IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science

PAPER • OPEN ACCESS You may also like

- Comparative Characteristics of Structural-
Natural conditions of the Karaganda region Textural, Mineralogical and Petrochemical
Features of Melt Rock Impactites of the
Kara Astrobleme. Preliminary Data (Pay-
To cite this article: A A Kenetayeva et al 2022 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 981 032041 Khoy, Russia)
Alexandr Zubov and Tatyana Shumilova

- Development of Landscape Architecture

through Geo-eco-tourism in Tropical Karst
Area to Avoid Extractive Cement Industry
View the article online for updates and enhancements. for Dignified and Sustainable Environment
and Life
Pita A. B. Cahyanti and Cahyono Agus

- One-Step Synthesis of Novel Mesoporous

Three-Dimensional GeO2 and Its Lithium
Storage Properties
Haiping Jia, Martin Winter and Tobias
Placke

This content was downloaded from IP address 197.250.227.109 on 25/02/2023 at 12:13

AGRITECH-VI-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 981 (2022) 032041 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/981/3/032041

Natural conditions of the Karaganda region

A A Kenetayeva1,3, Sh E Usupayev2, G S Shaikhova1, A K Salkeyeva1, A ZH

Akhmetova1 and L F Mullagaliyeva1
1
Karaganda State Technical University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
2
Central-Asian Institute for Applied Geosciences, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan

3
E-mail: aigul_tate@bk.ru

Abstract: Karaganda region is located on the most elevated central part of the Kazakh Upland -
Saryarka. This region is a peculiar and geomorphologically heterogeneous, sharply elevated
natural country. The paper considers the natural conditions of the Karaganda region and thematic
factors of the physical-geographical, geological, engineering geological, ecological-geological
directions of research, for the preparation of the foundations for the compilation of an
engineering-geodynamic map for the assessment and typification of geo-risks, as well as their
geonomization. A series of methodological requirements have been developed as monitoring
criteria for a comprehensive assessment of hazards, risks and vulnerability of the population and
the territory to the processes of long-term mining by open-cut and underground coal mines in
the study area. Of all the geological structures, the most thoroughly studied is the Karaganda
synclinorium, elongated in the sublatitudinal direction. The middle part of the synclinorium is
occupied by a coal basin. A geological and ecological basis for compiling a new engineering-
geological and ecological-geological map for assessing and typing geo-risks is presented, which
takes into account coal-bearing formations, coal grades, mining areas and geo-risks manifested
in 2020. Data have been developed for the certification of geo-risks of various types that appear
as a result of the continuation of the development of a coal deposit in order to minimize their
negative impact.

1. Introduction
The Karaganda region is characterized by a sharply continental and arid climate, which is a consequence
of the remoteness of the territory from large bodies of water and free access to the area of warm dry
subtropical air of the deserts of Central Asia in the warm season and cold, moisture-poor arctic air in the
cold half of the year.
Winter on the territory of the region is long, severe, with a stable snow cover, significant wind speeds
and frequent snowstorms. Winter begins in November and ends in March. Spring comes in late March
- early April and lasts only one or two months. Summer lasts four to five months and is characterized
by high air temperatures, relatively little precipitation and high relative dryness of the air. Frequent and
prolonged droughts lead to early burnout of vegetation, and strong winds lead to wind erosion of soils.
Autumn, like spring, is short and often dry [1].

Content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution
of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.
Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd 1
AGRITECH-VI-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 981 (2022) 032041 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/981/3/032041

2. Methods
The work uses classical research methods in the field of physical and geographical approaches,
geomorphology, landscape and soil analyzes, geology, engineering geology, ecological geology, mining
geology.

