Geochemical Study & Environmental Impact on Ground Water & Soils in and

around Panvel and Taloja (Navi Mumbai) Maharashtra.

A
PROJECT SUBMITTED
FOR
MASTER DEGREE IN
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
SUBMITTED BY

Mr. Thalkar Abhinav Damaji Trupti

Roll No- 209120
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Dr. VIKAS A. THAKUR

M.Sc. Ph.D.
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY.

KARMAVEER BHAURAO PATIL AUTONOMOUS COLLEGE, VASHI, NAVI

MUMBAI.
AFFILIATED
TO
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
2020-2021

1
 Rayat Shikshan Sanstha’s
KARMAVEER BHAURAO PATIL AUTONOMOUS COLLEGE, VASHI, NAVI
MUMBAI

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. Thalkar Abhinav Damaji Trupti has carried out the
project work on
“Geochemical Study & Environmental Impact on Ground Water & Soils in and
around Panvel and Taloja (Navi Mumbai) Maharashtra “
For the Degree of Master of Science (Inorganic Chemistry) from Karmaveer
Bhaurao Patil Autonomous College Vashi (University of Mumbai) under the
guidance of Dr. Vikas A. Thakur Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil Autonomous College
Vashi in the year 2020-2021.

Date: __/__/____

Examiner Dr. Vikas A. Thakur Dr. Ramesh Mohite

University of Mumbai Guided Professor Head of Department
Chemistry

2
 INDEX

Sr. No Content Page No

1. Acknowledgement 4
2. Introduction 5
3. Geographical Location of Study 7
4. Methodology 10
5. Analytical Methods for heavy and Trace Element 11
analysis.
6. Preparation of Samples 12

7. Results and Discussion 13

8. Conclusion 18
9. References 20

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 First and foremost, praises and thanks to God, the Almighty, for his
showers of blessings throughout my research work to complete the
research completely.
 Words are inadequate to express my feeling while recording my deep
sense of gratitude and respect to my beloved research guide Dr. Vikas A.
Thakur Sir, M.Sc. Ph.D. Professor of Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil College
Vashi, for introducing me to the “Geochemical Study & Environmental
Impact on Ground Water & Soil in and around Panvel and Taloja (Navi
Mumbai) Maharashtra” and his keen interest and invaluable guidance
which in itself was an education. I also express my gratitude to him for
not only meticulously going through entire project but also enriching it
with valuable comment and suggestion.
 I am also very thankful to the Lab assistant Mr. Kailash Mhatre Sir for
providing me the required solutions, apparatus, and working space
without which it would have been difficult to frame the project.
 I am truly thankful to my friend Mr. Nikhil Kamble whose helping hand
have helped me to make my project a success.
 I am deeply grateful to my parents and brother for giving me
opportunity to complete this task which will not be possible without
their constant support, encouragement, understanding and their love
behind the limits.
 Finally I would like to thanks all the well – wishers who helped me
directly or indirectly to complete my project work.

Mr. Abhinav Damaji Thalkar

(M.Sc. Part II)
(Inorganic Chemistry)

4
 INTRODUCTION
 Geochemistry is the science that uses the tool and principle of chemistry
to explain the mechanism behind major geological system such as earth
crust and its oceans. It is not possible to developed until chemistry and
geology has been established as scientific discipline.

 These applications were first practiced during the 16th century in the
mines of Europe.

 The term geochemistry was first used by the Swiss – German chemist
Christian Friedrich Schonbein. Environmental Geochemistry is welfare to
human kind and is closely related to pollutant hydrogeology.

 Heavy metals are natural constituents of the Earth's crust.

 Human activities have drastically altered the balance and biochemical

and geochemical cycles of some heavy metals.

 Therefore, the concentration of heavy metals in soils has been an issue

of great interest in the past few years not only to ecologists, biologists
and farmers but also environmentalists.

 Water pollution is the contamination of water by foreign matter that

deteriorates the quality of the water.

 Water pollution occurs in the oceans, streams, rivers, underground

water and bay in short liquid-containing areas.

 It involves the release of toxic substances, pathogenic germs, substances

that required much oxygen to decompose, easily soluble substances,
radioactivity etc.

