WATER SUPPLY

Chapter 4

Contents:
1. What is water shortage?
2. Water shortage location
3. Solution for water shortage

1. What is water shortage?

Terms and Definitions:

1. Evaporation : Heat from the sun causes water from lakes, rivers, oceans and the

surface layers of soil to change to water vapor.

2. Transpiration : water from plants that turns into water vapor through their

leaves.

3. Condensation : Water vapor that becomes water droplets at cooler

temperature.
 4. Precipitation : the water that falls back to the earth’s surface in the forms of rain

and snow.

5. Infiltration : some of the water that falls onto the ground seeps into the soil.

6. Groundwater : water that infiltrates deep into the ground, and is contained in

the soil and the underlying rocks.

7. Surface runoff : the rest of the water that is not absorbed into the ground flows

over the earth’s surface.

Use of Water:

In general Household use

Water footprint:
● Water footprint measures the amount of water used by individuals, households,

businesses, and countries. Including water that we use from the taps.
Water shortage is…
It occurs when the level of water usage exceeds the water supply available.

2. Which location in world are facing water shortage?

Distribution of water on Earth
Ocean:
● The world’s oceans are all interconnected in a single, enormous body of water.
● The water in the oceans is replenished by precipitation and rivers that flow into
the oceans.

Groundwater:
● Groundwater is stored underground in the soil and underlying rocks. When rain
falls to the ground, some of the water infiltrates the ground until it reaches solid
rock.
● When more water infiltrates deep into the ground, groundwater storage will
increase.
Ice caps, glaciers, rivers and lakes:
● An ice cap is a thick, continuous mass of ice which covers large areas of land.
● A glacier is a body of ice that moves down a slope due to gravity.
● A river is a natural stream of fresh water flowing in a channel. The source of a
river may be a lake, spring, or melting glacier.
A lake is a body of water surrounded by land.

Why does water shortage occur?

Demand Factors:
1. Population growth
2. Affluence

● Being affluent means having wealth and being able to live more comfortably

Supply Factors:
1. Seasonal rainfall
● Irregular distribution of rainfall throughout the year in some regions will be
intensified by climate change.
● Climate change refers to the variation in the global climate or climatic pattern in
the long run.

2. Water pollution
● Pollution is the introduction of substances into the natural environment (air,
water, land) that results in unpleasant or damaging effects to the environment
 and human health
● As a result of these pollutants, water quality will drop. The water becomes
unusable for people and unsuitable for aquatic life.

How does water shortage impact people and countries?

1. DOMESTIC IMPACT
● Increased difficulty in collecting water
● Water rationing

2. ECONOMIC IMPACT
● Reduced agricultural yields
● Increased cost of industrial production

3. POLITICAL IMPACT
● Conflict over water supply

3. How can we avoid water shortage?

Reduced water consumption
1. Pricing of water
● The pricing system encourages people to reduce their water
consumption because the more water you use, the higher the tax
rate.

2. PUBLIC EDUCATION
● PUB started the Water Efficiency Labeling Scheme (WELS) in 2009 to educate
the public on water conservation through using water-efficient appliances.
WELS is a grading system which uses ticks to indicate the water efficiency level
of a product.
 ● This scheme allows consumers to make informed choices when purchasing
household products such as washing machines.

INCREASE WATER SUPPLY:

1. LOCAL CATCHMENT WATER

● Surface catchment refers to the area over which rain falls and is collected.

● Rainwater collects in rivers, streams, drains, canals and stormwater collection

ponds. The water is then channeled to reservoirs where it is stored.

2. NEWater

3. DESALINATED WATER
● Desalination refers to the process of removing dissolved salts (such as sodium chloride)
 and other minerals from water. At the desalination plant, seawater goes through a

pre-treatment process where suspended particles are removed.

CONSERVE THROUGH PROTECTING WATER RESOURCES:

1. PROTECTION OF WATER RESOURCES
 All around the world
Extra chapter

7 Wonders of the World:

Taj Mahal, India-Shah Jahan, in order to perpetuate the memory of his favourite wife,
Mumtaz Mahal, who died in 1631, had this funerary mosque built

Great Wall of China-The Great Wall of China was built as a military defensive line to
defend the invasions from some northern nomadic nations.

