Compiled by:

Dr P R Venkatesh
Associate Professor
Mechanical Department
RVCE, Bangalore-59

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 Mechanics of Materials (12ME/CV/IM33)
UNIT 2
Bending stresses in beams: Assumptions in simple
bending theory, Derivation of (Bernoulli’s) Bending
equation, modulus of rupture, Section modulus,
Flexural rigidity, Beam of uniform strength, Numerical
problems.
Shear stresses in beams: Expression for shear stress
distribution in beams of simple rectangular,
symmetrical I section & T sections only, Numerical
problems.
02-Oct-17
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
 Bending Stresses in Beams
A beam or a part of a beam is said to be under
pure bending if it is subjected to only Bending
Moment and no Shear force.

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 Bending Stresses in Beams
• Figure shows a beam subjected to hogging Bending Moment.
• The topmost layer is under maximum tensile stress and bottom
most layer is under maximum compressive stress.
• In between there should be a layer, which is neither subjected
to tension nor to compression.
• Such a layer is called “Neutral Layer”. The projection of Neutral
Layer over the cross section of the beam is called “Neutral Axis”.

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 Bending Stresses in Beams …..
• When the beam is subjected to sagging, all layers below the
neutral layer will be under tension and all layers above neutral
layer will be under compression.

• When the beam is subjected to hogging, all layers above the

neutral layer will be under tension and all the layers below
neutral layer will be under compression.

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 Assumptions made in simple bending theory
1. The material is homogenous & isotropic.

2. The material is perfectly elastic and obeys Hooke's Law i.e., the stresses
are within the limit of proportionality.

3. Initially the beam is straight and stress free.

4. Beam is made up of number of layers and they undergo bending

independently.

5. Bending takes place over an arc of a circle and the radius of curvature is
very large when compared to the dimensions of the beam.

6. Normal plane sections before bending remain normal and plane even
after bending.

7. Young's Modulus of Elasticity is same under tension and compression.

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 Euler- Bernoulli bending Equation (Flexure Formula)
M σ E
To derive = =
I y R
• M = Resisting moment developed inside the material against
applied bending moment and is numerically equal to bending
moment applied (N mm)
• I = Moment of Inertia of cross section of beam about the Neutral
axis. (mm4)
• s = Direct Stress (Tensile or Compression) developed in any layer
of the beam (N/mm2)
• Y = Distance of the layer from the neutral axis (mm)
• E = Young's Modulus of Elasticity of the material of the
beam(N/mm2)
• R = Radius of curvatureDr of
02-Oct-17
neutral
P R Venkatesh, Mechlayer (mm)
Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
 Bending stress & radius of curvature
• Let us consider, a part of a beam ‘pqrs’ subjected to bending
moment 'M' as shown in figure. Let ‘y' is the distance of the
layer ef at which the stress intensity is ‘s, from neutral layer.

d
M p q M R
p' q'
N A N A
y e' f'
e f r' y s'
r s

• The length of the neutral axis remains unchanged even after

application of load. Where as the length ef stretch to new
length e’f’ as shown.Dr P R Venkatesh,
02-Oct-17
Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
 d
M p q M R
p' q'
N A N A
y e' f'
e f r' y s'
r s

Change in length ( R  y ).d  R.d y

Strain in the fiber ef,  =  
Original length R.d R
s s
Also, from Hooke's law, E =   = where σ = bending stress induced
 E
y s σ E
Equating the RHS of above two equations,  or = (i)
R E y R

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 Bending moment & radius of curvature

dA Consider an elemental area dA at a distance

'y' from Neutral axis (NA)
N
y
A Force on the elemental area dF = s  dA .
Moment due to force dF = dM = dF  y
 dM = s  dA  y

E E E 2

But s     y  dM     y  dA  y     y .dA
R R R
Integrating the above over the area of the element, we get the moment
E 2 E M E
acting on the section M =    y .dA     I  = (ii)
R R I R
M σ E
From (i) & (ii), = =  Euler - Bernoulli bending equation
02-Oct-17
I y DrRP R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
 Location of neutral axis
Consider an elemental area dA at a distance y from Neutral axis (NA)

Force on the elemental area dF = s  dA .

E
Total force acting on the entire section =  (s  dA)=  y.dA
R
But the net force acting on the element is sum of forces acting above and

below the neutral axis which are equal in magnitude but opposite in nature.

Also  y.dA is the moment of area of the section about NA = Ay

E E

R
 y.dA  0 As
R
 0, Ay  0

 Neutral axis coincides with the centroidal axis of a straight beam.

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 Section modulus
• Section modulus of a beam is the ratio of moment of
inertia of the cross section of the beam about the neutral
axis to the distance of the farthest fibre from neutral axis.
I  mm4 3
Z  Unit of 'Z' is  mm 
ymax  mm 
• More the section modulus, more will be the moment of
resistance (or) moment carrying capacity of the beam. For
the strongest beam, the section modulus must be
maximum.
Note:
• If the section is symmetrical about the neutral axis, then ymax is same
for the topmost as well as bottom most fibre.
• If the section is not symmetrical about Neutral axis, then ymax is
different for topmost and bottom most fibres. Then Z is calculated for
tension and compression separately.
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 Section modulus of different beam sections
1. Circular section:
d4
I64 = d3
For soild circular section, Z  =
ymax d 32
2
 (d o4  di4 )
For hollow circular section, Z =
32d o
b B

2. Rectangular section:
N A h
h H
b

bh3
I 12 bh2 ( BH 3  bh3 ) 12
For rectangular section, Z  = = ,For hollow (box) section, Z =
ymax d
Dr P R Venkatesh,6Mech Dept, RVCE, H 2
02-Oct-17 2 Bangalore
 Moment of resistance
Moment of resistance of a section is defined as the
maximum bending moment it can withstand without
failure. Its unit is N-m. I
M  s   =s  Z
 y
Flexural Rigidity (EI/L)
Flexural rigidity is the product of young’s modulus of
elasticity (E) & the moment of inertia (I) of the beam
section per unit length of the beam. It is also known as
beam stiffness. Its unit is N-m.
Modulus of rupture
It is defined as the bending stress which causes failure of
the beam section. Its unit is N/m2.
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
02-Oct-17
Bangalore
Maximum bending moment for standard cases of loading

1. Simply supported beam with a central point load

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
2. Simply supported beam with a point load at distances a & b from supports

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
3. Simply supported beam with uniformly distributed load w/m

w /m

wL /2

2 wL /2
wL/8

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 4. Simply supported beam with equal overhanging loads

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 5. Cantilever beam with point load

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 6. Cantilever beam with uniformly distributed load (UDL)

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 Numerical Problems

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
Prob1. A rectangular section beam (300 mm × 400 mm) is
simply supported over a span of 6m. The beam carries a
central concentrated load of 50 kN. Determine the maximum
bending stress in the beam. Sketch the bending stress
distribution. W= 50 KN
B=300 mm

H=400mm

L=6 m

Data : The beam is simply supported with a central point load.