3. Results
Radiation balance. The components of the radiation balance on the territory of the region change
significantly depending on the latitude of the area, since the duration of sunshine in the southern part is
much longer than in the northern one, which is caused by the different development of cloudiness. The
number of clear days per year (in terms of total cloudiness) in Karaganda is 80, and in the Betpakdala
region, 113. The total inflow of solar radiation per year increases from north to south from 110 to 130
kcal/cm2. In December, it is 2-3, and in June, it reaches 16 - 18 kcal/cm2 per month. The reflectivity of
the earth's surface in different parts of the region is not the same, especially in the cold half of the year.
The albedo value in the warm season varies within 20-28%, and in winter, with snow cover, from 70%
in the north to 40% in the south. The total annual values of the radiation balance change, respectively,
from 40 - 42 to 45 - 48 kcal/cm2. The maximum radiation balance is observed in summer (June - July)
and is 6 - 9 kcal/cm2. The annual amplitude of the radiation balance is 9 - 9.5 kcal/cm2.
Air temperature. The average annual air temperature in the northern part of the region is plus 2 -
2.5ºC, and in the southern part, plus 5 - 7ºC. Due to the rugged terrain, the regular increase in air
temperature from north to south is often violated. In the higher parts of the relief, the average annual air
temperature ranges from 0 to + 2ºC. The average temperature of the coldest month - January in the north
is 16-17ºC, in the south - minus 13-15ºC. The absolute minimum reaches, respectively, in the north 50,
and in the south 4ºC below zero. In spring, the average daily air temperature goes through 0ºC towards
positive temperatures on average April 5-10 in the north and March 20-30 in the south. In the higher
areas of the region, the onset of positive temperatures is observed on average three to five days later. At
the same latitudes in the western regions of the territory, spring warming usually occurs three to five
days earlier than in the eastern. The beginning and end of spring changes from year to year by 15 - 20
days. In autumn, the transition of average daily air temperatures through 0ºC is observed on October 20-
25 in the north of the region and in the higher parts of the hummock, in the south it is delayed until
November 5-10. The duration of the warm period is on average 200 - 230 days. The warmest month is
July. The average monthly temperature in July will vary from + 20ºC in the northern part to + 25ºC in
the southern. In the elevated parts of the hummock it is 2 -3 °C less. The absolute maximum temperature
in July in the north of the region reaches + 40 - 42ºC, and in its southern part + 46ºC.
Thus, for the entire territory of the region, the amplitude of fluctuations in average monthly air
temperatures reaches 35 - 40°C, the absolute amplitude exceeds 90°C [2].
Air humidity. The average annual absolute air humidity varies from 5 to 7 mbar. The annual
amplitude of the absolute air humidity is 9 - 10 mbar. The highest relative humidity is in winter (in the
north 75 - 80%, in the south 65 - 70%), the lowest in the warm season (30 - 60% in the north, 20 - 40%
in the south). The average annual deficit of air humidity in the northern part is 5 - 5.5 mbar, and in the
southern part it is 7.5 - 9.5 mbar. In winter, in most of the territory, it is equal to 0.3 - 0.6 mbar, and only
in areas where low mountains and watershed hummocks are usually slightly higher (0.7 - 0.8 mbar). In
the warm season, the deficit of air humidity fluctuates significantly. In the north of the region, its average
monthly values vary from 0.8 - 0.9 mbar in March to 13 - 13.5 mbar in July, and in the south,
respectively, from 1 - 1.7 to 20 - 25 mbar. In September, the lack of air saturation with moisture in the
northern regions of the region is 7-9 mbar, in the southern 10-12 mbar, in October it decreases to 3-5
mbar. In the mountains, the moisture deficit in July does not exceed 12 mbar on average.
Wind. The average annual wind speed in the northern part is 4.5 - 5, in the southern 3.5 - 4.5 m/s.
Calm days are rare. In winter, due to the presence of a spur of the Siberian maximum in the northern
regions, southwestern winds prevail with an average speed of 5-5.5 m/s and a frequency of 25-45%, and
in the central and southern regions, north-eastern winds with a frequency of 40-75%. In the western and
southern regions of the flat territory, the average wind speed for the winter period is 4.5 - 5 m/s. As we