 Geochemical study is important for understanding the environment

because soil and water are very sensitive to changes in environment
conditions, especially to temperature, humidity, pH, and conductivity.

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 Soil and water from Taloja and Panvel, Navi Mumbai is subjected to
environmental changes owing to presence of large number of industries
in the area.

 Traces of toxic elements have also contributed to the contamination of

the environment.

 The study revealed that in addition to elemental contamination, the

industry created acidic environment around the area as the water
samples showed slightly acidic to basic.

 Soil Samples were analysed by FTIR spectroscopy and Water samples by

Atomic absorption spectroscopy.

 To achieve an objective of study, the relevant sample of area i.e water,

soil were analysed and spectroscopy data for the same was interpreted.

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GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF STUDY AREA

7
Taloja Map

Panvel Map

8
 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF STUDY AREA

For our experimental studies we have selected area of Taloja and

Panvel located in Navi mumbai. Coordinates of Taloja is latitude 19.0630°
North and longitude 73.1209° East, while that of Panvel is latitude 18.9894°
North and longitude 73.1175° East.
Taloja is a huge Industrial area of the Maharashtra Industrial
Development Corporation (MIDC) in Navi Mumbai city where as Panvel is a city
in Navi Mumbai It is highly populated due to its closeness to Mumbai. Panvel is
also governed for development purpose by the body of Mumbai Metropolitan
Region. Panvel Municipal Corporation is the first Municipal Corporation in
Raigad.
The nearest Railway station to reach Taloja is Taloja Panchnand
and the nearest Railway station to Panvel is Panvel on Konkan Railway.
The total population of Taloja is around 20 Thousand and the total
Population of Panvel is around 2.6 Lakhs.

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 METHODOLODY

 Samples of surrounding surface water and ground water were collected

from all location in and around of Taloja and Panvel. In the month of
January 2021 and February 2021.
 Soil sample are collected from surface, 5 cm depth, 10 cm depth and 15
cm depth and from this composite sample are prepared.
 Sample were taken within a grid block are representative of the
pollution for the area surrounding point. Grab sample were collected
using manual sampling method to make composite sample. The sample
were collected from the desired sources. Sample were collected durning
the day time in the area and the grab sampling method was the most
appropriate.
 The water samples were collected from the middle of the source at mid-
depth and at surface while soil sample were collected at surface and
different depths and composite representative sample were prepared.
 Water sample were collected from river, borewell and lake of different
location. The drinking water sample were also collected from residents
of Taloja and Panvel.
 Water sample were collected in plastic bottles and in 2000 cm³
polyethylene cans or containers.
 Samples were acidified to pH between 1.5 and 2.0 with AR concentrated
Nitric acid to every sample to prevent and dissolved metals from
precipitation.
 At the time of sample collection temperature, pH and conductivity were
and recorded and brought to laboratory for its preservation.
 Burettes, pipettes and standard flasks were calibrated by the standard
procedures.

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 METHODOLOGY

Analytical Methods for heavy and Trace Element analysis.

 For water samples. The wet digestion method was applied. 250
cm³ water sample were preconcentrated by evaporation using
concentration HNO₃ on a hot plate at temperature of 50°-70° C.
 When the volume was reduced to about 10 cm³ it was treated
with 5cm³ + 5cm³ + 5cm³ concentrated aqua regia (1 part of HNO₃:
3 part of HCL).
 Treated samples were there evaporated to dryness without
undergoing charring. The sample were further evaporated to
dryness by adding 1cm³ concentrated HClO4 to remove the trace of
bound organic matter.
 Containers were always covered by the glass to condense volatile
FeCl₃.
 Samples were then extracted with 25cm³ of 2M HNO₃. An acid
blank was prepared simultaneously.

 For analysis of soil, Sample of soil were dried in evaporating dish
to remove moisture till sample attained constant weight.
 After drying, each of the bulk sample was crushed and pulverized
to - 200micron size.
 Soil sample from the different depth such as surface, 5cm deep,
10cm deep, 15cm deep were mix together.
 10 gram of soil sample from the mixture were analysed for heavy
metal by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
(Shimadzu Model) at GNRD Laboratory Guru Nanak Khalsa College
Mumbai.
 The pH, Conductivity, Hardness and Alkalinity of the water sample
collected from the different locations of Taloja and Panvel were
measured and recorded.
 The pH and conductivity of the soil sample collected from the
different location of Taloja and Panvel were measured and
recorded.