W = 50 KN = 50  10 3 N ,width of rectangular section B = 300 mm
depth of rectangular section H = 400 mm, Span L = 6m
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
02-Oct-17
Bangalore
Solution : For a simply supported beam, Max bending moment (occurs under the point load)
WL 50×6 I
M= = = 75KN - m = 75  10 6 N  mm, Section modulus Z =
4 4 ymax
I  BH 3 /12  BH 2 300  4002
For a rectangular section, Z = =    8 106 mm3
ymax  H / 2  6 6
Mymax M 75×10 6
Bending stress at extreme fibers s = = = = 9.375N / mm 2

I Z 8 106

s9.375 MPa

compression y = 200 mm
max
N A

Tension y = 200 mm
max

s + 9.375 MPa

Bending Stress distribution

Note: If the section is symmetric about neutral axis, maximum tensile stress = maximum
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
02-Oct-17
compressive stress. Bangalore
Prob 2. A rectangular section beam (300mm ×400mm) is
simply supported over a span of 6m. The beam carries UDL of
intensity ‘w' over the entire span. If the intensity of stress is
limited to 10 MPa. Determine the maximum value of w.
w KN/m
B=300 mm

H=400mm

L=6 m

Data : The beam is simply supported with a UDL w/m length

width of rectangular section B = 300 mm,
depth of rectangular section H = 400 mm,
Span L = 6m , Max bending
02-Oct-17 stress
Dr P R Venkatesh, s =
Mech Dept,
Bangalore
10 MPa
RVCE,
Solution :
For a simply supported beam with UDL of 'w' KN/m, the max bending moment
wL2 w  6 2
(occurs at center) M = = = 4.5w KN - m = 4.5w  10 6 w N - mm
8 8
I I  BH 3 /12  BH 2
Section modulus Z = For a rectangular section, Z = = 
ymax ymax  H / 2  6
300  4002
Z   8  106 mm3
6
M 4.5  10 6 w
Bending stress at extreme fibers s =  10 
Z 8 106
UDL or weight per unit length on the beam = w = 17.78 KN / m

s MPa
compression y = 200 mm
max
N A

Tension y = 200 mm
max

s + MPa

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
02-Oct-17 Bending Stress distribution
Bangalore
Prob 3. A rectangular section beam whose depth is equal to
twice the width is simply supported over a span of 6 m. If it has
to carry UDL of 10 kN/m, over the entire span in addition to a
central point load of 20 kN, determine the cross section
dimension required if the allowable stress is 10 N/mm2.
20 KN
10KN/m
B

H=2B

L=6 m

Data : w = 10 KN / m, W = 20 KN
width of rectangular section = B, depth H = 2B
02-Oct-17
Span L = 6m , Max
Dr Pbending stress
R Venkatesh, Mech s = 10 MPa
Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
Solution :
For a simply supported beam with UDL of 'w' KN/m, along with
wL2 WL
a point load W at the center, max bending moment M = +
8 4
 10  6 2   20  6 
M =  
+  = 75 KN - m = 75  10 6
N - mm
 8   4 
I BH 2
Section modulus Z = For a rectangular section, Z =
ymax 6
B(2 B) 2 4 B 3
Z   mm3
6 6
M 75  10 6
Bending stress at extreme fibers s =  10  3
6
Z 4B
Width of rectangular section of the beam = B = 224 mm
& Depth of rectangularDr section
02-Oct-17
P R Venkatesh,of
Mechthe beam H = 2B = 448 mm
Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
 Prob 4. Determine the dimensions (width b & depth h) of the strongest
rectangular section that can be obtained from a beam with circular cross
section of diameter D. b

D D
h

Diagonal of rectangle  Diameter of circle. From the fig, h 2  D 2  b 2

bh 2 b( D 2  b 2 ) (bD 2  b3 )
Moment of resistance Z= Z  
6 6 6
   (bD 2  b3 ) 
For strongest section, Z is maximum i.e.  Z   0   0
b b  6 
D  2  b 1
Or D  3b  0 ∴ b =
2 2
and h =    D  
02-Oct-17
3 Dr P R

Venkatesh, 3
Mech
Dept, RVCE, h 2
Bangalore
Explain why I-sections are preferred over rectangular
sections for beams subjected to bending?
In the design of rectangular beams of known depth, we determine width
requirement for the layer subjected to maximum bending stress and the same width
is maintained over the entire depth, but the stress is not same over the entire depth.
Stress is more near top and bottom and less near neutral axis. Providing the same
width over the entire depth in rectangular beam leads to wastage of material and
increased self weight. In case of an I-section, more width is provided near top and
bottom (width of Flange) and less width is provided near Neutral Axis (Thickness of
web). This leads to saving of material and reduced self weight. Therefore I-section
beams are preferred over rectangular beams.

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
Prob 5. A beam with symmetric I section of flange width 180
mm and total depth of 310 mm and flange & web thickness 15
mm is subjected to a bending moment of 120 KN-m.
Determine & sketch the bending stress distribution along the
depth of the section.

15 mm

15 mm
310 mm

15 mm
180 mm
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
02-Oct-17
Bangalore
Note: A symmetrical I-section is equivalent to a hollow
rectangular (box) section and the moment of inertia about the
neutral axis is I  BH 3
 bh 3

12
B B

b/2 b/2

H h H
t h b

Symmetrical I section Equivalent box section

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,b = (B-t), h =(H-2T)
02-Oct-17
Bangalore
Bending stress distribution :
Moment of inertia of symmetric I-section beam about neutral axis
 180  3103  165  2803 
I NA     1.45  108
mm 4

 12 
My 120 106 155
Bending stress at top flange s    128.3MPa
I 1.45 108

At y  0, i.e at neutral axis, s  0,

At y  155, i.e at bottom flange, s  128.3Mpa
128.3 MPa
15 mm

15 mm
310 mm

15 mm
180 mm 128.3 MPa
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
02-Oct-17 Bending Stress Distribution
Bangalore
Prob 6. A cast iron beam with T section of top flange 150 mm x
20 mm and web of 20 mm x 80 mm is subjected to a
concentrated load W as shown in fig. Determine the safe
value of W if the max tensile & compressive stresses are not to
exceed 40 N/mm2 & 70 N/mm2.

