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CHIEF CONTENT OFFICER CREATIVE TEAM VIDEO PRODUCTION MANAGER PROJECT DIRECTORS
SCOTT BIRCH OSCAR HATHAWAY KIERAN WAITE LEWIS HAMMOND
SOPHIE-ANN PINNELL
MANAGING EDITOR HECTOR PENROSE DIGITAL VIDEO PRODUCERS MANAGING DIRECTOR
NEIL PERRY SAM HUBBARD MARTA EUGENIO LEWIS VAUGHAN
ERNEST DE NEVE
MIMI GUNN MEDIA SALES DIRECTORS
PRODUCTION DIRECTORS DREW HARDMAN
JUSTIN SMITH JASON WESTGATE
GEORGIA ALLEN TOM EASTERFORD
REBEKAH BIRLESON
DANIELA KIANICKOVÁ JINGXI WANG
JORDAN WOOD CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER
JOSEPH HANNA
PRODUCTION MANAGERS DANILO CARDOSO STACY NORMAN
JANE ARNETA CALLUM HOOD MARKETING MANAGER
CEO
MARIA GONZALEZ LAUREN TYE
CHARLIE KING CHIEF DESIGN DIRECTOR GLEN WHITE
MATTHEW JOHNSON
YEVHENIIA SUBBOTINA
 FOREWORD

Putting your money where your

mouth is on climate change

In the week of this year’s COP27 climate summit, the

United States made a bold statement. In a speech at
the event, President Joe Biden said that the country will
achieve its 2030 emissions targets. He added that his
commitment to climate change has been unwavering
and that could say will full confidence that the target
will be met.
Biden also shed light on investment and finance,
saying the United States is “putting its money where its
mouth is on climate change” thanks to a huge US$650bn
investment in climate change last year.
Whilst whether the achievability of this aim remains
to be seen, it definitely puts significant pressure on
other nations to ensure they can match it.

SCOTT BIRCH
ENERGY DIGITAL MAGAZINE scott.birch@bizclikmedia.com
IS PUBLISHED BY

© 2022 | ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

energydigital.com 5
 CONTENTS

Our Regular
Upfront Section:
10 Big Picture
12 The Brief
14 Trailblazer: Michael Wirth

16 30
Total Energies IOT
Bitumen supply & How is the energy sector
sustainable solutions embracing digtal transformation?
38 52
Smart Energy Technology
Finding energy storage What might the future of solar
alternatives for EV batteries energy technology look like?

46 60
AI and Cloud
Software aiming to shape the Top 10
future of wind power Global Wind Projects
Accreditation

S H OW YO U R
business
C A RES A B O U T
equality

E D U C A T E • M O T I V A T E • E L E V A T E
It’s about doing more
C L I C K H E RE
BIG PICTURE

Amazon’s solar farm in Shandong

China
Located about 310 miles south of Beijing, China,
in the Shandong province, Amazon’s solar farm is
one of the tech giant’s two renewable energy projects
in China. The solar farm includes 420,000 panels
across 1.5 square miles. The project brought significant
economic benefits from the US$139mn invested.
At peak development, the project created more
than 800 construction jobs.
Beyond the economic benefits, the project is
unique because it is built around a fishery, integrating
photovoltaic power generation by converting sunlight
into electricity above the water and safe marine life
production beneath the water, which results in the
simultaneous harvesting of both solar energy and the
South American white shrimp, sea cucumber, grouper,
and other aquatic organisms. The developer also built
an exhibition centre, a science education base, and
several leisure and entertainment facilities.

10 December 2022
energydigital.com 11
THE BRIEF
“I HAVE A Red Sea Wind Energy breaks
FUNDAMENTAL ground on Gulf of Suez 2 project
BELIEF THAT Red Sea Wind Energy, together with the Egyptian
THE ENERGY Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy recently
TRANSITION held a ground-breaking ceremony for a new 500MW
Build-Own-Operate wind farm near Ras Ghareb
TOGETHER WITH in Egypt. The farm will be the largest privately
DIGITALISATION developed, utility-scale wind power plant in Egypt.
ARE GOING TO BE READ MORE
SHAPED BY THE
CHOICES THAT
Japan’s TEPCO teams up with
CUSTOMERS MAKE” Scotland’s Floatation Energy
YURI SEBREGTS
CTO, One of Japan’s biggest companies is teaming up with
Shell the Scottish offshore wind developer, Floatation Energy,
 it has been announced. Tokyo Electric Power Company
READ MORE (TEPCO), Japan’s largest electricity utility and one of the
largest in the world, has said that Flotation Energy will
become part of the TEPCO Group. The move marks the
first major venture into offshore wind markets in the UK
and overseas by TEPCO, a statement added.

READ MORE

UAE: Inclusive climate action can

accelerate economic growth

READ MORE

12 December 2022
 W
 ENERGY CRISIS RAISES EXXON
MOBIL AND CHEVRONS PROFITS
TO US$31BN
Exxon Mobil and Chevron’s profits rose
to a combined value of more than I
N
US$30bn despite the current energy crisis.
Exxon’s profit was the highest in 152-year
history whilst Chevron announced its
second-best quarterly result both amid
world energy shortages. N
 BP QUARTERLY PROFITS SURGE
DESPITE ENERGY PRICE HIKE E
R
Another company to benefit is BP, which
announced in November that its third
quarter profit more than doubled on
high commodity prices. This happened
after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine with
replacement cost profit reportedly
S
soaring to US$8.2bn, according to
Business Recorder.
DEC22
 FORCED DEINDUSTRIALISATION
POSSIBLE AMID ENERGY CRISIS
Deindustrialisation may become an
occurrence in Europe as a result of the
energy crisis. Sources say that European L
industries are shutting down as a result
of the situation. They also say that even
when the crisis, passes, certain industries
O
may not return.
S
E
 HIGH ENERGY PRICES MEAN
JOB LOSSES, EXPERTS WARN
Experts have warned the high energy
prices and inflation will result in a vast
amount of company redundancies. R
S
This comes after 13 Czech companies
announced layoffs in the past three
months. Worker numbers are
decreasing in the agency and
manufacturing sectors, with
more expected in the future.

energydigital.com 13
TRAILBLAZER

LEADING ONE
OF THE HIGHEST
TOTAL CARBON
EMISSIONS
COMPANIES IN
THE INDUSTRY
Name: Michael Wirth
Job Title: Chairman of the Board and CEO
Company: Chevron

