*Prc

Instructor Training Course of Bridge lnspection at Bandung, lndonesia

lntroduction to
Maintenance and Management
of Existing Biridges

March 24,2018
(General incorporated foundation)
Japan Bridge Engineering Genter
Harazaki, lkuo

My Gurrent Work *Prc

- Bridge inspection/evaluation
of national highway bridges

Field work : inspection/evaluation

- Lecture in JICA program

JICA training course (Bridge lnspection) Bangladesh bridge maintenance project JICA 2
 Topics of today's lecture are !rrrrrr *fsrc
A new strategy and practice for Bridge Maintenance
has been progressrng /

Recommendations for Full-scale Maintenance of Aging Road

by The Road Gommittee of the Panel on lnfrastructure Development
SOurce: Ministry of Land, lnfrastructure, Transport and Tourism

) Research and Development for Bridge lnspection

Organized by: Gabinet Office, Government of Japan

Summary and Recommendation

Source: Ministry of Land, lnfrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Final Warning:
"Ghange the direction toward the full-scale maintenance!!"
. There is a Hidden Crisis undermining highway bridge stock
. A Wake-up Call has been Ringing !! ,,t --- - _

tt"*"norrron
. This is the last chance to take actions /

Toward a Full-scale Maintenance of Aging Roads :::::*

. Current situation surrounding our road infrastrri

MLIT's effort and its direction ahead
Actions to be taken
 -|--nrc
Bridge Closure & Traffic Regulations -Number of Bridges (L215m)
A. Bridge Glosure
, , B. Traffic ReSulatiolg Total (A+B)
.:::

tam
!it8 -1
-. te-
lolal 7 um

10m

Municipal 800

€oo

rl{t0

Prefectural Prefectural
200

0 _x6fr-e. {}

'09 '09 '10'11'12'13 '09 '09 '10'11'12'13 '0g '09 '10'11'12

http://www.mlit.go.jpiroadlsisaku/yobohozen/yobo2_1 .pdf
 "grc
Number of bridges built each year
Source: Ministry of Land, lnfrastructure, Transport and Tourism

About 35% of bridges were built

in the period between 1955 and 1975.
high economic growth period
6,000
IExpressways 35%
I State-managed highway
a 5,000
ffi Regionally-managed highway
0)
s, Prefectural road
E
L
-o
4,000
I Municipalroad

3,000
zci End of
2,000 --Wortdt/llarif-
(1e45)
1,000

n
---f-
1920 1925 1930 1935 '1940 1945 "t950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

http://www.mlit.go.jp/road/road_e/pdf/ROAD2O1 4web.pdf 7
Trunk Road in mid 1950s *Prc
" r '4a\

wJ+j
&r- ^
The state of roads in the mid 1950s was "incredibly bad"
as Watkins wrote in his report -Roads in Japan 2014-

AWake-up Gall has been Ringing !! -BEC

Accident at SASAGO TUNNEL on the Chuo Expressway

Fall of Concrete Ceiling Panels December 11,2012
35 year old metal bolts
securing the panels fell off
from the tunnel ceiling.

http ://en.wi kiped ia. org/wi ki/Sasago_Tu n nel

http ://mvr.v. m I it. go.jp/road/i r/ir-counci l/tunnel/doc. htm I
 Partition Wall & Suspension Device
{Sspensim {revilceE ate I -2m apart from each other}
Length:5,300mm
\ /idth:1 , {O0rnrn
Panel B Thickness:1@rnrn
Lengfi;5,010mm
Width:1,195mm
Thickness:9$mm
Weight't.385ton Panel A
Length:5,01Omm
Width:l,195mrn
Thickness:80mm
Weight: 1.16ton

OOpening for Air-Supply OOpening for Exhaust OFire Extinguisher OFire Detstor OSprinkler @Ughtng
OCCry Camsa @Loqdspeaks OEmergencl Telephone @EmerEency Parking OEvacuataoo Passage @ Message Signboard 4

htto://www. /recherche.htm?q=sa nnel

Jnrc
Gurrent Serious Accidents
Fractur€ of rruss Member Bridge Collapse
Kisogawa Bridge in July 2007
l-35W Bridqe in Minneapolis USA
in Auqust 2007

After CollaPse lnsuficent lnrcKness

lnsuficientThickness
of GussetPlate
https://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/HAR0803.pdf
12
 *fnrr
Heavy corrosion and break of PC steel wire
Myoko Bridge comptete d:te72
(4-span continuous PC Box Girder)