A B C 150
20
80

2m 0.75m

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 T-Section beam

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 150 mm

20 mm
ytop
N A

80 mm ybottom

20 mm

Location of centroidal (neutral )axis : Taking the topmost fibres as reference,

a1 y1  a2 y2 (150  20) 10  (20  80)  60
ytop =   27.4 mm
a1  a2 (150  20)  (20  80)
Moment of inertia of T-section beam about neutral axis (parallel axis theorem)
 150  203   20  80 3

I NA    (150  20)(10  27.4)  
2
  (20  80)(60  27.4)
2

 12   12 
 I02-Oct-17
 3.56 106 mm 4 . Also theDrbending
P R Venkatesh,moment M  W  750 N  mm
Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
 M  ytop
W  750  27.4
Bending stress at top flange s top    5.77  10 3
W MPa
I 3.56 10 6

Given max stress at top fibres (tensile) =40 MPa, 40  5.77 103W W  6932.4 N
W  750  72.6
At y  ybottom  (100  27.4)  72.6 mm, s bottom   0.0153W Mpa
3.56 10 6

Max stress at bottom fibres (compressive) =70 MPa, 70  0.0153W W  4575.2 N

Select the least of the above for safe stresses, W = 4575.2 N, for which σ bottom = 70MPa
 Stress at top fibres s top  5.77 103W  5.77  103  4575.2
 s top  26.4 MPa  40MPa (hence safe)

150 mm
26.41 MPa (Tensile)
20 mm
ytop
N A

80 mm ybottom

70 MPa (Compressive)
20 Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
mm
02-Oct-17
Bangalore
Prob 7. Find the width of the flange of a T-section beam shown
in fig so that the maximum compressive stress is three times
the maximum tensile stress when subjected to a sagging
bending moment.

25 mm
s

ytop
N A 100 mm
ybottom

25 mm
B s

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 25 mm
s

ytop
N A 100 mm
ybottom

25 mm
B s

ybottom s bottom ybottom s 1

From the similar triangles,    
ytop s top h  ybottom 3s 3
h 100
i.e. (h  ybottom )  3 ybottom  ybottom    25 mm
4 4

But, ybottom 
 ay
 25 
( B  25) 12.5  (25  75)  62.5
a ( B  25)  (25  75)
(625 B  46875)  (312.5B
02-Oct-17
Dr P 117187.5)
R Venkatesh,  B = 225 mm
Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
Prob 8. A thin strip 0.5 mm thick & 3.14 m long is bent into
circular shape. Determine the maximum bending stress
introduced. Take E= 200 Gpa.

R
0.5 mm
3.14 m

Solution : When bent into a circular shape, length of strip becomes

perimeter of the circle. i.e. 3.14  2 R  R = 0.5 m = 500 mm
s E E
From Euler - Bernoulli's bending equation,   s   y
y R R
200 103
 Bending stress induced   0.25 = 100 N / mm 2 (MPa)
02-Oct-17 5Bangalore
00Mech Dept, RVCE,
Dr P R Venkatesh,
Prob 9. A cantilever with rectangular section, whose depth is
twice its width is subjected to forces & moments as shown in
fig. Determine the cross section of the beam taking yield stress
as 210 Mpa and factor of safety as 3.

20 KN/m 50 KN
30 KN-m
A B C D b
h=2b
2m 1m 1m

Data : Given h  2b, s yp  210MPa, FOS  3

s yp 210
 Allowable stress s    70 MPa
02-Oct-17 FOS
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech
Bangalore
Dept, RVCE, 3
 20 KN/m 50 KN
30 KN-m
A B C D b
h=2b
2m 1m 1m

Solution : Bending moments at salient points are;

BM at D, M D  30 KN  m
BM at C, M C  30 KN  m
BM at B, M B  30  (50 1)  20 KN  m
BM at A, M A  30  (50  3)  (20  2 1)  160 KN  m
Max bending moment, M = 160 KN - m (hogging)
bh 2 b  (2b) 2 2b3
Also section modulus of rectangular section Z =  
6 6 3
M 160 106
By bending equation, s   70  3
3
Z 2b
Width of rectangular section
02-Oct-17 b = 151 mm ,  h = 2b = 302 mm
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
Prob 10. A beam supports a maximum bending
moment of magnitude 10 KN-m. Determine the
maximum flexural stress induced in the beam by
considering;
(i) Rectangular section of 100 mm x 200 mm
(ii) Circular section of equal area as that of
rectangular section.
Also determine the ratio of flexural rigidities of the
two sections assuming same material & length for
both.
02-Oct-17
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
 100
Solution :
(i) Rectangular section : (b = 100 mm, h = 200 mm)
M 6 M 6  (10 106 ) N A
s  2   15 MPa 200
Z bh 100  200 2

(ii) Circular sectionof equal area :

Area of rectangular section = Area of circular section
d2
 (100  200)  or d  159.6 mm
4
d4
 3 N A
I 64  d d
Section modulus Z= 
ymax d 32
2
M 32M 32  (10 106 )
s     25.07 MPa
Z d 3
 159.6 3

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
Ratio of flexural rigidities :

 EI 
L Rectangular I R

 
( length & material are same)
EI IC
L circular
bh 100  200
3 3
But I R  = =66.67 106 mm 4 &
12 12
d  159.64
4

IC  = =31.85 10 mm
6 4

64 64
EI 
L Rectangular 66.67 10 6

 
= 2.1
EI 31.85 10 6

L circular
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
02-Oct-17
Bangalore
Prob 11. An I-section beam shown in fig has an allowable
stress of 110 N/mm2. Compare the moment of resistance of I-
section with the following sections for the same cross
sectional area & allowable bending stress; (i) Circular
section (ii) Square section (iii) Rectangular section of depth =
180 mm
twice its width
10 mm

300 mm

10 mm

Dr P R Venkatesh, 180
Mechmm
Dept, RVCE,
02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 180 mm

