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BLS LLB
Sunday, 26 October 2014 Blog Archive
SOCIOLOGY CHAPTER NO. 2 TO 6 ( BLS LLB SEM ► 2018 (2)
III) ► 2017 (15)
► 2016 (31)
► 2015 (23)
▼ 2014 (31)
SOCIETY
▼ October (15)
Society is the subject matter of Sociology.
history of court part 3 notes bls llb
Definition – sem 3
Adam Smith –
political science question and
“Society is an artificial device of natural economy”
answer blsllb sem 3
SOCIOLOGY CHAPTER NO. 2 TO
Mac Iver –
6 ( BLS LLB SEM III)
“Society is a system of usages and procedures, authority and mental aid
of many groups that control human behavior” SOCIOLOGY CHAPTER 1 (BLS
LLB SEM III)
Talcot Parson’s – BLS LLB POLITICAL SCIENCE
SEM 3, QUESTION AND
“Society may be defined as a total complex of human relationships” ANSWERS
BLS LLB HISTORY OF COURTS
Feature of Society – CHAPTER NO. 3 / PART 2
1) A definite territories –
BLS LLB HISTORY OF COURTS
Society is a territorial group. The population occupies a common geographical PART 2 CHAPTER NO. 2
area based on natural or manmade boundaries.
BLS LLB HISTORY OF COURTS
2) Progeny – PART 2 CHAPTER NO. 1
Human society is predominantly formed for human reproduction, adoption,
BLS LLB HISTORY OF COURTS
enslavement, conquest or immigration. Reproduction remains a fundamental CHAPTER NO 7
source for members within a society.
BLS LLB HISTORY OF COURTS
3) Culture – CHAPTER NO 6
Every society has its own culture. Culture is an acquired behavior which is
BLS LLB HISTORY OF COURTS
shared and transmitted among its members. It is a continuous process. There CHAPTER NO. 5
are also subcultures.
BLS LLB HISTORY OF COURTS
4) Independence –
CHAPTER NO. 4
Society is permanent self contend & an integral group.
BLS LLB SEM III HISTORY OF
5) Social Interaction –
COURTS CHAPTER 3
The bases for any society are its social interactions. Human behavior is social
and the relationship is based upon mutual sentiments between its members. BLS LLB SEM III HISTORY OF
COURTS
Interaction is a continuous process, which becomes possible through
communication. HISTORY OF COURTS PART I
NOTES (CHAPTER NO. 1)
6) Demography –
Human society contains population i.e males & females of different ages in order ► June (1)
to be a continued process. ► May (2)
► April (2)
► March (10)
SOCIAL GROUP – ► February (1)
INTRODUCTION –
Man is a social animal and he cannot live isolated. There is a constant ► 2013 (6)
interaction among them.
Definition – About Me
E.S Bogadarz – Unknown
A group is a number of units of anything is close proximity to one
View my
another.
complete profile
Mac Iver & Page –
Page 1 of 20
By group we mean any collection of social beings who enter into a
distinctive social relationship with one another.
Feature of a group –
1) Reciprocal relations –
The members of a group are interrelated to each other. Simply a gathering of
persons cannot form a group. Mutual relations are considered essential for the
formation of a social group.
2) Sense of unity –
A sense of unity is essential for every group. Groups members are tied by a
sense of unity. By virtue of such a sense, member of a group develop loyalty or
a feeling of sympathy among themselves.
3) We – feeling –
The members of a social group develop a sense of “We” feeling among them.
“Wefeelings” fosters cooperation among members and helps to defend their
interest collectively. They treat other as outsides and try to make their group
prosperous and selfsufficient.
4) Common interest –
The interest and ideals of a group are common. In fact, people form the group
for the fulfillment of their common objective and interest.
5) Group Norms –
Every group has its own rules and norms, which the member are supposed to
follow. The group exercises control over its member through the norms.
6) Similarities of behaviors –
As the articles, ideals and values of the persons of a group are common, they
behave in more or less similar way for the achievements of common interests.