2
AGRITECH-VI-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 981 (2022) 032041 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/981/3/032041

approach the low-mountain regions, it decreases on average to 3-4 m/s, however, with the height of the
terrain, it increases and reaches 5-6 m/s. In the warm season, north-east winds prevail in the north and
central regions of the region, and south-west winds prevail in the south. The strongest winds throughout
the region, causing snowstorms in winter, and dust storms in summer, most often have a southwestern
direction. The highest wind speeds are usually observed in the second half of winter and in spring. The
frequency of wind with a speed of more than 15 m/s ranges from nine days in the south to 50 in the
north [3].
Precipitation. Precipitation is distributed very unevenly. The average layer of annual precipitation
for the entire territory is 260 mm. The largest number of them falls per year in low-mountain areas - 300
- 350 mm in the north-west in the Ulytau mountains and up to 400 mm in a mountain cluster in the
north-east of the region, where there is a particularly large diversity of their distribution. On the same
heights of the hummock, the western and northern slopes are usually the most humid, and the
southeastern slopes are less humid. In the southern plain and semi-desert areas of the region,
precipitation falls much less (160 mm).
The ratio of seasonal precipitation amounts in different parts of the region is not the same. In the
higher parts of the hummocks and in the north, the cold part of the year on average accounts for 25 -
35%, and in the south 40-45% of the annual amount. At the same time, precipitation in the winter-spring
period plays a major role in the feeding of groundwater. In the warm period of the year, in the low-
mountain and small-hills regions, it falls up to 300 mm, and in the southern lowland part of 75 - 100
mm.
Precipitation of the warm period is almost completely spent on evaporation and transpiration of
vegetation, which is especially characteristic for the open flattened territory of the south and west of the
region, where this is facilitated by increased solar radiation, high temperatures and a sharp shortage of
air humidity, as well as increased wind activity, which causes prolonged droughts and dry winds.
The largest monthly amount of precipitation in the elevated parts of the relief and in the north of the
region falls on the summer months (June - July), and in the south - in the spring (April - May). The
smallest amount of precipitation usually falls in February - March and September. In a long-term cycle,
the amount of precipitation varies within wide limits. In years with a large amount of precipitation, the
amount reaches 550 mm in the Karkaralinsk mountains and 350 mm in the flat south, and in years with
a low amount of precipitation, respectively, 150 and 75 mm. The differences in the amount of
precipitation of individual years for the cold and warm parts of the year are even more significant.
In extremely snowy winters, their sum for November - March in the mountainous dissected regions
is 200-250 mm, and on the plains 150-175 mm. In extremely little snowy winters, the amount of
precipitation is only 20 - 30 mm. They usually fall in the form of light and insignificant rainfall or
snowfall. On average, per year the number of days with precipitation is greater than or equal to a layer
of 0.1 mm in the south of the region is 60-75 (Balkhash, Betpakdala, Dzhezkazgan), in the central
regions 80 - 100, in the northern regions (Karaganda, Karkaralinsk) 100 - 120 days. Of these, 90% of
cases in the south and 80% in the north of the region refer to the amount of precipitation less than 5 mm.
Even in the warm season, the number of days with rainfall of more than 10 mm varies from one day in
the south to six days in the north. Precipitation with a layer of 20 mm or more per day does not fall
annually, although in some rainy periods in the north of the region and in elevated regions, they occur
for several days. The maximum annual daily precipitation in the hummock in some years reaches 50 -
60 mm (Karkaralinsk - 1938, Karaganda - 1939), while on the flat territory they do not exceed 35 mm.
The longest rainstorm duration is 5-10 hours in the south and up to 20 hours in the northern regions,
where heavy rains are usually observed in the summer (June - July), while in its southern regions - in
the spring (April - May), but in some cases they also happen in autumn (once every 10 years in
September).
The aridity of the climate is also manifested in the long duration of rainless periods. The absence of
precipitation in the northern regions of the region is observed for 20-30 days in a row, and in the south
for up to 50 days. In some years, in the southern regions of the region, it does not rain for 60-70 days,
and in the north for 50-60 days. Most often August - September are rainless, and often July. Since the