10 mm

Area of I - section
= area of flange+ area of web) 300 mm

= 2(180  10)+(300  10)= 6600 mm 2 10 mm

180 mm
Solution :
For the given I - section, moment of inertia about neutral axis is
BH 3  bh3
I where; b = (B - t)= (180 - 10)= 170 mm
12
& h = (H - 2T)  H = h+ 2T = 300 + 2(10)= 320 mm
180(320)3  170(300)3
I   109 106 mm 4
12
 I   109 106 
Moment of resistance MR( I )  s    110     74.95 × 10 6 N - mm
02-Oct-17  ymax  Mech Dept, RVCE, 160 
Dr P R Venkatesh,
Bangalore
(i) Circular section of equal area :
Area of circular section = Area of I-section
d2
 = 6600 or d  91.67 mm
4
I  d3     91.673 
MR(C )  s    s Z  s    110     8.32  10 6
N  mm
 y  32   32 
MR( I ) 74.95 106 
  6 
 9.01
MR(C )  8.32 10 
(ii) Square section :
Area of square section = Area of I-section
b  h  b  b  b 2  6600  b  81.24 mm
I  b3   81.243 
MR( R )  s    s Z  s    110     9.83  10 6
N  mm
 y 6  6 
MR( I )  74.95 106 
  6 
 7.62
MR
02-Oct-17
(S )  9.83 10  Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
(iii) Rectangular section : (given h = 2b)

Area of rectangular section = Area of I-section

b  h  b  2b  2b 2  6600  b  57.45 mm & h = 114.9 mm.

I  bh 2   57.45  114.92 

MR( R ) s   sZ s    110     13.9  10 6
N  mm
 y  6   6 
MR( I )  74.95 106 
  6 
 5.39
MR( R )  13.9 10 
1. Therefore it is evident that circular, square, rectangular & I - sections have

their moments of resistance in the increasing order.

2. A beam with I - section requires minimum material for given moment of

resistance compared with circular, square & rectangular crossections.

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
02-Oct-17
Bangalore
Prob 12.

A cast iron bracket subjected to bending has I-cross section

with a total depth of 280 mm and the metal is 40 mm thick

throughout. The top flange is 200 mm wide & the bottom

flange is 120 mm wide. Determine the maximum bending

moment it can carry if the tensile stress at the top flange is not

to exceed 20 N/mm2. Also determine the compressive stress

at the bottom flange.

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 200 mm

40 mm

y top
N A
40 mm
280 mm
y bottom

40 mm
120 mm

Location of centroidal (neutral )axis :

a1 y1  a2 y2  a3 y3
Taking the topmost fibres as reference, ytop =
a1  a2  a3
(200  40)  20  (40  200) 140  (120  40)  260
ytop   121.54 mm
(200  40) Dr(40  200)  (120  40)
P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 200 mm

40 mm

y top
N A
40 mm
280 mm
y bottom

40 mm
120 mm

Moment of inertia of I - section beam about neutral axis (parallel axis theorem)
 200  403   40  2003 
I NA    (200  40)(20  121.54) 2
    (40  200)(140  121.54) 2

 12   12 
 120  403 
  (120  40)(260  121.54)
2
+
 12 
 I = 106 1.067  82.48  26.67  2.73  0.64  92.02  I = 205.61× 10 6 mm 4
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 M  ytop
M 121.54
Bending stress at top flange s top   20 
I 205.61106
 Maximum bending moment in the section M = 33.83 × 10 6 N - mm
Hence bending stress at bottom fibres (compressive)
M  ybottom 33.83 106  (280  121.54)
s bottom   = 26.08 MPa
I 205.6110 6

200 mm
20 MPa
40 mm

ytop
N A
40 mm
280 mm
ybottom

40 mm
120 mm 26.1 MPa
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
02-Oct-17
Bangalore
Prob 13. Determine the moment of resistance of the section
shown in fig for; (i) Sagging bending moment (ii) Hogging
bending moment. Take the permissible stresses in tension &
compression are 25 Mpa & 90 Mpa respectively.
25 mm 50 mm 25 mm

25 mm

150 mm
75 mm

50 mm

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 25 mm 50 mm 25 mm

25 mm

150 mm
75 mm
N A

y
bottom

50 mm

Location of centroidal (neutral )axis :

a1 y1  a2 y2
Taking the bottom most fibres as reference, ybottom =
a1  a2
(100 150)  75  (50  75)  87.5
ybottom   70.83 mm
(100 150)  (50  75)
(Negative
02-Oct-17 sign as the area is deducte
Dr P R Venkatesh, d
Mech Dept,
Bangalore
for hollow portion)
RVCE,
 25 mm 50 mm 25 mm

25 mm

150 mm
75 mm
N A

y
bottom

50 mm

Moment of inertia of the section beam about neutral axis (parallel axis theorem)
 100 1503   50  753 
I NA     (100  150)(75  70.83) 2
    (50  75)(87.5  70.83) 2

 12   12 
(Negative sign as the area is deducted for hollow portion)
 I = 106  28.125  0.261  1.76  1.042  I = 25.6 × 10 6 mm 4
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
02-Oct-17
Bangalore
(i) Moment of resistance for sagging moment :
For sagging moment compressive stress occurs at top fibres and
tensile stress at the bottom fibres.s top  90 MPa & s bottom  25MPa
M  ytop M  (150  70.83)
Bending stress at top flange (compressive) s top   90 
I 25.6 106
 M = 29.1×106 N - mm
M  70.83
Bending stress at bottom fibres (tensile) s bottom  25MPa  25 
25.6 106
 M = 9.036×106 N - mm Taking the safe value, M = 9.036 × 10 6 N - mm
9.036 106  (150  70.83)
For M = 9.036  10 , s top 
6
 27.94 MPa
25.6 10 6

25 mm 50 mm 25 mm
27.94 MPa

25 mm

150 mm
75 mm
N A

y
bottom

50 mm

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore 25 MPa
(i) Moment of resistance for hogging moment :
For hogging moment tensile stress occurs at top fibres and
compressive stress at the bottom fibres.s top  25MPa & s bottom  90 MPa
M  ytop M  (150  70.83)
Bending stress at top flange (compressive) s top   25 
I 25.6 106
 M = 8.084×106 N - mm
M  70.83
Bending stress at bottom fibres (tensile) s bottom  90MPa  90 
25.6 106
 M = 32.53×106 N - mm Taking the safe value, M = 8.084 × 10 6 N - mm
8.084 106  70.83
For M = 8.084  10 , s bottom 
6
 22.37 MPa
25.6 10 6

25 mm 50 mm 25 mm
25 MPa

25 mm

150 mm
75 mm
N A

y
bottom

50 mm

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17 22.37 MPa
Bangalore
Prob 15. A horizontal beam with a section shown in fig is
simply supported at the ends over a horizontal span of 1.0
meters and carries a downward point load W at its mid span.
Determine the magnitude of W if the maximum tensile stress
is limited to 30 Mpa. Also find the maximum compressive
stress.
W

30

120

80
L=1 m

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 30 mm

The given trapezoidal section may

120 mm
N A be split into two similar triangles &
1 2 3 ybottom one rectangle as shown.