Colosseum of Rome, Italy-The Colosseum was built as part of an imperial effort to

revitalize Rome
Chichen Itza, Mexico- A tribe where humans are sacrificed due to water drought,
mostly young girls

Machu Picchu, Peru-Machu Picchu served as a royal estate for Inca emperors and
nobles.

Christ the Redeemer,Brazil-Christ the Redeemer provides protection for the soul.

Petra, Jordan- Unknown civiliasation

The Largest Country:

:in The World

The Longest river in the world:

The Biggest Lake In The World:

Continents:
1. Asia
2. Australia
3. America(South and North)
4. Europe
5. Africa
6. Antarctica

Asia:
Facts about Asia-

1.Asia is bounded by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the east, the

Indian Ocean to the south, the Red Sea (as well as the inland seas of the Atlantic

Ocean—the Mediterranean and the Black) to the southwest, and Europe to the west.

2.Asia’s population is unevenly distributed, mainly because of climatic factors. There is

a concentration of population in western Asia as well as great concentrations in the

Indian subcontinent and the eastern half of China. Asia, the most populous of the

continents, contains some three-fifths of the world’s people.

3.Asia is the birthplace of all the world’s major religions—Buddhism, Christianity,

Hinduism, Islam, and Judaism—and of many minor ones.

4.Asia also contains the greatest mountain mass on Earth’s surface: the Plateau of

Tibet and the bordering mountains of the Himalayas, Karakoram Range, Hindu Kush,

Pamirs, Kunlun Mountains, and Tien Shan

5.Asia produces vast quantities of fossil fuels—petroleum, natural gas, and coal—in

addition to being a significant contributor to the global production of many minerals.

6.Asia has the largest continental economy by both GDP Nominal and PPP in the

world, and is the fastest growing economic region.[55] As of 2018, the largest

economies in Asia are China, Japan, India, South Korea, Indonesia and Turkey based on

GDP in both nominal and PPP.

7.East Asia had by far the strongest overall Human Development Index (HDI)

improvement of any region in the world, nearly doubling average HDI attainment over

the past 40 years, according to the report's analysis of health, education and income

data.

China:
Facts of China:
1.One-third of China's land area is made up of mountains. The tallest mountain on

Earth, Mount Everest, sits on the border between China and Nepal.

2.China has thousands of rivers. The Yangtze and the Yellow Rivers are the most

important. At 3,915 miles (6,300 kilometers) long, the Yangtze is the world's third

largest river.

3.Much of China's modern beliefs and philosophies are based on the teachings of a

government official who lived nearly 3,000 years ago. Kongfuzi, also known as

Confucius, taught people the value of such things as morality, kindness, and education.

4.China's diverse habitats are home to hundreds of species of animals and plants. More

than 3,800 species of fish and hundreds of amphibians and reptile species live in the

rivers, lakes, and coastal waters.

5.The giant panda lives in the misty mountains of southwest China and nowhere else

on Earth. They eat bamboo and usually live near stands of the woody evergreen plant.

Pandas have been hunted and only about 1,600 remain in the wild.

6.China is an authoritarian state ruled by a very powerful central government. A huge

workforce and lots of natural resources have driven economic change. This has forced

the communist government to permit more economic and personal freedoms, but it has

come at a huge cost to the environment.

Jiuzhaigou — Rainbow-Colored Alpine Fairyland
Li River Karst Scenery — the Pearl of Guilin

Mount Everest

Zhangjiajie's "Floating" Peaks — like Avatar's Hallelujah Mountains!