3
AGRITECH-VI-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 981 (2022) 032041 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/981/3/032041

rains with a small amount of precipitation in the summer season slightly moisten the soil, the duration
of the dry period is much longer than the duration of the rainless periods [4].
Snow cover. The distribution of snow cover over the territory of the region is generally subject to
latitudinal zoning. However, the regularities in the timing of the establishment and disappearance of the
snow cover, as well as in the distribution of snow reserves are significantly violated under the influence
of the terrain. the first snowfalls and unstable snow cover in the northern regions are sometimes observed
already at the end of September. In most cases, the appearance of snow cover occurs at the end of
October in the north and east and mid-November in the west and south. Stable snow cover over most of
the territory is usually established in the second or third decades of November. In some years, the
formation of stable snow cover in the north is delayed until the end of December, and in the south until
mid-January. The duration of the snow cover in different parts of the territory is not the same. In the
areas of development of low mountains and watershed hummocks and in the north, it stays for an average
of 130-150 days, and in the south for 100-120 days. In some years, in the southern regions, stable snow
cover is not observed at all. The accumulation of snow in most of the territory is gradual and reaches a
maximum in March, however, the accumulation of the bulk of the snow is often observed in the first
half of winter, and in February and March, the water reserves in the snow due to evaporation are already
significantly decreasing. The maximum snow reserves in the south of the region are on average February
20 - March 1, and in the north and in the higher parts of the hummock - March 10-15. The earliest dates
are at the end of January - early February, the latest at the end of March. The beginning of spring
snowmelt is observed on average 10-15 days after the date of establishment of maximum reserves. The
average of the largest height of snow cover in winter in the north of the territory is 25-30 cm, in the
south 10-15 cm. parts 50-60 cm and more) and in little snow does not exceed 10-15 cm (in the south 5
cm).
The density of snow cover at the beginning of winter is usually not more than 0.15 - 0.2, but during
the winter period it gradually increases and before the beginning of spring snow melting averages 0.25
- 0.35. In some winters, the density of snow ranges from 0.15 - 0.25 to 0.4 - 0.45. The density of the
snow cover reaches its highest values in winters with strong snowstorms and thaws. The latter are
observed occasionally in the second half of winter.
Studies of the Kazakh Scientific Research Hydrometeorological Institute KazNIGMI established that
in most cases they gave underestimated (by 20-30%) data on snow reserves, which is explained by the
proximity of the survey area to settlements and underestimation of snow reserves accumulating in river
beds and ravines. Therefore, when constructing a map of the average of the maximum annual water
reserves in the snow cover, these errors were taken into account. The correction factor is 1.2 on average.
Within the Kazakh Uplands, the distribution of snow reserves over the area is highly dependent on
the terrain (the height and orientation of the slopes of the hills in relation to the moisture-bearing winds).
The average increase in snow reserves with terrain height is 15 mm per 100 m in height. At the same
time, the absolute value of the maximum water reserves in the snow is very different even at the same
heights of the same mountain ranges. For example, the difference in water reserves in the snow cover at
the same heights of the western and eastern slopes of the Ulytau Mountains reaches 40-60mm.
In general, in the region, the maximum reserves of water in the snow cover are 70-80 mm for the
northern and 40-50 mm for its southern regions [5].
Snow melting and winter-spring (effective) precipitation. On the territory of the Karaganda region,
a solar type of weather is characteristic for the spring period, less often mixed and advective. Therefore,
the snow cover melts at first slowly and intermittently, and only at the end does the intensity of snow
melting increase sharply. In the initial period, melt water is consumed mainly for evaporation. The water
loss of snow and the supply of groundwater by melt water is carried out at the end of the period of the
most intense thawing. The replenishment of groundwater reserves with meltwater continues also after
the complete melting of snow due to the fall of precipitation on the soil, which is well moistened with
meltwater, in the spring period. Studies by KazNIGMI have established that the average daily intensity
of snow melting varies from 2 to 12 mm/day, and the most frequently repeated 4-6 mm/day.