11
Preparation of Samples

12
 Results and Discussion
Table 1: Environmental Temperature, Temperature of Samples, pH,
Conductivity, Hardness and Alkalinity of the water sample collected on 28th
January 2021.
Sr. No Samples Environment Temperature pH Conductivity Hardness Alkalinity
Temperature. of Sample (ppm)
1. W1 32°C 28°C 7.9 2.77 900 200
2. W2 32°C 26°C 7.5 4.66 450 300
3. W3 32°C 28°C 7.3 0.51 210 90
4. W4 32°C 28°C 7.3 1.08 370 125
5. W5 28°C 25°C 7.6 0.14 90 25
6. W6 28°C 23°C 7.2 0.61 250 110
7. W7 28°C 25°C 7.6 0.13 50 30
W1- River water 1, W2- River water 2, W3- Lake water, W4- Tap water 1, W5- Tap water 2, W6-
Borewell water, W7- Tap water 3.

Table 2: Environmental Temperature, Temperature of Samples, pH,

Conductivity, Hardness and Alkalinity of the water sample collected on 28th
February 2021.
Sr. No Samples Environment Temperature pH Conductivity Hardness Alkalinity
Temperature. of Sample (ppm)
1. W1 36°C 28°C 7.3 6.06 2000 75
2. W2 36°C 32°C 7.7 6.50 520 330
3. W3 30°C 25°C 7.7 6.06 250 100
4. W4 32°C 30°C 7.4 1.19 420 110
5. W5 30°C 28°C 7.8 0.15 90 25
6. W6 30°C 28°C 7.5 0.63 240 125
7. W7 30°C 28°C 7.6 0.25 100 35
W1- River water 1, W2- River water 2, W3- Lake water, W4- Tap water 1, W5- Tap water 2, W6-
Borewell water, W7- Tap water 3.

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Table 3: pH and Conductivity of the Taloja Soil samples collected on 28th
January 2021.
Sr. No Deep pH Conductivity
1 Surface 6.8 0.48

2 5 cm Deep 6.9 0.46

3 10 cm Deep 7.2 0.28

4 15 cm Deep 7.6 0.21

5 Mix Soil 7.3 0.29

Table 4: pH and Conductivity of the Panvel Soil samples 1 collected on 28th

January 2021.
Sr. No Deep pH Conductivity
1 Surface 7.2 0.68
2 5 Cm Deep 7.1 0.48
3 10 cm Deep 7.5 0.42
4 15 Cm Deep 7.2 0.40
5 Mix Soil 7.3 0.65

Table 5: pH and Conductivity of the Panvel Soil samples 2 collected on 28th

January 2021.
Sr. No Deep pH Conductivity
1 Surface 7.1 0.29
2 5 cm Deep 6.7 0.30
3 10 cm Deep 6.4 0.31
4 15 cm Deep 6.3 0.29
5 Mix Soil 6.5 0.36

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Table 6: pH and Conductivity of the Taloja Soil samples collected on 28th
February 2021.
Sr. No Deep pH Conductivity
1 Surface 6.3 0.15

2 5 cm Deep 6.1 0.23

3 10 cm Deep 6.3 0.10

4 15 cm Deep 6.5 0.08

5 Mix Soil 6.5 0.08

Table 7: pH and Conductivity of the Panvel Soil samples 1 collected on 28th

February 2021.
Sr. No Deep pH Conductivity

1 Surface 5.7 0.07

2 5 cm Deep 5.5 0.11

3 10 cm Deep 5.4 0.06

4 15 cm Deep 5.3 0.06

5 Mix Soil 5.5 0.05

Table 8: pH and Conductivity of the Panvel Soil samples 2 collected on 28th

February 2021.
Sr. No Deep pH Conductivity
1 Surface 6.7 0.20

2 5 cm Deep 6.9 0.27

3 10 cm Deep 6.6 0.17

4 15 cm Deep 6.8 0.14

5 Mix Soil 6.5 0.15

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 Results and Discussion
Water Samples