Suceeding John S. Watson , Michael Wirth
became the Chief Executive and Chairman
of the Board of one of the highest
privately-held total carbon emissions
companies in the energy sector. That
company is Chevron.
Prior to the start of his career, in 1982
Wirth obtained a bachelor’s degree in
Chemical Engineering from the University
of Colorado. Before the end of the year,
he started his first job at Chevron where
he has remained ever since.
Wirth has worked across several sectors
for the company before making his way up
to the position of CEO and Chairman of the
Board. One of Wirth's first major roles within
the company was in 2001 when he
became President of Marketing for
Chevron Asia, Africa, Africa and Middle East.
In 2017, he served as Vice Chairman of
the board, a role which included a two-
year tenure as Chevron’s executive Vice
President of Midstream and Development.
In this role, Wirth was responsible for the
company’s shipping, supply and trading,
and pipeline and power operating units,
as well as for Chevron’s strategy, business
development, and corporate affairs.
From 2006 to 2017, Wirth served as
Chevron’s Executive Vice President of
Downstream and Chemicals, which
followed on from his position as President

14 December 2022
of Global Supply and Trading which
he held from 2003 to 2006.
In addition to his roles at Chevron, Wirth
also is a member of the Board of Directors
of Catalyst as well as Chairman of the Board
of the American Petroleum Institute.
He is a member of the National Petroleum
Council, the Business Roundtable, the
World Economic Forum International
Business Council and the American
Society of Corporate Executives.
As a well-known company in the energy
sector, Chevron was originally founded in
1879 in California, United States. Active in
more than 180 countries, the company is the
second-largest descendant of Standard Oil
and was first named the Standard
Oil Company of California. Wirth’s
expertise and leadership have helped it
grow through modern times to become
a true industry leader.
Most recently, Chevron announced that
it had deployed sensor-affixed drones to
detect emisisons in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico.
According to the company, it is one of the
first in the industry to achieve the feat.
The Gulf of Mexico has some of the
lowest carbon intensity production
within Chevron's portfolio. It averages an
intensity of 6 kg carbon equivalent per
barrel of oil equivalent, a fraction of the
global average.
energydigital.com 15
TotalEnergies
on bitumen supply
& sustainable
solutions

WRITTEN BY:
HELEN
ADAMS

PRODUCED BY:
CRAIG
KILLINGBACK

16 December 2022
energydigital.com 17
 TOTAL ENERGIES

TotalEnergies’ Bitumen division

Garr Chau, Supply Chain Manager,
& Rick Ashton, Market Development
Manager, on the road to sustainable
solutions

T
otalEnergies is a multi-national
energy company, founded in
1924 in France. Previously known
as Total, in 2021 the Company
rebranded as TotalEnergies –
in line with its transformation into a broad
energy company and a world-class player
in the energy transition, including through
its own carbon neutrality commitments.
TotalEnergies has activities in more than
130 countries worldwide.
TotalEnergies is one of Europe’s largest
producers of bitumen and its affiliate,
TotalEnergies Marketing UK, has been
a market leader in UK bitumen supply
for decades, including through the
supply of pioneering bitumen products
manufactured in its Preston production
site. Bitumen is the black viscous
substance used to construct roads.
Garr Chau is the Supply Chain Manager
for TotalEnergies Marketing UK, a role he
landed through a graduate scheme.
“My role involves overseeing a team of
planners and the supply of bitumen and
additives to our supply locations, imported
via ship, rail and road, in addition to road
deliveries of bitumen products to our
customers from those supply locations.”
TotalEnergies is transforming into a
broad energy company and has committed
to the Paris Agreement and the United
Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

energydigital.com 19
 TOTAL ENERGIES

TotalEnergies’ on bitumen
supply & sustainable solutions

“The impacts of “We've set ourselves measurable short,

medium, and long-term goals - so, by the

climate change year 2030, we've committed to reducing

Scope 1 and 2 emissions at our own

are irrefutable” facilities by over 40% versus 2015 levels,”

GARR CHAU
HEAD OF SUPPLY CHAIN,
TOTALENERGIES MARKETING UK LTD.
“We have an ambition and that is to
help with the world's energy transition,
to reinvent the production and use of energy
and to reach Net Zero by 2050 together
with society,” says Chau.
TotalEnergies has set objectives to
reduce its emissions.
The first step is to reduce Scope 1 and
2 CO2 emissions from TotalEnergies’
worldwide operations.
explains Chau.
In addition to decarbonisation, the
company seeks to achieve this through
improving efficiency across all operations,
as well as achieving zero routine flaring at
refineries, cutting methane emissions leaks
in its gas operations and also by investing
significantly in carbon capture and storage
capacity as well as natural carbon sinks.
TotalEnergies has also set a 2030 target
to reduce its global Scope 3 emissions - i.e.
those from the energy products used by its
customers - to below 2015 levels.
“The way we can influence this is to work
with society - our customers, suppliers,
partners and public authorities. We have

20 December 2022
 TOTAL ENERGIES

to transform the way that we all use energy

so that we can be sustainable.” DR. GARR CHAU
“We are changing our energy mix as a TITLE: HEAD OF SUPPLY CHAIN
company, hence why we are transforming INDUSTRY: OIL & ENERGY
from being an oil & gas company into an
LOCATION: PRESTON, UK
integrated and broad energy company.
We are reducing the carbon intensity of
petroleum products sold by more than 30%, Garr Chau is currently the Head
whilst we also plan to produce and sell 30% of the Bitumen Supply Chain for

EXECUTIVE BIO
more energy products, especially through TotalEnergies Marketing UK Ltd, where
growth in electricity and liquefied natural gas he’s responsible for: primary supply via
(LNG). LNG, in particular, is a very important ship and rail import; stock management
fuel in the transition, as the lowest carbon and quality control of the 3 terminal
fossil fuel,” says Chau. locations; and ensuring the safe and
The UK has recently witnessed extreme cost efficient distribution of finished
weather events, first with the heatwaves and products to TotalEnergies’ bitumen,
then with resulting scenes of flash flooding - PMB and emulsion customers.
examples of how our climate is changing. During his 17-year career at
“The impacts of climate change TotalEnergies, Garr has (amongst
are irrefutable,” says Chau. other roles) served as: a Chemical
“The general public expects Engineer at the Lindsey Oil Refinery,
governments and large responsible for energy optimisation
companies, like TotalEnergies, of the combined heat and power
to act on this. In Europe, (CHP) unit, steam methane
around 80% of greenhouse gas reformer (SMR) unit, fired heaters
emissions come from energy and boilers; Operations Manager
production and consumption, of the long distance pipeline and
so energy producers have a vital aviation assets; JV Director of the
role to play.” HOSL terminal operation;
HSEQ Manager
responsible for safety
and mitigating the
environmental
impact of the