Heavy Corrosion and Break of

PC Steel Wire at lower surface of the deck
in the PC box girder
(after removal of concrete cover)
Gauses .Insufficient grouting, and
lmproper drainage system .lmproper drainage system
,,,
lnside the box girder

Jarc
Bridge Collapse Bekino Bridge in 2009 source: PWRI

lYear of Construction :1 981

lBridge Length=35m, (50m apart from the coast)
lType single spanned l-section steel girders
(3 main girders with RC deck slab)
lMaterial Weathering Steel
I Complete Closure in 2004 due to heavy corrosion

Severe Gorrssion of inside gi

 *Prc
Municipal Government lnstitutional Problems & Measures
1) Lack of engineers and technical knowledge
2) lnspection Method= 80% Distant view (lnsufficient Quality)
3) lnsufficient Budget for proper maintenance

. Subsidy of budget by National government

. Engineering Support by National government
Advice for maintenance
Technical Training Seminar
. Routine maintenance strategy
Update of bridge inventory
Early detection of significant defects
Differentiation of management for main bridges
i-:---9-o---o-p-9-rs!i-o--n--ur!!-h--e-c--a-de--m-19-s--en-C--19,--c--e-l-y--o--ls-n-te-er9---------------i,
^

Institutional Problems during lnspection

Source: Bridges in lndonesia: Present and Future
lswandi lmran, Dradjat Hoedajanto, lwan Zarkasi
lnternational forum, JSCE CENTRYANN|VERSARY Tokyo, Japan 2014

1) Lack of understanding of the inspestsr on bridge elements

(elements name, function, etc.)
2) Lack of understanding on types of damages
(types, causes, and impacts)
3) Lack of experience in using BMS'92 guidelines
4) Lack of accuracy of the inspector in finding damages
to the bridge elements
5) Method of bridge inspection does not comply with the guidelines
6) No access for inspector and bridge inspection tools to the sites
16
. Maintenance Gycle of Bridges
. Actions to betaken for aging bridges
Source: Ministry of Land, lnfrastructure, Transport and Tourism
. lmprovement in quality of inspection/evaluation
. Qualifications for experienced engineers
. Set up of << Bridge Maintenance Master Plan >>

. Rehabilitation or Replacement
. Strengthening Enforcement of Vehicle Weight Regulation
Source: Ministry of Land, lnfrastructure, Transport and Tour,"n1

Maintenance Gycle of Bridges Jrrc

QJN Defect Condition

tt=t=tt=
ldentifying Defects
't ^q>
+ -
Evaluation
Evaluation
for remedial action
\) , RemedialAction
Recordi n g/Docu me ntation Routine Maintenance
Result and findings Rehabi I itation/Stren gthen i n g
filins as bridse inventory Glosureffraffic control
11m]6;

lm"tr
-7
Decision-making tool

F lmportant to maintain the satisfactory long-term performance of

not only individual bridges but the highway network. 18
Actions to be taken -Pec
pdf
http ://www. m I i t. g o.j p/co m m o n/00 10360 82.

1) Establish a Maintenance Gycle

+ Road Administrators' Responsibility
i. Inspection
.lmplement "Close-up" visual inspection
for all bridges and tunnels
with the interval of 5 years
according to the uniform national standard "Glose-up"
visual inspection

for Periodic lnspeetion of Bridges iliirl

- Simpler Guidelinefor Periodic Inspection of Bridges 2014
to be used for municipal governments
ii. Evaluation for Remedial Action
. Evaluate conditions of bridges across the nation

by rating for remedial measures 4 categories (l -M)

Jnrc
http ://www. m lit. go.j p/com mon/00 1 036082. pdf

1) Establish a Maintenance Cycle

+ Road Administrators' Responsibility
iii. Remedial Actions
. Programmed rehabilitation/strengthening
. Glosure/Traffic control
if necessary measures cannot be implemented
due to financial or technical constraints.