7) Stability –
Groups are permanent or temporary in nature. Some groups like the crowd,
mob, etc. are temporary and unstable. But the group like family is permanent
and stable in nature.
8) Groups are dynamic –
Social groups are not static. They are dynamic. The rate od change may be
slow or rapid. Due to internal and external pressures, groups undergo changes.
SOCIAL GROUP –
INTRODUCTION –
Man is a social animal and he cannot live isolated. There is a constant
interaction among them.
Definition –
Mac Iver & Page –
By group we mean any collection of social beings who enter into a
distinctive social relationship with one another.
Ogurn & Nimkolk –
Whenever two or more individual comes together and influence
one another constitute a social group.
Feature and Characteristic –
1) Numbers of individual
Single person can constitute a group. They must be a number of individual to
form a group. E.g – Family, Caste, Clan, Kin. Etc.
2) Feeling of unity –
This is an essential feature of a group. There are feelings, sympathy between
the members of the group.
3) Common Interest –
Interest, idle interest and the values of different person in the groups tends to be
common as it promotes unity and solidarity. It is a unique feature of social group
Function of Groups –
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1) All human needs are satisfied within the group. Certain believe, values and
ideals are commonly followed by the group members. This generates a feeling
of unity and belongingness.
2) A group provides security there is a cooperation between its members which
leads to proper growth and continues survival of human species.
3) Groups share common goals.
4) Social behavior and the personality of an individual is shape by the group to
which he belongs.
Types of Social Groups – (Important)
Social groups can be classified into
1) Primary and Secondary Groups.
2) In Group and Out Group
3) Formal and Informal Group
4) Reference Group
Primary and Secondary Groups –
Charles coolly in his book Social organization has describes primary &
secondary groups on the basis of human behavior.
Primary groups are referred to small association of people who are
intimately collected by emotional feelings. E.g – Family is a primary group.
There is a face to face association. The size is limited and there is intimacy
among its members cooperation is the unique feature as member have a
common aim. Members have a personal relationship.
Secondary groups are just the opposite of a primary group. They are a
large sized group. E.g – Political party, Corporation, A nation etc. the
contacts are superficial and unidentified. The membership is not compulsory.
The relationship is formal and impersonal. This is regulated by rule. The
position or status of every member depends upon his role. The purpose of a
secondary group is to fulfill specific function.
In group and Out group –
An In group has a feeling of one ness. Welfare binds them members are
sympatric towards one another there is mutual cooperation health and good
will. There is solidarity, sentiments, loyalty and intimacy. Out groups are a
circle of people where there is no sense of belongingness. There is in
difference competition, jealously, hatred and even conflicts.
Formal and Informal –
Formal groups are guided be written rules and roles to its members. It is
regulated and controlled by established norms and values (rules), the
members have to obey the rules. Any serious violation of the rules by a
member needs the punishments. Membership is based on qualification and
every member has to play a definite role. It is culturally heterogeneous. Eg. –
Political Party, Business firm, Armies, Government firm, University. A group
without frame rule, goals, and leaders is called an informal group. It is
established on the basis of interpersonal relations. Joint activities felling of
belongingness to a group bound by common interest. There is we felling,
mutual likings, emotional attractions, understanding and respect for each
other with in the group, customs and traditions is a basis of a informal group.
Reference Group –
Definition –
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Sheriff – (Short Note)
Those group to which individual relates to himself as a part or to which
he relates himself psychologically. Thus, the groups follows and observe the
behavior pattern and social & economic standard and the psychological
levels to the reference group.
Peer Group –
Group of people of similar status are called peer group. E.g. Class
mates, Close Friends, etc. Peer group often formed on the basis of
similarities between people who come together to participate in similar
activities. Peer group often meets each other regularly.
Crowd –
Crowd is a collection of persons who are united temporary and results in
common actions.
Horton & Hunt –
“Crowd is a temporary collection of people reacting together to stimuli
(Instant reaction).