1955
bitumen business.
Garr earned both
Year founded
a PhD and MEng in

250+
Process Engineering
from University
Number of
employees College London
(UCL).

energydigital.com 21
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 TOTAL ENERGIES

RICK ASHTON
TITLE: M
 ARKET DEVELOPMENT
MANAGER
INDUSTRY: OIL & ENERGY
LOCATION: PRESTON, UK

I started in the sector in 1989 in

an aggregates and asphalt testing
laboratory with Hanson covering
quarrying and asphalt operations.
I studied construction materials
technology with Bath College, then
quarrying and asphalt technology
with Doncaster College. I joined
Aggregate Industries as a Technical
Manager, managing on-site asphalt
testing, laboratories, and various R&D
projects before joining TotalEnergies
as Market Development Manager
in 2011. My role involves marketing
communications, technical liaison,
market development and representing
TotalEnergies at international Sustainable solutions for customers
conferences and seminars. I’m a According to Rick Ashton, Market
member of the Chartered Institute of Development Manager at TotalEnergies
Highways and Transportation, Institute Marketing UK, offering customers a range of
of Quarrying, and a Branch Chairman sustainable solutions is essential in modern
of the Institute of Asphalt Technology. manufacturing.
Also, the Asphalt Industry Alliance One such solution is the increased
PR Committee liaising with adoption of low temperature
‘The All-Party Parliamentary bitumen that can be used in warm
Group for Better Roads’ and mix asphalt.
EXECUTIVE BIO

have assisted BSI working “The focus at the moment is

groups in the writing and lowering the temperature of asphalt,”
publication of the current Ashton explains.
UK Asphalt standards. “Conventional asphalt is mixed at
around 180°C and that takes a lot
of energy. If we can lower
the manufacturing
temperature
by chemically

24 December 2022
modifying the liquid bitumen, we can
reduce the energy demands by up to 30%.”
Representing TotalEnergies, Ashton
is also working alongside industry bodies
towards net-zero carbon goals and
contributing to CO2 reduction in the UK.
“The All-Party Parliamentary Group for
Better Roads put together a report for all
the local authorities in the country on how
to support this.
“The report claims if all asphalt
production in Great Britain for 2017 had
been switched to warm mix asphalt, it
would have saved at least 61,000 tonnes
of CO2 – the equivalent of cutting almost
300 million miles of car journeys. (Citation:
Working for better roads Warm Mix
Asphalt: reducing carbon emissions and
improving efficiencies)
“When you mix the materials 30°C lower,
it means products are cooler to install. This
allows faster roadworks as the asphalt can
cool to a point where it won’t be too soft
to traffic causing deformation. You use less
energy to heat the product, because a big
part of the energy used in asphalt production
“The focus at the
moment is lowering
the temperature
of asphalt”
RICK ASHTON
MARKET DEVELOPMENT MANAGER,
TOTALENERGIES MARKETING UK LTD.
energydigital.com 25
 TotalEnergies has
committed to reducing its
Scope 1 and 2 emissions
by over

40%
TotalEnergies is reducing
the carbon intensity of
petroleum products sold
by more than

30%
Around

80%
of greenhouse gas
emissions come from
energy production
and consumption

is to get the product to a workable state.

Our low temperature ECO2 bitumen, for
example, allows the same workability at
140°C - or 40°C cooler.”
Ashton says that this will support road
workers, too. “It's a safer environment for
them because they're not walking or driving
through steam when there's live traffic
going past just on the other side of the
traffic cones.”
The TotalEnergies team conducted trials
to measure the typical cooling times of
asphalt. For a traditional hot mixture, a layer
can typically be 100mm thick and it will take
two hours in normal ambient temperatures
before traffic can run on the asphalt. Lowering
the temperature by 40°C can halve this
cooling time.
“Our customers may only have a five-hour
slot where they can get in there and actually
do the roadworks on a local urban road,”
explains Ashton. “If they can add an hour's
surfacing into that slot or get the road open
an hour quicker, it's a 20% efficiency benefit.”

26 December 2022

“We have an ambition and that is
to help with the world's energy
transition, to reinvent the production
and use of energy”
GARR CHAU
HEAD OF SUPPLY CHAIN,
TOTALENERGIES MARKETING UK LTD.
National Highways, who manage the
motorway and trunk road networks, also
estimate that an increase in shift outputs
of 20% could be provided by using this
technology on its network, saving up to
£70mn a year. (Citation – Report, The All-
Party Parliamentary Group on Highways:
Working for better roads Warm Mix
Asphalt: reducing carbon emissions and
improving efficiencies.)
“Society needs to focus on ways to
reduce energy consumption and it’s the
case with prolonged road works and wasted
energy if using conventional hot mix asphalt.
We know our low temperature energy saving
ECO2 products stop this waste.”
Asphalt is the most recycled material
globally and, like its hot mix equivalents,
TotalEnergies ECO2 is also 100% recyclable
back into asphalts in the future, giving
further embodied CO2 reduction benefits,
helping to prevent waste and conserving
natural resources as less aggregate needs
to be quarried.
Styrelf® is one of TotalEnergies’
premium products. The name comes
from adding a cross-linked polymer into
bitumen, called styrene.
“It’s historically been used in high
profile sites like at the Monaco Grand Prix
TOTAL ENERGIES
Circuit and the Mersey Gateway Bridge.
We perform a huge amount of research
and development, both here in the UK
and in Europe, and the last 30 years have
seen continuous improvement for these
products,” explains Ashton.
A new grade in development, Styrelf®
Long Life, aims to delay the onset of
roadworks. Historically, highways engineers
have to predict how long a road will last
before potholes begin to form and a road
needs to be repaired.
“It’s oxidation that makes the surface
more brittle, and eventually it cracks. As it
cracks, water gets into the cracks, they get
bigger - then you've got a pothole, which
somebody needs to repair. To do that,
you’re going to have to cause disruption.”
TotalEnergies is working with local
authorities and those responsible for
maintaining roads on this matter. To get
things moving, Ashton is involved in a
number of industry bodies such as being
a branch Chairman of The Institute of
Asphalt Technology (IAT).
 TOTAL ENERGIES

“If we can lower the manufacturing

temperature by chemically modifying the
liquid bitumen, we can reduce the energy
demands by up to 30%”
RICK ASHTON
MARKET DEVELOPMENT MANAGER,
TOTALENERGIES MARKETING UK LTD.