iv. Data-recording and Documentation

.Disclose all assessed results from inspection, evaluation
and remedial actiens taken fsr rsad fasilities

feriOg" lnspection/Evaluation Results & Findingsl

f-UpOating Bridge lnventory (Bridge history file) )
 *Prc
2l
i. Stable Funding
.Secure stable funding for maintenance
with top priority

ii. f nstitutional Framework Support for Municipalities

. Launch "Road Maintenance Panel"
with municipalities for sharing information
.lntrodu ce efficient contract system
- area-wide lump sum ordering system,
- multi-year contract
. Provid e extensive training courses
in a maintenance skills for municipalities

jarc

Standard of

H
.Establish a proper cosf estimate standards
for i nspection/rehabi I itation
. Greate a qualification system

for experienced engineers related to inspection/maintenance

- Frsrnste deweloping rnaintenansc, teshnslogies
in a strategic manner by involving business, academia
and government entities

iv. Building of Public Gonsensus

. Make every effort to gain understanding and supports
from politicians, mass media and the general public

v. Strengthening Enforcement of Vehicle Weight Regulation

lmprovement in qualitv : Inspection *fnrc
.Conducted by trained personnel
who have sufficient knowledge
and extensive practical experience in bridge engineering

For sufficient accuracy and reliability

'Close visual observation of

- the condition of all elements and
- types and degree of defects

W That's the things you shouldn't do most of all.

.Not all elements were observed, but I am going to pretend
that I have inspected all elements !
.Strange defect has been found, but lam going to pretend
that I didntt caa it and ignarad it-

23

.Jsec
Hands-on Visual lnspection

Abrrtment*, Abrrtment,

Marking of the defect

and extent by chalk
Observations should be careful and attentive,
and every defects should be recorded.
24
lmprovement in quality: Evaluation of inspected results
. Proposal of necessary remedial action
in consideration of the estimation of the deficiency causes
based on 1) the visual examination , and
2) inspected information
lntegrated and logical engineering judgement
supported by professional knowledge and experience

Points to consider
. Primary elements or secondary elements?
. Possible causes
- design, construction, maintenance, local environment?
' Effects for the function and structural safety of the bridge
. Progressive deterioration or not?
. What will happen if it will be left with no remedial measures?
&- You shouldn't expect wishful thinking!!

Defect Evaluation for Remedial Actions ,Jnrc

Simpler Criteria
for all road infrastructure
for 1) individual element and 2) overall bridge
-f-
G6nmon
Griteria
A Very little or no damage observed.
Repair is not required. I
B Repair is required depending on the given conditions
Repair is required as early as possible.
cl preventive maintenance I
next inspection) for
Repair is required as early as possible.
c2 III
before next in for structural safe
E1 lEmergency actions for bridge structural safety
M
E2 lEmergency actions for public safety
M lTo be repaired in maintenance work II
S1 lNeed of further investigation
S2 lNeed of continuous monitoring
 *Prc
Example Tablated Summary of Evaluation Result
bridges
for a group of
I eri."ry Element
6g
,i- r"t

Bridge
r'tlu",*"ffi u****-!eoffi
fr
5fiF
m Name EE
t-

27

Qualifications for experienced engineers {.eec

Bridge inspection is like
a detective work / medical doctor's work
ln the presence of a problem,
- its severity and extent, and
+ are deduced
uI
- its probable cause based on whatever tell-tales
found on the bridge structure
Responsibilities
.ldentifying bridge components that require repairs
unsafe conditions; potential Trouble !
Develop an Eye for
. Preparing accurate inspection records and recommendations

of corrective actions

Knowledgeable in:
'structural behavior, design and typical construction practice
'changing behavior of materials with age, stress and chemical reactions
'various types of defects and deficiencies
Physically strong and good eyesight za
 *]"*6rc
Gharacteristics Ggmparison of Design and Maintenance

(Source: Reference by K. Nishikawa, JBEG)

Maintenance
Brain Body
Logical necessity Accidence
Theory Facts .,i:""

ldeal Big
Reality
Wall

I
Fiction Realism
Plan Results
lnvention Reasoning
Actual bridge structure behaves in different way
from assumed design model !!

Technical Training Program for Brige lnspection by JBEG

-Lecture in class room and field practice- three days training

Practice at existing bridge site

(Half day)
 Qualification for Bridge lnspector $nrc
'oRoad Bridge lnspector certified by JBEG"
Established in 2014 by JBEC .JK
registered as a qualification by the national government dr**,****rr