Culture –
The word culture is a Latin word “colert” which means to cultivate.
Culture is referred to the aristocratic class for their attainment of higher levels
of lives and civilization to simply put it culture is “the way of life”.
Definition –
“Malilowski” –
Culture is handwork of man and the medium through which he achieves
his ends.
Laviere –
The culture is the embodiment, in customs, traditional etc. of the
learning of a social group over the generation.
White –
The culture is a symbolic continuous, cumulative and progressive
process.
Elements of Culture –
1) Culture is learned and an acquired behavior not hereditary.
2) Culture is dynamic
3) Culture is social, idealistic and has the receiving capacity.
4) Culture is continuous with gradual changes.
5) It is a human phenomenon which continuous through tradition.
6) It is a total way of life.
Feature of Indian Culture –
1) Sense of harmony –
Indian culture achieves harmony and order. Which is the basic foundation
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Indian culture achieves harmony and order. Which is the basic foundation
and balances the Indian country. The basic team “Purusharthas”.
2) Tolerance.
3) Emphasis on duty.
4) The ideal of joint family system
5) Diversity and unity
6) Respect towards elders.
Classification of Culture –
1) Material and Non Material Culture –
According to W.F Oburn, he divided culture into two aspects. Material Culture
and Non Material Culture. Material culture refers to concrete object E.g. House,
clothing, utensils, books etc. Non Material Culture refers to abstract creation of
man. E.g. Language, Literature, art, Law, etc.
2) Acculturation –
Acculturation is define as “learning consciously or unconsciously of a culture
through contracts. Eg. – immigrants culture. There are culture changes that take
place due contracts with different culture. It creates close and intiment
relationships. A conjugations of two cultures, can be termed as a culturation.
3) Assimilation –
It is a process in which one culture becomes very close or intimate with one
another as to lose its individually.
4) Culture Lag Theory –
This term “Culture Lag” was coined by W.F Ogburn under “Social Charges” Lag
means “Crippled movement”. Culture lag means faltering one aspect of culture
behind another. He described it as “Material and Non Material Culture”. Their
exist a strain between two related parts of the culture which changes at unequal
rates of speed. It could be slow and rapid that is to say that one culture falls
behind the other.
This could be disasters to the society as there could be competing
and unhealthy response between the two cultures.
Personality –
The word is derived from the Latin word “Persona” which was used for
the mask. It refers to actors, performance different roles.
Definition –
G. Murphy –
“personality is neither a biological nor social alone but biosocial”
Lundberg –
“The term ‘personality’ refer to the habit, attitudes, and other social
traits that are characteristic of a given individual behavior’
Types of Personality –
1) Introvert –
According to Carl Gustal Jung, introvert means “Those occupied with their own”.
The person or his personality is slender and thus are called as ‘Pykrnic’”.
2) Extrovert –
Extrovert is “with things outside self” they are usually “a stout person” and are
called Leptsome.
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called Leptsome.
Status and role –
Status Position –
Status is referred to as social position and individual enjoys or occupies in the
society. The status is high if the role he place is significant or important. Thus
status of a person is based on evaluations.
Definition –
Lapire –
“Social status is the position in which & individual occupies in a
society”
Mac Iver –
“Status is the social position than determine for its possessor
apart from his personal attribute or social service, a degree of respect, restage &
influence.
Feature of Status –
It changes with the passage of time and situations also.
Status is relative.
Types of Status –
1) Ascribed Status –
Ascribed Status is the form of status not acquire but assigned when a
child is born into a family. It is given to the individual without any reference to
their abilities or skills. It is based on sex, age, kinship, heredity, economic,
conditions of the group. It cannot be changed.
2) Achieved Status –
Achieved Status is that which a person earns attains out of his own
personal efforts. Specialization in education, sharp vision of labour, vocational
expertise, etc. have changed the condition of life which are conducive to achieve
status. Physical duty, skilled in music, scientific knowledge, cultural exinence,
etc. raises the status of an individual.