28 December 2022
 Then there’s a group called the Asphalt
Industry Alliance (AIA) whose purpose is to
promote the benefits of asphalt. This is a
joint venture between the Minerals Product
Association and Eurobitume UK, the two
principal bodies that represent the suppliers
of the raw materials used to produce
asphalt, as well as asphalt producers
and laying contractors. This then feeds
into central government via the All-Party
Parliamentary Group for Better Roads.
Supply Chain Partnerships
in an Evolving World
TotalEnergies has a partnership with
transportation and supply chain company
Hoyer Gas & Petrol Logistics Limited, which
provides services to the company in the
form of planning, safe loading, road transport
and delivery of bitumen products to its
UK customers.
“TotalEnergies was Hoyer’s first client for
bitumen transportation in the UK,” says Chau.
“I'm proud to say that a lot of expertise,
experience and procedures have been
developed in collaboration between
TotalEnergies and Hoyer.”
Chau states that Hoyer understands the
vital ingredients for a successful partnership.
“It's strong and good quality
communication that can only come
through trust and mutual respect. That
communication needs to be strong on
all levels of management and day-to-day
operations. If that communication breaks
down on any one level, then things can
quickly go awry”.
The next 12 months will continue to be
interesting for the supply of bitumen into
the UK.
In the wake of the Russian invasion of
Ukraine, the government announced that the
UK would sanction crudes and petroleum
products of Russian origin from the end of
this year.
“What that means for the bitumen world
is quite significant because Russia has been
important for bitumen in Europe. So this
presents some challenges for the industry
and supply chains need to evolve and adapt.”
TotalEnergies is moving with the times
and transforming its bitumen supply chain
across the UK. In the future, it is expected
that more bitumen will need to be imported
into the UK, potentially from further afield.
“We're extending our partnership
with Navigator Terminals, a very large
independent bulk liquids storage provider.
We are expanding through a new position in
Teesside in addition to an existing facility we
have with them in London, for importation
of bitumen by sea."
The combined storage of the positions
will give TotalEnergies significantly more
storage capacity.
In a testament to TotalEnergies’ long-
term commitment to its bitumen customers,
these assets will ensure TotalEnergies’
bitumen supply into the UK is truly national
and resilient.
energydigital.com 29
HOW IS THE ENERGY
SECTOR EMBRACING DIG
TRANSFORMATION?
WRITTEN BY: SAM STEERS

With energy consumption on the rise, the industry is looking

to technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) to manage
and improve operations

he importance of digital The energy industry is no different.

transformation in business has
been emphasised for a while. The
benefits it offers, which include cost
reduction and improving productivity, have
allowed businesses in a range of industries to
enhance their operations and redirect their
strategies. In a ever-changing environment
where supply chains are being disrupted,
digital transformation has also provided
them with a lifeline to survive.
From sensors implemented into oil and
gas reservoirs to automated vehicles and
beyond, digitalisation has a noteworthy
impact on the sector both in terms of
consumption and production. In fact, with
the current energy consumption crisis and
rising prices, the sector is looking towards
solutions such as digital transformation
for help, and there are several ways in
which it can achieve this. According to

30 December 2022

GITAL
global IT consulting firm Capgemini,
firstly, digitalisation can reduce carbon
emissions through improving energy
efficiency. It can also lower carbon
emissions through optimising energy
management, coordinating supply
and demand in electricity grids and
improving operational efficiency.
What’s more, digital technologies play
a crucial role in managing carbon capture
storage or CSS, but which technologies
IOT
specifically will help the industry and
how can energy suppliers use them
to their advantage?
The Internet of Things (IoT): Enabling
grid management and rerouting power
From smart phones to computers, the
Internet of Things (IoT) is a digital world of
devices and technology, all of which can be
used in the energy industry’s favour. IoT can
enable more efficient grid management by
energydigital.com 31

“I have a fundamental
belief that the energy
transition together with
digitalisation are going
to be primarily shaped
by the choices that
customers make”
YURI SEBREGTS
CTO,
SHELL
providing real-time alerts about potential
grid damage or outages, modifying pricing
and supply based on data insights,
increasing the amount of energy saved
and installing software updates. This means
that the grids can operate more smoothly,
faster and with greater accuracy.
IoT is also effective in managing data.
The energy industry can use sensor-based
systems for automation, which provides
data. With IoT, this data can be stored on
a cloud platform where it can be managed
by suppliers who are then able to gain
a clearer picture of the energy data they
have collected. Suppliers can also use smart
IOT
solutions for end-to-end services which
equates to increased productivity of
their operations.
It is not just suppliers who are reaping
the benefits of IoT, though. “I have
a fundamental belief that the energy
transition together with digitalisation are
going to be primarily shaped by the choices
that customers make.” This is what Shell’s
Chief Technology Officer, Yuri Sebregts,
believes in a blog post he wrote on the
digital and energy transition. The impact of
digitalisation on the energy sector will also
be influenced by customers, and internet-
connected smart metres from companies
such as E-ON and Sensus mean that
customers can accurately measure their
energy consumption and calculate the cost
of their usage and, crucially, reduce waste.
energydigital.com 33
 IOT

Title of the video

The Digital Transformation of Shell

Building smart grids with

artificial intelligence
Whereas IoT can help energy
suppliers increase the efficiency of
their grid management, utilising artificial
intelligence (AI) can build smart grids.
The need for this comes from the
decentralisation of the grid and the
fact that it is becoming more difficult
to manage large numbers of
grid participants.
By constructing more smart grids
with AI, the participants can be allocated
and managed more easily and power
usage can be spread across several
grids, reducing the strain on suppliers’
current infrastructure.
Grid stability is another important
consideration, and one which AI can
also support with power trading. By
evaluating statistics such as weather
data and historical data, predictions
and forecasts will be improved which,

34 December 2022
 IOT

as a result, increases the stability

of each grid.
AI can also control, monitor, and
evaluate energy usage in buildings and
factories. It can reduce consumption
during peak hours as well as identify issues
and detect equipment failures before they
occur and alert the suppliers. This ability
further adds to the operational efficiency
and improves suppliers’ overall view of
their business.