Object : to acquire sufficient skill and knowledge

.to identify defects of existing road bridges and
'to make documents of inspected results
properly and correctly Certificate

h1 f"mng Training Seminarii Z)Work Experience

for Bridge lnspection
-Lecture and Practice-
three days training
i with written test
L--,-,--,-
. Private Sectors
Bridge lnspection/Evaluation more than 1 yeari
. Road Administrators
- Administration on Maintenance Management
i

i
including Bridge lnspection more than Z yeard

Set up of ( Bridge Maintenance Master Plan >> $aec

- Purpose
To ensures safety and reliability of road network
through planned rehabilitation and reinforcement measures
by utilizing the inspected result

damage to
- Gritical vsrrrsve risk vt
collapse t: rlen
rv vYrfqleee of !ile
life
i > sgrious deficiency l- -'rarvqr
- control due to insufficient capacitv : social loss
|:---gntur-r-*r-gr!-91-t-r-tr-grg i
- Extensive rehabilitation/replacement : huge cost

-Basic Policy for daily maintenance

-Basic policy for cost reduction of rehabilitation/replacement
-lmplementation of "Bridge Maintenance Management Plan
32
 *frrc
Prog rammed rehabi I itation/stren gthen i ng
Example Table of maintenance plan
ri;$;;id;/i;;il;il;
O Rehabilitation
@ Replacement

33

Set up of << Bridge Maintenance Master Plan >>

- Purpose
To ensures safety and reliability of road network
through planned rehabilitation and reinforcement measures
by utilizing the inspected result
- Background

- Gritical damage to collapse : risk of life

|_-_En_Ler_g_e_q'_9l!__o_t_t_tg_9!9
- Gontrol due to insufficient capacity : social loss
- Extensive rehabilitation/replacement : huge cost

-Basic Policy for daily maintenance

-Basic policy for cost reduction of rehabilitation/replacement
-lmplementation of "Bridge Maintenance Management Plan
34
Etablishment of Bridge Maintenace Master Plan JBfC
Bridge lnventory (Data base)
Results and Findinqs of Periodic I on

- change to << Preventive Maintenance D

- toward life elongation of bridges ...100 years

Prioritization of Bridge Maintenance Work

Estimate of Work Volume and Time
Taking account of Reduction of Life Gycle Gost

) Gost Estimate and lmplementation Schedule

Budget balancing Considering the upper limit of annual budget

Feasibility review Conduct simulation (multiple patterns)

Develop an actual plan reflecting the organization

Mid-Long Term Bridge Maintenance Master Plan

F Timely Revision of Program by considering the latest situation
35

Chan e to << Preventive Maintenance > -BEC

Early identifying of defects and early remedial action are necessary

for expanding lifetime of bridge and reduction of life cycle cost. i

Gorrective Mai ntenance

rRehabilitation

Remedial action for developed severe damage

P reventive M a i nte n a n ce
rlnspection rRehabilitation

ffi*.ffi*
ldentifying
bridge condition Remedial action for not severe damage
Rehabilitation and Strenqtheninq JffC
Steel Bridge Goncrete Bridge Girders

Partial Repair
Steel Plate Bonding Resin lnjection by filling concrete
for fatigue crack into concrete crack

Carbon Fiber
_.,fHL
Strengthening of RG Deck Cathodic Protection
Sheets Bonding

Routine Maintenance Works

Cleaning Removal of Removal of Obstacles

Accumulated Debris
Minor Repair

Small-scale Repair Small-scale Replacement Pavement Patching

38
 Rehabilitation or Total Replacement Jnrc
Survey Result Reasons : Replacement of road bridges
Bridges 10 years until 2006

Serious Defect of superstructure

15%
Serious Defect of substructure
2%
\ Lack of load carrying capacity

. Upgrading_
J Road Alignment, I
I niver modificatio_nJ ,:'i.itai Fu nctional Deficiency

Data modified
Original Source: http://wrrvw.nilim.go.jp/lab/bcg/siryou/tnn/tnn0444pdflkso444.
39

Factors to be considered Jarc

-examining rehabilitation or total replacement-
- Extent and level of deficiency
- Functional obsolescence of bridges
- Present and anticipated traffic volume
- Rating and remaining life of bridges if rehabilitated
- Local considerations
(public participations, institutional policies, available funding sources)

- Draft plan advocated by JBEG

Requirement for Peplacement (Source:
Reference by K. Nishikawa, JBEC)

(lt cannot be cured to healthy condition, even remedial measures are taken.)

by the remedial measures.

(Maintenance cost and risks will be highly increased.)

after total replacement of the bridge.

Chloride Damage of Concrete Structure
Appeared Defect
Chloride contamination of concrete results in
Gracking and Rapid Corrosion of Reinforcement
due to flying salty water splash
l.l Seepage of
Rust Stain
:"; r
bb) a -
--*
' , ,) D-
:-r J- Development
of Cracking

Spalling
Exposed Rebar

.Detailed investigation is important for the planning of rehabilitation.