25 30 25

Location of centroidal (neutral )axis :

a1 y1  a2 y2  a3 y3
Taking the bottom fibres as reference, ybottom =
a1  a2  a3
1  120
2   25 120    (30 120)  60
ybottom   2  3
 50.91 mm
1 
2   25 120   (30 120)
02-Oct-17
 2  Mech Dept, RVCE,
Dr P R Venkatesh,
Bangalore
 30 mm

120 mm
N A

1 2 3 ybottom

25 30 25

Moment of inertia of the section beam about neutral axis (parallel axis theorem)
 25 1203 1 2   30  120 
3
I NA  2   25 120  (40  50.91)      (30  120)(60  50.91)
2

 36 2   12 
  bh3  
 Moment of inertia of a triangle about its centroidal axis =  
  36 
 I = 106  2.4  0.357  4.32  0.297   I = 7.374 × 10 6 mm 4
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
02-Oct-17
Bangalore
To find the safe bending moment & load W :
For sagging moment tensile stress occurs at bottom fibres and compr. stress
at the top fibres. Given max tensile stress (at bottom fibres)s bottom  30 MPa
M  ybottom M  50.91
s bottom   30   M = 4.345 × 10 6
N - mm
I 7.374 10 6

4.345 106  (120  50.91)

Compressive stress at the top,s top   40.71 MPa
7.374 10 6

WL
But, for a simply supported beam with a central point load, M =
4
W ×1000
 4.345×106 = W = 17.38 KN
4
30 mm 40.71 MPa

120 mm
N A

1 2 3 y
bottom

25 30 25 30 MPa
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
02-Oct-17
Bangalore
Prob 14. A beam with a section shown in fig is simply

supported at its ends over a span of 3 meters. Determine the

magnitude of uniformly distributed load it can carry if the

maximum tensile stress is limited to 30 Mpa. Also find the

maximum compressive stress.

w KN/m
25

120

150
L=3m

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 25 mm

100 mm
The given section may be split into
1 3
120 mm
N A three rectangles as shown.

ybottom
2 25 mm

150 mm

Location of centroidal (neutral )axis : Taking bottom fibres as reference,

a1 y1  a2 y2  a3 y3 2  25 120   60   (100  25) 12.5
ybottom =   46 mm
a1  a2  a3 2  25 120   (100  25)
Moment of inertia of the section beam about neutral axis :
 25 1203   100  253

I NA  2   (25 120)  (60  46)   
2

 12   12 
 (100  25)(12.5  46) 2
I = 106  7.2  1.176  0.13
02-Oct-17 Dr PR 2.81 Bangalore
Venkatesh,  IDept,
Mech = 11.32
RVCE, × 10 6 mm 4
To find the safe bending moment & UDL w :
For sagging moment tensile stress occurs at bottom & compr. stress at the top.
Considering max tensile stress (at bottom fibres)s bottom  30 MPa
M  ybottom M  46
s bottom   30   M = 7.383 × 10 6
N - mm
I 11.32 10 6

M  (120  46)
Considering max comp. stress, s top = 55   M  8.41 × 10 6
N - mm
11.32 10 6

 Safe value of M = 7.383 × 10 6 N - mm for which s top  48.26 MPa

wL2
But, for a simply supported beam with a UDL, M =
8
w× 3000 2
 7.383×10 = 6
 w = 6.56 KN / m
8
25 mm
48.26 MPa

1 100 mm 3
N A 120 mm

ybottom
2 25 mm

150Mech
Dr P R Venkatesh, mm Dept, RVCE, 30 MPa
02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 BEAM OF UNIFORM STRENGTH
• The cross section of a beam is found based on the location
of maximum bending moment & the same dimensions are
generally maintained throughout the length of the beam.
• But at other points in the beam, the bending moment &
hence the bending stress will be less and it is wastage of
material to have same dimensions.
• Hence, it is economical to vary the section of the beam
based on varying bending moment along the length of the
beam.
• Thus “a beam designed by varying the section based on
varying bending moment is known as beam of uniform
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
strength.”
02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 BEAM OF UNIFORM STRENGTH
For example, in case of a rectangular section a beam of uniform strength
may be obtained by ;

(i) Varying the width of section, maintaining its depth constant

(ii) Varying the depth of section, maintaining its width constant.

W W

Uniform depth & varying width Uniform width & varying depth

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
Prob 15. A simply supported beam of span L carries a

point load W at its mid span. Find the shape of the

beam of uniform strength of rectangular section in the

following cases;

(a)If the depth be maintained constant & width varies.

(b)If the width be maintained constant & depth varies.

 Uniform depth & varying width

W (a) Constant depth with varying width :

h
Let the constant bending stress be s .
W/2
x
W/2
L/2 L/2
The bending moment at any section

at a distance x from the left support is

 L
bx b
W
M x   x,  x  
x
(Top View)
2  2

Let the depth be h & width at section be bx .MOI of section at that section is
W h
M x  ymax  x
Ix 
bx h3 h
, Also, ymax  . s   2 2  b =  3W 
x  2 × x
12 2 I bx h3  σh 
12
L  3W  L  3WL 
At the mid span, x = , bx   2    2 
2  s h  2  2 s h 
 Uniform width & varying depth
(b) Constant width with varying depth :
W

W/2 hx h
W/2 Let the constant bending stress be s .
x

L/2 L/2
The bending moment at any section

at a distance x from the left support is

 L
b
W
x M x   x,  x  
(Top View) 2  2

Let the width be b & depth at section be hx .MOI of section at that section is
W hx
 x
bhx3 h M x  ymax 2  h =  3W  × x
Ix  , Also, ymax  x . s   2 x  
12 2 I bhx3  σb 
12
L  3WL 
At the mid span, x = , hx   
2  2s b 
Prob 16. A simply supported beam of span L carries a

UDL of w/m along its length. Find the shape of the

beam of uniform strength of rectangular section in the

following cases;

(a)If the depth be maintained constant & width varies.

