive hydrogen isotope
1 H • -one proton and two neutrons
3
1 H 28
Atomic Weights
• How do we know what the
values of these atomic
weights are?
29
Atomic Weight
30
Atomic Mass
• weighted average of the masses of an
elements stable isotopes as listed on
the periodic table
– For example: hydrogen (H) = 1.008 amu
– calcium (Ca) = 40.078 amu
31
Molecules
smallest unit of a pure substance that can be
divided and still retain the composition and
chemical properties of the substance
Examples of molecules:
– H2
– O2
– S8
– H2O
– CH4
– C2H6O
Molecular formulas: describe the composition of 32
substances, but provide no structural information
Classes of Substances:
monatomic elements
He, Au, Na
diatomic elements (binary molecules)
O2, H2, Cl2, F2, I2, N2,Br2
complex elements
O3, S4, P8
Compounds (molecules)
H2O, C12H22O11
33
Molecular (Chemical) Formulas
Compound Contains
HCl
H2O
NH3
C3H8
34
Chemical bonds
Attractive forces that hold atoms together in compounds
Chemical bond types:
1. Ionic bonding: resulting from electrostatic attractions between ions
-formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to
another
-attraction of cations for anions typically form solids
-most often formed by interactions between metals and nonmetals
2. Covalent bonding: results from sharing one or more electron pairs
between two atoms
- typically formed by interactions between nonmetals and nonmetals
35
Ionic Compounds
An ion is an atom or a group of atoms
possessing a net electrical charge
F
= k
q q
2
d
where
F force of attraction between ions
q magnitude of charge on ions
d distance between center of ions 37
Ionic Compounds
Cations:
Na+, Ca2+, Al3+ (monoatomic cations)
NH4+ (polyatomic cation)
Anions:
F-, O2-, N3- (monoatomic anions)
SO42-, PO43-, HCO3- (polyatomic anions)
Transition metals forming cations
No pattern exists for determining the charge
Many metals form several different ions (charge
states)
45
Naming Ionic Compounds
There are polyatomic ions that form binary ionic
compounds
1. OH- hydroxide
2. CN- cyanide
3. NH4+ ammonium
51
Name or Write the formula:
Formula Name
1. iron(II) bromide
2. iron(III) hydroxide
3. copper(II) oxide
4. lead(IV) cyanide
52
Commonly Found Ionic Compounds
53
Covalent Compounds
54
Naming Molecular (Covalent)
Compounds
molecular formulas for these compounds are
generally written with increasing group number
Exception: hydrogen
– write the word hydrogen
– then the following nonmetal: use the nonmetal stem with
55
the “-ide” ending
Naming Nonmetals
Element Stem
Boron (B) bor
Carbon (C) carb
Silicon (Si) silic
Nitrogen (N) nitr
Fluorine (F) fluor
Chlorine (Cl) chlor
56
Naming Nonmetals
Element Stem
Bromine (Br) brom
Iodine (I) iod
Oxygen (O) ox
Sulfur (S) sulf
Selenium (Se) selen
Phosphorus (P) phosph
Hydrogen (H) hydr
57
Naming Molecular Compounds
58
Naming Covalent Compounds
Formula Name
HF hydrogen fluoride (hydrofluoric acid)
HCl hydrogen chloride (hydrochloric acid)
HBr hydrogen bromide (hydrobromic acid)
H2S You do it!
59
Names and Formulas
60
Naming Covalent Compounds
Formula Name
CO ____________
_____ carbon dioxide
SO3
oxygen difluoride
P4O6
tetraphosphorus decoxide
61
Naming Covalent Compounds
Formula Modern Name
N2O dinitrogen monoxide
NO nitrogen monoxide
N2O3
NO2
dinitrogen tetroxide
dinitrogen pentoxide
62
63
Describing Compound Formulas
component mass
% comp = total mass x 100
64
Percent Composition
65
Percent Composition
Ans: 11.21%
66
Percent Composition
Calculate the percent composition of each
component in Fe2(SO4)3 to 3 sig. fig.
On your own
27.9% Fe
24.1% S
48.0% O
Total = 100%
67
Empirical and Molecular Formulas
Empirical Formula:
smallest whole-number ratio of atoms present in a compound
Molecular Formula:
actual numbers of atoms of each element present in a
molecule of the compound
68
Empirical And Molecular Formulas
69
Empirical Formulas
A compound contains 24.74% K, 34.76% Mn, and
40.50% O by mass. What is its empirical
formula?
70
Empirical Formulas
A sample of a compound contains 6.541g
of Co and 2.368g of O. What is
empirical formula for this compound?
You do it!
71
Molecular Formulas
72
More Practice
What mass of ammonium phosphate,
(NH4)3PO4, would contain 15.0 g of N?
MW = 149.08626 g/mol
73
The Mole
• an amount of a substance that contains
as many elemental entities as there are
atoms in exactly 12.000g of carbon-12
isotope
75
The Mole
76
The Mole
77
The Mole
• Calculate the mass of a single Mg atom,
in grams, to 3 significant figures.
78
The Mole
• Calculate the number of atoms in one-
millionth of a gram of Mg to 3
significant figures.
79
The Mole
• How many atoms are contained in 1.67
moles of Mg?
80
The Mole
• How many moles of Mg atoms are present in
73.4 g of Mg?
83
Formula Weights, Molecular Weights,
and Moles
One Mole of: Contains
Cl2 = 70.90g 6.022 x 1023 Cl2 molecules
2(6.022 x 1023 ) Cl atoms
= 1.204 x 1024 Cl atoms
C3H8 = 44.11 g 6.022 x 1023 C3H8 molecules
3 (6.022 x 1023 ) C atoms
8 (6.022 x 1023 ) H atoms
84
Formula Weights, Molecular Weights,
and Moles
Calculate the number of C3H8 molecules in
74.6 g of propane:
85
Formula Weights, Molecular Weights,
and Moles
86