Automating robotic processes

The potential for robotic process
automation (RPA) to influence the
revolution of the energy industry is
substantial. According to IT Consulting
firm Intone, RPA aids businesses in
managing transactions, executing
customer records management (CRM)
– a commonly repetitive business
process – and manage billing.
By onboarding robotics, energy leaders
can reduce the likelihood of human error,
thus resulting in more accurate data
collection and streamlined processing.

Using blockchain technology

in the energy industry
Blockchain is another technology that
the industry can leverage. A blockchain
is a decentralised ledger of all transactions
across a peer-to-peer network. As a system,
it allows users to record information in
a way that makes it difficult to change,
cheat, or hack it.

energydigital.com 35
 IOT

36 December 2022
 IOT

“Digital technologies can

not only aid industry
flexibility but also improve
the ways in which energy
sector operates”
Whilst its rollout in the energy sector
may seem insignificant, its usefulness to
the energy sector indicates the opposite.
According to AI Multiple, the network of
energy transactions being made is growing
which, in turn, has raised both security and
trust concerns from the businesses involved.
However, blockchain technology has the
potential to perform transparent peer-to-
peer energy trading, allowing industry leaders
a clearer view of the transactions being made.
Other advantages of utilising this
technology include being able to keep track
of the source of renewable energy and make
records of the carbon footprint of different
businesses. In addition, any excess energy
can be stored in blockchain technology with
algorithms that can connect excess energy
buyers and sellers by using smart contracts.

Digitalisation will support the

industry for an uncertain future
If the energy sector is to come out of the
crisis, the ability to adapt is key. Digital
technologies can not only aid industry
flexibility but also improve the ways in
which the energy sector operates.
Digitalisation, as we have witnessed, is
paramount for the industry to stay afloat
– whether that be in helping it to manage
power grids, provide data from smart
metres, or to help deal with transactions.
IoT, AI, Blockchain, and robotics prove
that the industry can move with the times
and that it will be prepared for the uncertain
future that lies ahead.

energydigital.com 37


SMART ENERGY

FINDING
ENERGY
STORAGE
ALTERNATIVES
FOR
EV BATTERIES

38 December 2022
 SMART ENERGY

This year’s COP27

highlighted assumptions
about energy storage in
EVs being solely based
on lithium batteries
but material shortages
suggest otherwise

WRITTEN BY: SAM STEERS

energydigital.com 39
 SMART ENERGY
A
t the latest iteration of the UN
climate change summit (COP27),
one of the main themes was
centred around the need for
energy storage to accommodate
the transition from fossil fuels to renewable
sources. More specifically, the event, which
was held from 7th to 18th November 2022
in Egypt, uncovered assumptions that
lithium-ion batteries were solely
responsible for energy storage.
It was argued, however, that due to current
lithium shortages amid rising demand, those
presumptions were unfounded and unlikely.
Besides, the International Energy Agency
predicts that the situation could worsen
with global shortages of the metal occurring
as soon as 2025. This falls in line with the
possibility that EV demand could treble
40 December 2022
within the same time frame. For example,
global EV purchases rose to 6.6mn in 2021,
a jump of 3.6mn from 2020, accounting
for 9% of the market and all the growth
of worldwide car sales, which reached
66.7mn in 2021.
According to figures from the Argonne
National Laboratory of science and
engineering research, a battery pack for
one electric vehicle would require around
8kg of lithium, an amount which, soon, may
not be possible to extract by 2030 if no
ways of recycling the metal are found. It’s
a classic case of supply struggling to meet
demand – one which has also resulted in
skyrocketing lithium prices - but there are
some alternatives to lithium which have the
potential to accommodate energy storage
and be more cost effective.
 SMART ENERGY

ZINC-ION
– a safety-orientated battery solution
Zinc-ion is one such alternative.
A disadvantage of Lithium-ion is its
tendency to combust, as seen in recent
Tesla car fires. A cell in the battery is
damaged either through the impact of
a crash or due to manufacturing defects,
which causes it to overheat and catch
fire in a process commonly known
as thermal runaway. Laptops, mobile
phones, and energy storage facilities
have also been known to catch alight.
However, the chemistry in zinc is
water-based meaning the element is non-
flammable and could therefore be argued to
be more reliable and safer. Its energy storage
capabilities are also a positive, offering a high
energy density that provides equal power,
performance and reduced footprint as the
lithium-ion. zinc can also be manufactured
in the same factories as lithium, reducing
manufacturing costs.
There are downsides to zinc, namely the
limited choices of cathode materials and
shorter life cycle, but overall, zinc-ion and
even the non-rechargeable zinc-carbon
variant, could prove a viable solution to
energy storage if the lithium supply runs out.

energydigital.com 41
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 SMART ENERGY

ALUMINIUM
– cheaper than lithium
and more readily available
The world’s most abundant metal, if there’s
one thing the energy storage industry
can be sure of, it’s that aluminium-based
batteries are unlikely to be scarce. Like
zinc-ion, aluminium is a low flammability
element with a high energy density and
therefore storage capability. Brisbane-
based firm Graphene Manufacturing
Group (GMG) claims that graphene
aluminium-ion battery cells can charge
up to 60 times faster than the lithium-
ion equivalent and can store three times
the energy of other aluminium batteries.
The company says it is planning to
bring automotive pouch cells of graphene
aluminium-ion to the EV battery market
in 2024, providing a potential solution
to lithium as a material and the future of
energy storage.
Aluminium is also cheaper than lithium.
According to the Energy Storage Report,
in 2022, prices of lithium carbonate hit
US$76,700 per tonne. By contrast, aluminium
cost US$3,000 per tonne in the same year.
But there are doubts over aluminium’s
credibility. Usage of the metal in batteries is,
at the time of writing, only in the early stages
of development, so it’s as yet unproven. In
addition, it has been reported that some
scientists believe that aluminium is an
‘unrealistic proposition’ since it corrodes
when formed as part of an aqueous (water-
based) battery.

energydigital.com 43
 SMART ENERGY

MAGNESIUM
A third option in the pursuit of energy
density is magnesium. Compared to lithium,
magnesium contains double the electrons
for each magnesium ion, according to the
Argonne National Laboratory. This means
it can store twice the amount of energy as
lithium. It also has a more robust supply
chain due to being more abundant, is
more sustainable to engineer, and the
price of the raw material is significantly
less than the highest grade of lithium-ion.
Because of magnesium’s relatively small
size as an ion, it can carry a lot of electric
charge – a disadvantage which can result in
it reacting with surrounding materials and
limiting its lifetime.
Furthermore, despite the energy
density properties, magnesium tends to
generate heat during use which could prove
detrimental to the battery’s functionality.