(b)If the width be maintained constant & depth varies.

 Uniform depth & varying width

w/m (a) Constant depth with varying width :

h Let the constant bending stress be s .
wL/2
x
wL/2
L/2 L/2
The bending moment at any section

at a distance x from the left support is

wx 2 w
=  Lx  x 2 
bx b wL
Mx  x
x 2 2 2
(Top View)

Let the depth be h & width at section be bx .MOI of section at that section is;

M x  ymax 2   2
w h
3 Lx  x 2

bx h h
Ix  , Also, ymax  . s  
12 2 I bx h3
12
 3w     2 2
  2

 bx =  2   Lx - x  At the mid span, x = , bx   2      
2 L 3w L L 3 wL
2 
 σh  2  s h  2 4   4s h 
 Uniform width & varying depth

w/m (a) Constant depth with varying width :

hx h wL/2
Let the constant bending stress be s .
wL/2
x

L/2 L/2
The bending moment at any section

at a distance x from the left support is

wx 2 w
=  Lx  x 2 
b wL
Mx  x
x
(Top View)
2 2 2

Let the width be b & depth at section be hx .MOI of section at that section is;

bhx3 h M y
w
 Lx  x  
2 hx
Ix  , Also, ymax  x . s  x max  2 2
12 2 I bhx3
12
 3w  L L  3w 
 hx =   × (Lx - x 2
) At the mid span, x = , hx   
 σb  2 2 sb 
Prob 17. A cantilever beam of span L carries a point

load W at its free end. Find the shape of the beam of

uniform strength of rectangular section in the following

cases;

(a)If the depth be maintained constant & width varies.

(b)If the width be maintained constant & depth varies.

 Uniform depth & varying width
W (a) Constant depth with varying width :

h Let the constant bending stress be s .

x
L
The bending moment at any section
at a distance x from the left support is
b bx
Mx W  x
(Top View)

Let the depth be h & width at section be bx .MOI of section at that section is
h
M x  ymax W  x
Ix 
bx h3 h
, Also, ymax  . s   2  b =  6W 
x  2 × x
12 2 I bx h3  σh 
12
 6WL 
At the fixed end, x = L, bx   2 
 sh 
 Shear stresses in beams

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 Shear stresses in beams
Any transverse section in a beam is subjected to a bending moment and a shear force.
Consider a small portion of beam ABCD seperated by a distance 'dx' which is subjected
to bending moments M & (M + dM) on planes AB & CD.
Now it is required to find the shear stress on an arbitrary plane EF above the neutral axis.
Let the area above EF is 'a ' & its centroid is at y above neutral axis.
M (M+dM) b
A C
dy

y E F y

N A N A

B dx D

(M/I)y.b.dy
[(M+dM)/I)]y.b.dy

dy b
dx

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
Consider the forces on a small strip of thickness 'dy' & width 'b'
at a distance y from NA. Let da = (b  dy) be the c / s area of strip.
M
Force on left face = bending stress  area   y  da
I
 M  dM 
Force on right face = bending stress  area     y  da
 I 
 dM 
 Net unbalanced horizontal force on the elemental strip =    y  da
 I 
dM  dM 
 Total unbalanced force above EF =
I
 y.da  
 I 
  ay
Total unbalanced force above EF
Now the shear stress at the plane EF =
Shear area
 dM 
   ay Fay
 dM 
 = 
I 
 
 P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
F , the transverse shear force 
02-Oct-17 dx  b Ib 
Dr dx 
Bangalore
 Shear stress distribution in beams of standard sections
1) Rectangular section : Consider a rectangular section of width b & depth h.
Let the area 'a' of shaded portion at a distance 'y ' above neutral axis has its centroid
at a distance y from the neutral axis such that;
h  1h  1h 
a  b  y & y  y    y    y
2  2 2  2 2 
h  1h  bh 2
2
 ay  b   y     y     y 
2  2 2  2 4 

y
y
h
N A

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 Shear stress distribution in beams of standard sections
1) Rectangular section :

y
y
h
N A

Fay
WKT shear stress at any arbitrary plane at a distance y from NA is  
Ib
b  h2 2
F  y 
Fay 2 4  6F  h 2 2
  3
 3 
- y  (i)
Ib bh bh  4 
b
12

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
At the neutral axis, (y = 0) the shear stress in maximum;
6 F  h 2  3F 3  F 
 NA  3  - 0       1.5  av
bh  4  2bh 2  bh 
F
where  av  Avearge shear stress   
 bh 
i.e. the max shear stress in a rectangular section is 50% more than the avearge stress

y y
h
 max =1.5 
N A av

Shear stress distribution

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 Shear stress distribution in beams of standard sections
2)Isosceles triangular section : Consider an isosceles triangular section of width B & depth h
subjected to a shear force F. Let the area 'a' of shaded portion at a distance 'y ' below the apex
2 B
has its centroid at a distance y from the apex. From fig, base of shaded portion b   y
3 h
b B y By 2 2 By 2 2 2 By 2 (h  y )
a   y=  y= & y   h  y   ay   h  y  
2 2h 2h 3 2h 3 6h

(2/3)y
y G'
P Q
(2/3)h b
h y

N G A

B
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 Fay
WKT shear stress at any arbitrary plane at a distance y from NA is  
Ib
B
width of shaded portion b   y
h
2 By 2 (h  y )
F
Fay 12Fy
3 
  3
6 h  h - y (i)
Ib Bh B bh
 y
36 h

(2/3)y
y G'
P Q
(2/3)h b
h y

N G A

B
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
02-Oct-17
Bangalore
At the apex, (y = 0) the shear stress is zero.
Along the base, (y = h) the shear stress is zero.
 2h 
Along the neutral axis,  y =  ,the shear stress is;
 3 
12 F 2h  2h  12 F 2h h 8 F
 NA  3    h -   3    
Bh 3  3  Bh 3 3 3 Bh
1 8 F  4 F  4
But A  Bh  Bh  2 A  NA        × τ av
2 3  2A  3  A  3
Shear stress in an isosceles trangular section is 33% more than the avg. stress.
d
Max shear stress occurs at a distance y such that , =0
dy
d  12 F  h
  3  (hy  y )  0  (h  2 y )  0 or y  .
2

dy  Bh  2
12 F h  h  3F 3F 3
Substituting for y,  max  3    h -     × τ av
Bh 2  2  Bh 2 A 2
Max shear stress is 50% more
02-Oct-17
Dr Pthan theMech
R Venkatesh, avg. shear
Dept, RVCE, stress in a trangular section.
Bangalore
 (2/3)y
y G'
P Q
(2/3)h b
h y  max =4/3  av
N A
G  NA =1.5  av