Japan:

Facts of Japan:
1.There are four main islands: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. There are also
nearly 4,000 smaller islands.
2.Almost four-fifths of Japan is covered with mountains. The Japanese Alps run down
the center of the largest island, Honshu.
3.Three of the tectonic plates that form Earth's crust meet nearby and often move
against each other, causing earthquakes. More than a thousand earthquakes hit Japan
every year. Japan also has about 200 volcanoes, 60 of which are active.
4.The Japanese are famous for their willingness to work very hard. Children are taught
to show respect for others, especially parents and bosses.
5.Japanese food is very different from food in Western countries. There is lots of rice,
fish, and vegetables, but little meat.
6.Most of Japan is covered by the countryside. But with more than 100 million people
living in such a small place, wildlife has suffered.
7.The warm Tsushima Current flows from the south into the Sea of Japan, where it
meets a colder current from the north. The mixing of waters makes the seas around
Japan very rich in fish and other sea life.
8.Japan is the only country in the world with a reigning emperor. Emperors have no
real power, but they are still revered as a symbol of the country's traditions and unity.
Beppu Onsen

Mt. Fuji

Takachiho Gorge

Tottori Sandhill
Thailand:

Facts:
1.Thailand is in the heart of Southeast Asia. Cambodia and Laos border the country to the east
and northeast, and Myanmar lies to the northwest. To the west is the Andaman Sea and the
Gulf of Thailand, southeast of Burma. The long southern region, connecting with Malaysia, is
hilly and forested. The highest mountains are in northern Thailand.
2.About 90 percent of the people are Buddhist, but about three million Muslims live in the
south near the border with Malaysia.
3.Thai farmers cultivate mulberry trees that feed silkworms. The worms create silk, which is
made into beautiful silk clothing in Thailand, France, and the United States.
4.Lotus flowers are common and the favorite flower in Thailand. In the jungle, one can find
carnivorous (meat-eating) plants such as the mysterious insect-eating pitcher plant.
5. The deep forests are home to tigers, elephants, wild ox, leopards, and the Malayan tapir. The
tapir is covered in black fur on the first half of its body and white fur to the rear. Cobras and
crocodiles are also found in Thailand.
6.Known as Siam until 1939, Thailand is the only Southeast Asian country never to have been
taken over by a European power. A revolution in 1932 led to a constitutional monarchy.
7.Thailand, which means “land of the free,” was known as Siam until 1939.
Phang Nga Bay

Doi Inthanon National Park

Khao Sok National Park

Mekong River
The Philippines:

Facts:
1.The Philippines is an archipelago, or string of over 7,100 islands, in southeastern

Asia between the South China Sea and the Pacific Ocean. The two largest islands,

Luzon and Mindanao, make up for two-thirds of the total land area. Only about one

third of the islands are inhabited.

2.The Philippines are inhabited by more than 200 species of mammals, including

monkeys, squirrels, lemurs, mice, pangolins, chevrotains, mongooses, civet cats, and

red and brown deer, among others.

3.The islands are home to many species of flowering plants and ferns, including
hundreds of species of orchids.

4.Many Filipinos have Spanish names because of a 19th-century Spanish decree that

required them to use Spanish surnames, or last names. Parents often name their

children after the saint whose feast day was on the day of their birth.
Chocolate Hills

Apo Island

Tinuy-an Falls

Tubataha Reef Natioal Park

Nepal:

Facts:
•The lowlands are at sea level and the mountains of the Himalaya are the tallest in the
world. Mount Everest rises to 29,035 feet (8,850 meters) and is the world’s highest
peak.
•Nepalese are from four main groups: the Hindu caste, the Bhotes, the hill tribes, and
the Newar. The Hindus originally came from India and continue to follow the caste
system. Hill people include the Sherpas and other tribes.
•Sherpas are born way up in the mountains at elevations above 12,000 feet (3,658
meters) and are known for their ability to guide tourists in high altitude climbs. They
teach visitors about Sherpa culture and Buddhism's love of the land.
•The Bhotes live in mountains in the north and are originally from Tibet. The Newar
are the original native people of the Kathmandu Valley.
•People in Nepal rely on trees for most of their energy needs. Forests are rapidly being
cut down and used as firewood in heating and cooking.
•Animal species are also becoming extinct due to population growth and
deforestation. The Bengal tiger, the Asian one-horned rhinoceros, the snow leopard,
and the Ganges freshwater dolphin are all endangered animals.
•In June 2008, Nepal ended its monarchy. At that time King Gyanendra, who had come
to power in 2001 stepped down from the throne. Nepal's parliament chose its first
president soon after.
Tinuy-an Falls

Gokyo Lakes

Macchapucchre

Mount Everest