44 December 2022
 SMART ENERGY

“It’s time to enable new policies

on energy storage and its
roles as an energy resource,
an enabler of whole systems
reliability and an accelerator
of global energy transition”
DR. ANGELA WILKINSON
SECRETARY GENERAL AND CEO,
THE WORLD ENERGY COUNCIL This is by no means an exhaustive list.
Scientists are working to come up with
new materials as alternatives to lithium and
discover ones which would have an equal if
not greater energy storage capability. Other
materials that have been explored include
hemp to make baron carbide batteries,
seawater-based batteries, and even glass.
Whilst lithium remains the leader of battery
materials today, it seems that the increased
demand for EVs and the resulting price hikes
for the metal point to a necessity to look for a
more sustainable battery and energy storage
solution to protect the future of the EV battery.
Back in 2020, however, the World Energy
Council published its Insights Brief titled: ‘Five
Steps to Energy Storage’ in which it outlines
the actions and steps enabling progress in
the deployment of energy storage. At the
time, the Council’s Secretary General and
CEO, Dr. Angela Wilkinson, said we needed to
look past battery technologies in the race the
better storage.
“It’s time to enable new policies on energy
storage and its roles as an energy resource,
an enabler of whole systems reliability and an
accelerator of global energy transition.” The
future of energy storage, it would seem, is
beyond batteries.

energydigital.com 45
 AI and Cloud
sof tware
aim to shape
the future of
wind power

46 December 2022
 AI & CLOUD

A
Implementing AI and Cloud rtificial intelligence (AI) and Cloud
software can help optimise energy software drive energy innovation in
grids and manage renewable a number of different ways, from
automating the optimisation process of
sources, including wind power
energy grids to fully managing maintenance
schedules and power flow.
WRITTEN BY: SAM STEERS
They can also aid in disaster prevention,
predicting and identifying issues such as
faulty transmission lines, failing transformers,
and system overloads. Couple this to deep-
learning, the power of AI and the Cloud
and the role that they play in the sector is
truly transformational.
Furthermore, cloud computing alone
presents a range of opportunities to energy
suppliers. Cloud data backup, for instance,
means that energy companies can comply with
market regulations more easily whilst compiling
regulator information can be achieved using
automated analytics and reporting.
One area where their impact on the sector has
really shown promise, though, is in the regulation
of wind power. Since wind power generation
relies on the weather, having the ability to predict
its power output accurately has, in the past,
alluded industry leaders, but by leveraging
artificial intelligence to combine weather
and satellite data, other weather
prediction models and historical
analysis, it becomes
much easier to form
an estimate of
power output.

energydigital.com 47
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In the United States wind energy is
responsible for providing more than 20%
of the total electricity generation across
11 states. It provides more than 50% of the
electricity in Iowa and South Dakota and
more than 30% in Kansas, North Dakota,
and Oklahoma. Overall, in 2021, wind
energy accounted for around 9% of the total
electricity generation in the United States.
Globally, the wind energy market was
valued at US$62.1bn in 2019, according
to Allied Market Research. This figure is
estimated to reach US$127.2bn by 2027 at
a CAGR of 9.3% between 2020 and 2027.
According to the report by Allied Market
Research, Asia-Pacific accounted for the
highest revenue share in 2019. However, for
the forecast period between 2020 and 2027,
Europe is expected to hold the highest share,
owing to a rise in investments in countries
including France, Norway, and the UK.
Also affecting market value is the
presence of major players such as Siemens,
General Electric, and Enercon, all of which
will positively influence impact it as they
fight to become the market leader.
AI & CLOUD
Drivers affecting the growth of the
market include a significant surge in
demand for renewable power sources.
The rise in market value is also attributed
to an increase in the number of governments
promoting sustainable energy sources
to remove carbon emissions.
Google Cloud and Engie’s
experimental wind farm technology
Back in June 2022, Google’s cloud division
announced a partnership in which French
utility firm Engie would use its experimental
technology with the aim of boosting power
and efficiency from wind farms.
The technology is reported to also
predict the price of wind power which
can then be sold on the market, something
which will benefit both electricity grids
and consumers, whilst making wind
more competitive than fossil fuels.
energydigital.com 49
 AI AND CLOUD

This is according to Google Cloud’s Global

Energy Solutions Director, Larry Cochrane,
who added at the time of the news that
working with Engie “can accelerate Europe’s
clean energy transition, while laying the
groundwork for wind farms around the world
to benefit from improved forecasting via
Artificial Intelligence.”
The companies said that once the project
is completed it will benefit wind farms
across the globe and the AI solution will
utilise performant and scalable data systems
and machine learning to support decision
making. More recently in November 2022,
Google launched three new sustainability
management apps as part of a collaboration
with mCloud Technologies, an AI-powered
asset management firm.
The apps utilise mCloud’s AssetCare
platform and Google’s Cloud services including
Google Earth, Vision AI, and Translation AI
at a time when more countries are signing
agreements aiming to lower carbon emissions.
According to mCloud, the applications
support wind farms by using Google
Earth data in combination with mCloud’s
AI-driven image processing capabilities to
optimise the production of wind energy,
eliminate maintenance and manual work,
and automate wind turbine inspections. The
technology will also be used at oil and gas
facilities, allowing teams to detect methane Founded in 1945 in Denmark by
leaks and measure solar intensity, site Peder Hansen, wind turbine manufacturer
occupancy and weather conditions. Vestas has been using a specific type of
AI technology to produce wind power.
Vestas Wind Systems uses AI wake steering Developed with the help of Microsoft and
to generate energy from wind turbines Microsoft’s partner, minds.ai, Vestas is
It’s evident that AI and Cloud using technology known as wake steering,
computing form an integral part of wind which combines AI and high-performance
power monitoring but the technology computing to generate wind energy
– AI specifically – can also generate wind form turbines.
power, as Vestas Wind Systems, one of the The concept of wake steering works
industry’s largest companies, has achieved. when upstream turbines with a purposefully