Shear Stress distribution in a triangular section

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
Prob 1. A beam 2 m long is simply supported with a central

point load W. The cross section of the beam is as shown in fig

with two equal halves glued together. Determine the maximum

load W that can be applied if the allowable shear stress in the

120 mm
glue is 0.35 N/mm2. 60 mm

180 mm

90 mm
2m
glue

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, Cross section of the beam

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 120 mm
60 mm

180 mm

90 mm
0.35 MPa

glue

Shear Stress Distribution

The max shear stress for rectangular section occurs at the neutral axis.
Fay
 max = where; ay is the moment of area about the neutral axis
Ib
I  moment of inertia about the neutral axis
b  width of section at the neutral axis
Here, ay  (120  90)45  (60  45)22.5  0.425 106 mm3
BH 3  bh3 120 1803  60  903
I   54.675 106 mm 4
12 12
 width of section at the Drneutr
b02-Oct-17 alBangalore
axis
P R Venkatesh, Mech=Dept,
(120RVCE,- 60)  60 mm
 Fay F  0.425 106
 max =  0.35=  F = 2.7 KN
Ib 54.675 10  60
6

W 
From the shear force diagram, the maximum SF is  
 2
W 
 2.7    Hence W = 5.4 KN
 2
The maximum point load that can be applied at midspan of the beam = 5.4 KN

W
C
A B
2m

W/2 +

W/2

Dr PShear
R Venkatesh,
Force Mech Dept, RVCE,
Diagram
02-Oct-17
Bangalore
Prob 2. A simply supported beam carrying uniformly
distributed load is subjected to maximum bending stress of 45
Mpa and maximum shear stress of 4.5 Mpa. The cross section
of the beam rectangular with 50 mm width & 100 mm depth.
together. Determine the length of the beam & the UDL that the
beam can carry.

50 m m

w/m
N A 100 m m
L

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 w /m

wL /2

2 wL /2
wL/8

As the beam is loaded symmetrically, the support reactions

wL wL
are each equal to  Maximum shear force =
2 2
F
Also given  max   NA  4.5Mpa  1.5  av  1.5   
 bh 
( max shear stress in a rectangular section is 50% more than the avearge stress)
 wL 
i.e. 4.5  1.5     wL = 30000 N = 30 KN (i)
 2  50 100 
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 w /m

wL /2

2 wL /2
wL/8

As the max bending stress is 45 MPa (at the extreme fibres)

 wL2 
M   h 3wL2 3wL 2
s   ymax   8    45 
I 
3
bh  2 4bh 2
4  50  100 2
 
 12 
 wL2 = 30  10 6 N - m = 30 KN - m (ii)
wL2 30
(ii )  (i ) gives L  1 m  Length of beam L = 1m
wL 30
30
Put L=1m in (ii), w  2  30 KN / m UDL carried by the beam 30 KN / m
02-Oct-17
1 Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
Prob 3. A simply supported beam with T-section is subjected

to forces as shown in fig. Determine the shear stress

distribution along the depth of the section which is subjected

to maximum shear force. 160 mm

15 mm
20 KN 30 KN

160 mm
1m 2m 1m

15 mm

02-Oct-17
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, Cross section of the beam
Bangalore
To find the maximum shear force in the beam :
For equilibrium of the beam, V  0  RA + RB = 50 KN (i)
M A  0  RB  4  (30  3)  (20 1)  0  RB = 22.5 KN
Substituting in (i), RA = 27.5 KN
From the shear force diagram, the max shear force in the beam F = 27.5 KN

20 KN 30 KN

C D
A 1m 2m 1m B
RA RB
22.5 KN
2.5 KN
+

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE, 27.5 KN

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 160 mm

15 mm

y
top
N A

160 mm
y
bottom

15 mm

Centroid & Moment of inertia of the section :

(160 15)  7.5  (15 160)  95
Taking top flange as reference, ytop   51.25 mm
(160 15)  (15 160)
Moment of inertia of T-section beam about neutral axis (parallel axis theorem)
 160 153   15 1603 
I    (160  15)(7.5  51.25) 2
    (15  160)(95  51.25) 2

 12   12 
I  106  0.045  4.6  5.12  4.6  14.365 × 10 6 mm 4
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 160 mm

15 mm 1.26 MPa
13.4 MPa

y
top
N A
14.66 MPa
160 mm
y
bottom

15 mm

Shear stress distribution along the depth of the section :

Fay
Shear stress at an arbitrary fiber is given by  =
Ib
(i) At bottom fiber of flange : Here, ay  (160 15)  (51.25  7.5)  0.105 106 mm3
27.5 103  0.105 106
Also width of section b  160 mm  bof   1.26 MPa
14.365 10 160
6

27.5 103  0.105 106

(ii) At top fiber of web : Here bDrP15 mm  towDept,  RVCE,  13.4 MPa
02-Oct-17
R Venkatesh, Mech
Bangalore 14.365 10 15
6
 160 mm

15 mm 1.26 MPa
13.4 MPa
y
top
N A
14.66 MPa
160 mm
y
bottom

15 mm

(iii) At neutral axis :

Here, ay  (160 15)  (51.25  7.5)  15  36.25 18.125  0.115  106 mm3

27.5 103  0.115 106

Also width of section b  15 mm  NA   14.66 MPa
14.365 10 15
6

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
Prob 4. A beam with symmetric I section of flange width 180
mm and total depth of 310 mm and flange & web thickness 15
mm is subjected to a bending moment of 120 KN-m shear
force of 60 KN. Determine & sketch the bending stress and
shear stress distribution along the depth of the section.