'Repaired defects due to salt damage is prone to be re-defected. 41

Jnrc
Gase Study Nou Bridge:
Total Replacement of PC Bridge

Rust of in-side girdeE---q

after removal of defected concrete
 Jsrc
Durability Enhancement for chloride damage Cross section
of concrete girders
F lncrease of concrete cover thickneds
l

Ordinary concrete structure :35 mm

concrete cover
Nou Bridge: 7o mm 70mm2B

) Rebar and PC tendon hard to rust concrete

Surface
. Epoxy resin coated rebar/PC tendon
being hard to rust
PC tendon
Epoxy resin coated rebar
Ordi nary rei nforcements Epoxy resin coating

. Stainless rebar
Stainless rebar

for the most severely damaged span

43

Strengthening enforcement of vehicle weight regulation

http://www.ktr. mlit. go.jp/ktr_contenVcontenV00064 11 97. pd

f) S4ious deterioration of bridge structures !!

The drivers are ordered/warned to reduce

the weight and size of the vehicle by splitting
the cargo.

. Recidivist offender
. Malicious case € immediately
Measurement of weights and sizes
at "instruction stations"
. The person/company to refuse on-s

F Coordination and Gooperation among Relevant Organs

. Ministry -')

(Road Bureau, Road Transport Bureau), | ' Enlightening Activities

. Agency,
National Police |. Sharing information
. Expressway Companies
. Japan TruckingAssociation ) I

44
 *Pec
Damage of Deck Slab due to lllegal Overweight Vehicle

lm pact OamagJttp://www.ktr.mlit.go.jp/ktr-contenvcontent/000641197.pdf
{
F for the deterioration + = (w)rz
W: vehicle weight
II
I
\\ F Repetitive Test Result by the national research institute

Axle Load of 29 Ton

= 4, 000 Axle Load of 10 Ton
No. of Vehicle Passage
lllegaloverweight Heavy Vehicles within the regulated axle load
Heavyvehicles (0.3%) (99'7%)

Equivalent Frequency of Vehicles

lmpact Damaqe Effe
lllega Overweight Heavy Vehicles
(e0%)

Jrrc
0therwi
Serious Bamage of Bridge Deck due to Ovenueight Truck

FIARC Bridge Seminar (n China in 2009

46
Gross-ministerial Strategic lnnovation Promotion Program
o lnfrastructure, Maintenance, Renovation and Management

4. Research and develop Robotics Technologies

iby: Public Works Research lnstitute,
i nnintstry_ of Land, Inflastyc{ure, -T1ans_p_ort and T-ourism (tvtl[_)
Adjustable girders,
Flexible guide frame,
Flight robotics,
Semi-submerged unmanned construction
- to inspect, diagnose, operate, manage, and repair
infrastructure elements efficiently and effectively;
- develop robots to perform surveys and excavation in
dangerous situations such as disaster areas./
47

Development of robotics technologies "BEC

.Access technologies for bridge inspection

. Data collection technologies such as photo interpretation

Comment at present:.
. Still various practical problems to be solved
. Further development is to be accelerated
to implement practical use (as a technical aid
or sufficient level equal to usual inspection)
Summarv and Recommendation j*erc
1) A new bridge maintenance strategy and practice has
been progressed triggered by "Recommendation
by the Road Committee reports in 2014"

2) Establish full-scale Bridge Maintenance Cycle and

Establish a Mechanism to facilitate Maintenance Gycle
- Enhancement of technical ability
- lmprovement on maintenance institutional framework
(Staff deployment, Stable funding)
- Set up of strategic bridge maintenance master plan

3) ln Maintenance Cycle of Bridges

ftl,-9_n:=inspection/evaluationl
inventory ) +7 fhe
-. ess entiat firstsfep
f_uRdating bridge
for identifying and assessing the remedial requirements
49

Recommendation $nrc
for government staff involved in bridge maintenance
Develop Technological Gapabilitigs

?fi*
ffi
Maintenance
Hard !
Challenge !!
limination of anxiety
Troubles;ome!
confidence
$
'f::"h#':"
Mission:
Proper maintenance of bridges and dependable highway system
based on the social infrastructure to enrich the people's lives
50
 ,5erc

Thank you very much

for your attention

51