50 December 2022

Vestas Taller Turbines
misaligned yaw operate to deflect
their wakes away from the downstream
turbines. The act of doing this then
produces a yield of power for the wind
farm and, therefore, generates energy.
According to PNAS, the process of wake
steering in certain situations is capable
of increasing energy or power production
between 7% and 13% whilst decreasing
variability by as much as 72%.
In order for wind farms and energy
suppliers alike to be prepared for the
AI & CLOUD
future, onboarding AI and Cloud
computing will be an advantage.
Whether the technology is being used
or generating wind power using wake
steering, predicting power output, or
automating manual operations such
as the inspection of wind turbines,
AI and Cloud can enhance the
industry, making operations easier to
manage, more cost-effective, and
ensure it is equipped to cope with
future demands.
energydigital.com 51
 TECHNOLOGY

52 December 2022
 TECHNOLOGY

WHAT MIGHT
THE FUTURE OF
SOL AR ENERGY
TECHNOL O GY
LOOK LIKE ?
With spending on solar energy technologies
on the rise, what could the future hold and
what investment opportunities are on offer?
WRITTEN BY: SAM STEERS

energydigital.com 53
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VALUE THROUGH
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enelgreenpower.com

T
he first solar power technology,
also known as photovoltaic (PV)
technology was developed in the
United States in 1954. Daryl Chapin, Calvin
Fuller, and Gerald Pearson from Bell Labs
developed the silicon photovoltaic cell –
the first one of its kind to convert the sun’s
energy into power for electrical equipment.
In 2018, the global solar energy market
was valued at US$52.5bn, a figure predicted
to rise to ass much as US$223.3bn by 2026,
growing at a CAGR of 20.5% from 2019.
The growth of the solar energy market is
influenced by several factors. These include
an increase in environmental pollution,
government incentives and tax rebates
to install solar panels. There are several
opportunities in which the sector could
invest in order to ensure that solar energy
is future-proof.
TECHNOLOGY
Investing in perovskite to
improve solar energy efficiency
There are, however, problems that the
industry will need to solve before it can
invest in its future. The first of these stems
from finding a more suitable material for
solar panels. Industry experts have warned
that the traditional silicon-based panels
are expensive and have a low efficiency
rating – a desirable characteristic if it’s
to be sustainable.
One answer is a material known as
perovskite, the advantages of which
include thin layers, meaning they
comprised of less material, and that
the manufacturing process to make
the material is far less energy intensive.
According to research, the efficiency
of perovskite climbed from 2% to 25%,
a much higher rating than silicon.
energydigital.com 55
 TECHNOLOGY

How do solar panels work?

However, it could be some time

before perovskite becomes commercially
available. This is because it has a very limited
operational lifetime and is less durable
than its silicon rival. Researchers at Oxford
University, though, may have found a solution:
installing perovskite on top of existing solar
panels. The experts claim that by doing so,
efficiency from solar panels has the potential
to double over the next 10 to 20 years.

Placing solar panels on water

increases performance
Another investment opportunity the
industry could exploit is placing panels
on water, whether that be a lake or on the
ocean. Sources say that these panels would
operate in the same way as panels on land
but that the water alternative has other
advantages. For example, the water cools
the panel’s temperature which, in turn
means that performance is increased by
between 5% and 10%.

56 December 2022
 TECHNOLOGY

In addition, a major drawback of installing

onshore panels is that land is expensive
to purchase. By Installing them on water,
the cost of purchasing land is eradicated.
Another positive when choosing to construct
panels on the ocean is that they form part
of the energy grid, using hydropower for
increased functionality.
The downside to this proposition comes to
light when companies consider the challenge
of mooring and anchoring the panels, the
solution to which can be more expensive
than land-based solar projects.

Maintenance and cleaning investment

One potentially overlooked area for
investment is in the maintenance and cleaning
of solar panels. Due to the angle at which solar
panels are tilted, rainwater cleans the majority
of the panel, but experts still stress the value
in ensuring maintenance is taken seriously.
They recommend completing maintenance
between two and four times a year. According
to SolarReviews, this check can be done using
a monitoring app that tracks solar energy
output. If a drop in this output occurs, then it’s
a clear sign that the panels require cleaning.
During periods of heavy snowfall, solar
panels could require more frequent
maintenance checks as the snow can not
only affect performance, but the weight of
the snow may damage the panel itself.
When completing checks, experts say
that a low energy output may indicate an
obstruction preventing the panels from
producing energy. The only difference in
solar panel maintenance is the ease of
access of ground-mounted panels
compared to roof top-mounted.

Solar panel recycling

From a sustainability viewpoint, solar panel
recycling is a wise investment. Transparency

energydigital.com 57
 TECHNOLOGY
Market Research has predicted that the
solar panel recycling market is expected
to be worth US$600mn with recycled
output as high as 894,000 tonnes.
The report showed that solar panel
recycling operations have recently expanded
in the United States after legislation relating
to solar panels had been addressed and due
to advancements in technological progress.
The main issue, according to the research,
which is driving the need to recycle, is the
growing amount of waste from panels,
which includes poisonous substances which
contaminate water supplies. Panels which
have reached the end of their lifespan can
58 December 2022
be broken down for recycling using
a variety of techniques including
mechanical, chemical, and lasers.
A key finding of the report and reason to
recycle was that researchers are currently
looking for ways to retrieve the silicon
material from abandoned solar panels.
Experts’ predictions show that silicon will
generate the highest revenue, therefore
accounting for a substantial portion of
the recycling market.
Adopting Agrivoltaics
For another investment opportunity,
businesses could turn to farms and adopt
a technology called Agrivoltaics.
Essentially, this is a combination of
solar panels and plants on farmland.
The process involves mixing farm crops
with photovoltaic panels to generate
both crops and solar energy at the
same time.
In short, photovoltaics use solar
energy to produce crops for food.
However, a reported drawback to this
technology that the panels are often
mounted to concrete pads as the
topsoil on farmland is too unstable.
This results in less food production,
and the panels themselves only have
half the capacity of power generation
per acre.
Whilst this does increase costs,
experts say that farming working in
tandem with solar power can pay
themselves off over a timespan of
about eight years.
With current investments in solar
energy growing at a significant rate, and
with it being a natural renewable energy
source based on power from the sun,
its future looks positive. The technological
opportunities it offers, such as panel
recycling and water installation, prove
to be a viable reason to invest.
energydigital.com 59
GLOBAL
WIND
PROJECTS
The worldwide projects that are making
the most of one of the planet’s most
natural energy sources: wind power