15 mm

15 mm

310 mm
15 mm
180 mm
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 15 mm

15 mm

310 mm
15 mm
180 mm

Moment of inertia of symmetric I - section beam about neutral axis :

The symmetrical I-section is equivalent to a hollow rectangular section with
b  ( B - t )  (180  15)  165 mm & h  ( H - 2T )  (310  30)  280 mm
BH 3  bh3 180  3153  165  2803
I    1.45 × 10 8 mm 4
12 12
Bending stress distribution : It varies linearly with distance from neutral axis .
Mymax 120 106 155
Bending stress at top flange s    128.3 MPa
I 1.45 10 8

y  0, (at neutral axis), s  Dr0,P RAt

At02-Oct-17  155, (at bottom flange), s  -128.3 Mpa
Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
y Bangalore
 128.3 MPa
0.92 MPa
15 mm 11 MPa

15 mm

310 mm
15 MPa

15 mm 11 MPa
0.92 MPa
180 mm 128.3 MPa
Bending Stress Distribution Shear Stress Distribution

Shear stress distribution :

(i) At the bottom of top flange : a y  (180 15) 147.5  39.825  104 mm3 , b  180mm
Fa y 60 103  39.825 104
 y 140    0.92MPa
Ib 1.45 10 180
8

(ii) At the top fiber of web : a y  (180 15) 147.5  39.825 104 mm3 , b  15mm
Fa y 60 103  39.825 104
 y 140    11MPa
Ib 1.45 108 15
(iii) At the neutral axis : a y  (180 15) 147.5  (140  15)  70  54.525  104 mm3 , b  15mm
FAy 60 103  54.525 104
 y 0    15MPa
Ib
02-Oct-17
1.45 10 15
8
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
Prob 5. A 2m long cantilever beam with an
unsymmetrical I section is subjected to a load per
metre run of 20 KN/m. The I Section has top flange
180 mm x 10 mm, bottom flange 100 mm x 10 mm,
and web 220 mm x 10 mm. Determine & sketch the
bending stress and shear stress distribution.

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 180 mm

10 mm
101.6 mm
N A
Location of neutral axis of the section :
220 mm
Taking top flange as reference,
10 mm
(180 10)  5  (10  220) 120  (100 10)  235
138.4 mm ytop 
(180 10)  (10  220)  (100 10)
ytop  101.6 mm
100 mm

Moment of inertia of I - section beam about neutral axis (parallel axis theorem)
 180 103   10  2203 
I    (180  10)(5  101.6) 2
    (10  220)(120  101.6) 2

 12   12 
 100 103 
  (100 10)(235  101.6)
2
+
 12 
106  0.015  16.8  8.87  0.745
I 02-Oct-17 Dr P R  0.0083
Venkatesh,  17.8
Mech   44.24 × 10 6 mm 4
Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
 180 mm
91.86 MPa
10 mm
101.6 mm
N A

220 mm

10 mm
138.4 mm

100 mm
125.13 MPa

Bending stress distribution : It varies linearly with distance from neutral axis .
wL2 20  22
For a cantilever with UDL, M    40 KN  m  40 106 N  mm
2 2
Mytop 40 106 101.6
Bending stress at top flange s top    91.86 MPa
I 44.24 10 6

Mybottom 40 106 138.4

Bending stress at bottom flange s bottom    125.13 MPa
I RVCE, 44.24 10
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept,
6
02-Oct-17
Bangalore
Shear stress distribution :
For a cantilever beam with UDL, shear force F  wL  20  2  40 KN
(i) At the bottom of top flange : a y  (180 10)  (101.6  5)  0.174  106 mm3 , b  180mm
Fa y 40 103  0.174  106
1    0.874 MPa
Ib 44.24 10 180
6

(ii) At the top fiber of web : a y  (180 10)  (101.6  5)  0.174  106 mm3 , b  10mm
Fa y 40 103  0.174  106
2    15.73 MPa
Ib 44.24 10 10
6

(iii) At the neutral axis : a y  (180 10)  96.6  (10  91.6)  45.8  0.216  106 mm3 , b  10mm
FAy 40 103  0.216  106
3    19.53 MPa
Ib 44.24 10 10
6

(iv) At the bottom fiber of web : a y  (100 10)  (138.4  5)  0.13  106 mm3 , b  10mm
Fa y 40 103  0.13  106
4    12.06 MPa
Ib 44.24 106 10
(v) At the top fiber of bottom flange : a y  (100 10)  (138.4  5)  0.13  106 mm3 , b  100mm
Fa y 40 103  0.13  106
1    1.206 MPa
Ib
02-Oct-17
44.24  10 6
 100 Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
 180 mm
91.86 MPa
10 mm 0.87 MPa 15.73 MPa
101.6 mm
N A 19.53 MPa

220 mm

10 mm
138.4 mm

12.06 MPa
1.206 MPa
100 mm
125.13 MPa

Bending Stress & shear stress distribution

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

02-Oct-17
Bangalore
Prob 6. A 3 m long cantilever beam is subjected to a UDL of
20 KN/m throughout its length & a point load of 40 KN at its
free end. Determine & sketch the bending stress & shear
stress distribution in the section of the beam shown in fig.

30 mm
20 KN/m 40 KN X X
R40
N A

3m
30 mm

120 mm

Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,

Cross section of the beam
02-Oct-17
Bangalore
 20 KN/m 40 KN

3m

For the given beam, max shear force in the beam F = 40 + (20  3) = 100 KN

Maximum bending moment at fixed support M = (40  3)+ (20  3)  1.5 = 210 KN - m

30 mm
Moment of inertia about neutral axis :
X X As the section is symmetrical about NA,
R40
 bh3  d 4 
N A I   
 12 64 
 120 1403   (804 ) 
30 mm i.e. I    
 12 64 
120 mm
02-Oct-17
 I Mech
Dr P R Venkatesh,  25.43 × 10 6 mm 4
Dept, RVCE,
Bangalore
 Bending stress distribution :
M  ytop 210 106  70
s top    578 MPa,
I 25.43 10 6

At y  0, (at neutral axis), s  0,

At y  70, (at bottom flange), s bottom  -578 Mpa
578 MPa

30 mm
X X
R40
N A

30 mm

120 mm 578 MPa

Bending stress
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Distribution
02-Oct-17
Bangalore
(i) shear stress at x - x : (i.e. at y = 40 mm) Here, b  120mm
100 103 198  103
a y  (120  30)  55  198 103 mm3 ,, y  40   6.5 MPa
25.43 10 120
6

(ii) At the neutral axis : (i.e. at y = 0)

   402 4  40 
Here, b=40 mm, a y  (120  70)  35  2     251.33  10 3
mm 3

 4 3 
100 103  251.33 103
 y 0   24.7 MPa
25.43 10  40
6

578 MPa

30 mm
6.5 MPa
X X
R40
24.7 MPa
N A

30 mm

120 mm 578 MPa

Bending stress Shear stress
Dr P R Venkatesh, Mech Dept, RVCE,
Distribution Distribution
02-Oct-17
Bangalore