4
AGRITECH-VI-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 981 (2022) 032041 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/981/3/032041

Precipitation during the period of snow melting is relatively small and usually amounts to no more
than 20% of the water reserves in the snow cover, but the precipitation of the entire spring period (until
the end of floods on rivers and the cessation of the rise in the groundwater level) is 60-70% of the snow
reserves. As the altitude of the area increases, the amount of spring precipitation and their share of the
total precipitation for the winter-spring period increase.
In most of the territory, the average amount of winter-spring precipitation is 120-150 mm, but in the
mountains, their amount reaches 180-200 m. mm in the east [6,7].
In conclusion, we should dwell on the relationship between vegetation and groundwater. In the
western part of the region, individual species and plant communities have been identified, which are
indicators of the depth and mineralization of groundwater (Ostrovsky, 1965). Fresh and slightly saline
groundwater, occurring at depths of up to 5 m, is indicated by communities of creeping wheatgrass, reed
with glycophilic forbs, chia, licorice, thickets of willows, rose hips and some other plant groups.
Brackish waters (salinity 3-5 g/l) are characterized by creeping communities with kermek gmelin,
camphor and other halophytes, chia-reed and cayak associations, and kokpek groups. Indicators of
strongly saline groundwater (salinity 5-10 g/l) are kokpekov-chia, kiyak-reed and reed-akmamyk
communities, and the reed in them is suppressed. reed and mallet. Communities of phreatophytes are
distributed mainly in negative forms of relief, especially in river valleys. Their transpiration activity is
one of the main factors of groundwater discharge. Vegetation developed on positive landforms, as a
rule, is not connected by root systems with groundwater and does not prevent the infiltration of
atmospheric precipitation to the level of the latter. The noted regularities of the relationship between
vegetation and groundwater are largely characteristic of the rest of the region.

4. Conclusions
The paper considers the natural conditions of the Karaganda region and thematic factors of the physical-
geographical, geological, engineering geological, ecological-geological directions of research, for the
preparation of the foundations for the compilation of an engineering-geodynamic map for the assessment
and typification of geo-risks, as well as their geonomization. A series of methodological requirements
have been developed as monitoring criteria for a comprehensive assessment of hazards, risks and
vulnerability of the population and the territory to the processes of long-term mining by open-cut and
underground coal mines in the study area. Of all the geological structures, the most thoroughly studied
is the Karaganda synclinorium, elongated in the sublatitudinal direction. The middle part of the
synclinorium is occupied by a coal basin. A geological and ecological basis for compiling a new
engineering-geological and ecological-geological map for assessing and typing geo-risks is presented,
which takes into account coal-bearing formations, coal grades, mining areas and geo-risks manifested
in 2020. Data have been developed for the certification of geo-risks of various types that appear as a
result of the continuation of the development of a coal deposit in order to minimize their negative impact.

References:
[1] Kolmakov V A 1981 Methane emission and its control in mines (Moscow: Nauka) p 236
[2] Ayruni А Т 1981 Theory and practice of mine gases control at great depths (Moscow: Nauka) p
332
[3] Sidorenko A V 1970 Hydrogeology of the USSR, Karaganda region (Moscow: Nauka) XXXIV p
18-23
[4] 2002 Problems of the development of methane-bearing coal seams, industrial extraction and use
of mine methane in the Karaganda basin ed A T Ayruni (Moscow: Academy of Mining
Sciences of Russia) p 346
[5] Zenkovich L M 1976 Natural gas permeability and specific rate of gas recovery of working coal
seams of the main deposits of the USSR (Safety, labor protection and mine rescue work) 17 p
10-11
[6] Ayruni А Т 1990 Gas content of the hard coal mines of the USSR. Integrated development of gas-
bearing coal deposits ed G D Lidin (Moscow: Nauka) p 213

5
AGRITECH-VI-2021 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 981 (2022) 032041 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/981/3/032041

[7] Website of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Karaganda Retrieved from:

https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/emer-karaganda?lang=kk