A
lthough inherently upredictable, WRITTEN BY:
wind is one of the most SAM
cost-effective energy sources STEERS
out there. Wind turbines do not produce
harmful emissions, meaning it’s also one
of the most environmentally friendly.
Other plus points of wind power
include the fact that wind turbines could
also reduce the amount of electricity
generated from fossil fuels, which results
in lower air pollution and fewer carbon
emissions. Here are our top 10 global
projects making best use out of the
power of the wind.

60 December 2022
 TOP 10

energydigital.com 61
 TOP 10

10
Jaisalmer Wind Park,

09
INDIA

Founded in 2001 as one of the

largest wind farms in the world,
the Jaisalmer wind park has
a capacity of around 1,600MW,
which caters for both public and
private use. The site has a total
of 11,000 wind turbines that can
produce enough power to take
the equivalent of 6mn cars off
the road, according to the park’s
developer, Suzlon.
Hornsea 1,
UNITED KINGDOM
Leading the way for offshore
wind projects is Hornsea 1,
a 1.2GW farm comprising of 174
wind turbines which each produce
7MW of power. Owned by Orsted
and Global Infrastructure Partners
(GIP) the farm powers around
1.000,000 houses.
Whilst the project began in
2014 with construction starting
two years later, the onshore
element of the project was
completed in 2016 with offshore
finishing construction in 2018. It’s
still relatively new project as it
wasn’t fully operational until 2020.

62 December 2022

08
08
Borssele 1 & 2,
NETHERLANDS
The Borssele offshore windfarm
which comprises of four parts, is
located off the coast of the Zeeland
province in the Netherlands.
Providing energy to 1,000,000
homes in the country, its 94
Siemens Gamesa turbines each
8MW of power, 752MW in total.
The greenlight for
development was given by
the Ministry of Economic Affairs
in 2017. Construction began in
January 2020, and the farm began
producing power just three months
later in April 2020. The farm was
fully complete by the end of
the year.
TOP 10
07
Gansu Wind Farm,
CHINA
With 7,000 turbines, and a planned
power capability of 20GW at a cost
of US$15bn, the Gansu wind farm,
also known as the Jiuquan wind
power base, is the single largest
onshore wind farm in the world.
The programme was approved
in 2009 for its development,
but delays in 2016 caused by
a lack of power availability and
a government ban meant that it
wasn’t completed until 2021. Its
turbines are located across the
Jiuquan, Inner Mongolia, Hebei,
Xinjiang, Jiangsu, and Shangdong
provinces of Gansu, and, as a feat
of engineering not much in the
wind industry comes close.
energydigital.com 63
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 TOP 10

05
Horse Hollow Wind

06
Energy Centre,
UNITED STATES

Owned and operated by NextEra

Energy Resources, Horse Hollow
Wind Energy Centre is located
in Texas, United States and has
Alta Wind Energy a capacity of 735.5MW which
powers around 180,000
Center (AWEC), households. The first four phases
UNITED STATES of construction for the farm were
commissioned in 2005 and 2006.
Covering a total area of 47,000
The Alta Wind Energy Center acres the project consists of
(AWEC), also known as the Mojave 142 GE 1.5MW turbines, 130
Wind Farm, was developed by Siemens 2.3MW turbines. During
Terra-Gen Power and is located in construction, Blattner Energy
the Californian towns of Mojave was appointed the engineering,
and Tehachapi. It spans 3,200 procurement and construction
acres of space and is the third contractor for the project.
largest wind farm in the world.
The site comprises of 600
turbines producing a planned
output of 1,548MW, which would
power more than 250,000
homes. The first five stages of
the project began in 2010 and
were completed a year later. The
remaining phases were completed
in 2013 and it has an expected life
span of more than 25 years.

energydigital.com 65
 TOP 10
04
Walney Extension
Offshore Wind Farm,
UNITED KINGDOM
Located in the Irish Sea with a total
capacity of 659MW, the Walney
Extension Offshore wind farm has
a total of 40 MHI Vestas 8MW wind
turbines and 47 Siemens Gamesa
7MW turbines. The farm is owned
in a 50-50 split between Orsted
with the second half divided
between Danish Pension Funds
PKA and PFA.
Beginning in September 2019,
the project has enough power
capacity for 600,000 homes and
covers around 145km2 of the
Irish Sea.
66 December 2022
03
Shepards Flat
Wind Farm,
UNITED STATES
As the fifth largest wind farm in
the world, Shepards Flat which
is located in Eastern Oregon, has
a power capacity of 845MW. The
farm, developed by Caithness
Energy, consists of 338 GE 2.5XL
turbines with each capable of
producing 2.5MW capacity.
The farm powers 235,000
houses with the output being
supplied to Southern California
Edison. Work on the project started
in 2009 at an estimated cost of
US$2bn. The US Department of
Energy loaned US$1.3bn to aid
the investment in October 2010.
The farm then became fully
operational in September 2012.
 TOP 10

02
South Fork Wind,
UNITED STATES

A 132MVwind farm, South Fork Wind is the first farm

to connect to New York State. Its aim is to help
the town of East Hampton meet its goal of 100%
renewable energy. It aims to do this with its 12
turbines, generating enough power for 70,000 homes.
Like the farm in Walney, the ownership of South
Fork Wind is split between the global leader in offshore
wind, Orsted and Eversource, which is a national
energy leader. Currently still in construction, South
Fork Wind is expected to be fully operational by 2023.

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Roscoe Wind Farm Overview

70 December 2022
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Roscoe Wind Farm,

UNITED STATES

The final wind project in this list

is located near Abilene in Texas,
United States. Owned by E.ON
Climate and Renewables, it spans
400km2 of land and comprises
of 627 wind turbines. Constructed
in four phases between 2007
and 2009, the project has been
operational for the past 13 years

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