 The results of Environmental temperature, Sample temperature, pH,

Conductivity, Hardness and Alkalinity of the sample collected on 28th
January from the different location of Taloja and Panvel of Navi
Mumbai are present in the Table 1.
 Water samples were collected from Rivers, Lakes, Borewells and from
Tap.
 The pH of the water sample were found neutral to slightly basic in
month of January 2021 (pH 7.0-8.0). Highest temperature observed is
28°C and Lowest temperature is 23°C
 Highest pH (7.9) is recorded in the River water 1 (W1) and lowest pH
(7.2) is recorded in the Borewell water (W6).
 All the water sample are alkaline in nature (pH 7.0-8.0).
 The maximum desirable pH is 8.5.
 Maximum conductivity observed is in River water 2 (W2) i.e 4.66 and
minimum observed in Tap water 3 (W7) i.e 0.13.
 Highest hardness is obtained in the River water 1 (W1) which is about
900 ppm and the lowest hardness obtained is 50 ppm in Tap water 3
(W7).
 Desirable hardness of water is 60ppm – 120ppm.
 The results of Environmental temperature, Sample temperature, pH,
Conductivity, Hardness and Alkalinity of the sample collected on 28th
February from the different location of Taloja and Panvel of Navi
Mumbai are present in the Table 2.
 Water samples were collected from the same place and the same spot
which were early collected in the month of January.
 Certain changes are observed within the time span of 30 days.
 pH of the water sample were slightly basic in month of February 2021
about (pH 7.0-8.0). Highest temperature observed is 32°C and lowest
temperature observed is 25°C.
 Highest pH observed in the month of February is 7.8 in the Tap water 2
(W5) and the lowest observed is 7.3 in River water 1 (W1).

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 Conductivity observed in the River water 2 (W2) is highest 6.50 and Tap
water 2 (W5) have lowest conductivity 0.15.
 Maximum hardness observed is in River Water 1 (W1) that is 2000 ppm
and Minimum hardness observed is in Tap water 2 (W5) that is 90 ppm.

Soil Samples

 The pH of the Taloja soil sample collected in the month of January

increases with depth are in the range of (6.8 to 7.6) of imparting alkaline
trend to soil.
 The electrical conductivity all soil sample decreases with depth in the
range of (0.48to 0.29).
 While the pH of the Taloja soil sample collected in the month of
February increase in the depth are in the range of (6.0 to 6.5) which is
decrease in the pH of the soil.
 There is slightly increase in the Conductivity at the depth level of 5cm
about 0.23 conductivity.

 The pH of the Panvel Soil Sample 1 collected on the month of January

has a slight increase on the depth of 10 cm that is 7.5pH and the pH is in
the range of (7.0 to 7.5).
 The electrical conductivity all soil sample decreases with depth in the
range of (0.68to 0.40).
 Where as the pH of the soil sample collected in the month of February
decreases as the depth increases in the range of (5.7 to 5.0) which is
slightly acidic.
 Sudden increase in the conductivity is observed at the depth level of 5
cm that is about 0.11 conductivity. While the range observe is (0.11 to
0.5) conductivity.

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 The pH of the Panvel Soil Sample 2 collected in the month of January
decreases as the depth level increases in the range of (7.1 to 6.3) which
is slightly neutral to acidic.
 The electrical conductivity also decreases as the depth increases in the
range of (0.36 to 0.29).
 The soil sample collected in the month of February has a slight increase
in the pH at the depth of 5 cm that is (6.9pH) and increase in the
conductivity at the same depth that is (0.27).
 The range of the pH observed is (7.0 to 6.5) and the range of
conductivity is (0.27 to 0.15).

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 Conclusion

 Due to Changing Weather pattern and degradation of environment

changes are observed in soil and water. Climate change and global
warming plays a major role in it.
 As per World Health Organisation and USEPA standard, the permissible
range for drinking water is 60 to120ppm. Hence Tap water 2 (W5) and
Tap water 3 (W7) waters are suitable for drinking purposes while River
water, Lake water and Borewell waters are not suitable for drinking
purposes.
 The pH of the extracts of solid soil samples was recorded which indicates
that the soils samples show Alkaline nature of Soil. The soil colour was
generally observed blackish-brown.

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