Difference between Ascribed and Achieved Status –
Role –
The word role refers to the part an actor plays. Thus, role consists of
behaviors excepted of an individual within the community. The task performed
by an individual makes the role he is expected to play in life.
Definition –
Jems Berg –
“Status is a position and role is the manner in which that position is
supposed to be field.
Type of Role –
Ralth Linton classified roles into –
1) Ascribed Roles –
Roles are more automatically acquired is called roles. The individual has no
choice over its ascribed roles. It is established at birth and he has to perform
certain roles inventively based on family, race, etc.
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certain roles inventively based on family, race, etc.
2) Achieved Status –
These are assigned, upholding a standard the person has some choice.
However, he has to play the achieved role. It’s usually includes occupational
roles and it contains social pressure.
Role Conflict –
The society is net erogenous in nature. There is scope for conflicts and
tensions involving discharging of duties as members in the society.
Role conflicts arise due to choice in two or more roles which are equally
important specially in a rapidly changing society. The individual feels it difficult to
choose between the conflicting roles or behaviors.
Causes for conflicts are –
1) Cultural heterogeneity and complex system.
2) When two or more individual are authorized to perform the same ‘Function’.
3) When two individual has to play many roles through different groups.
Norms and Values –
Norms are patterns that sets limit on the individual behavior. It is defined
as standard group of behavior. If put down rules and regulations governing the
behavior of an individual in the society has to whether he likes or dislikes, it is a
guiding factor of an individual behavior in the society.
According to Broom & Seiznic –
“ The norms are blue prints for behavior, setting limits within which
individuals make seek alternate ways to achieve their goals.”
Community –
The word community is derived from the Latin word “Com” means
together and “Munis” meaning service. Thus community means serve together.
A community is a social group of people living in a given area and have we
feeling.
Definition –
Mac Klever –
“Community is an area of social living marked by some degree of social
coherence”
Freclinand Tonnes –
“A community is one in which human relationship are intimate and
durable”
Feature of community –
1) Community is a group of human being living a common life.
2) It is permanent but not transitory or temporary.
3) Every community has a particular name which gives it identity.
4) A community may be big or small. Larger the community there is scope for
peace and protection, smaller the community provides friends and friendship.
Types of community –
1) Folk Community –
The Folk community is small in size isolated from other communities. Most of it
member are nonliterate. They have a strong sense of group solidarity. Behavior
is traditional, spontaneous and very personal.
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2) Tribal Community –
It is a society based upon Kingship united in language, social distance from the
other world (Society). They follow tribal traditions believes and customs, and
also have territorial affinity & isolation.
3) Rural Community –
Rural community is a human settlements which is relatively small less populated
and homogenous and an informal group.
4) Urban Community –
Urban community is a human settlement which is relatively large & socially
heterogeneous. They have occupational and economic structure as its feature. It
is predominantly nonagriculture there is usage of machinery etc.
Feature of Norms –
1) Social norms control the behavior and conduct of an individual within the society.
2) Norms operate in the society to control individual behavior.
3) Norms could be written as well as unwritten.
4) Social norms compel an individual to change his attitude and adopt group
feelings.
Function of Norms –
1) The standards of behavior contains in norms regulate the individual behavior in
the society.
2) Norms help in maintenance of social objective and value of the individual in the
society.
3) Norms guide the members to judge others as well as themselves.
Types of Norms –
1) Prescriptive and Proscriptive Norms –
Prescriptive norms are the rules and regulation on which must be followed in
social activity and behavior. It tell us “what we shall not do”
2) Ideal and Practical Norms –
Ideal norms are put forth for the members of the society that has to be accepted
and obeyed. It can be followed as overlooked.
Practical norms are those which every members of the society can follow and
practice.
3) Folkways & Mares –
Folkways –
Social norms are distinguished into Folkways & Mares. The term Folkways was
coined by William Graham Sumna. It means the way of the Folk, the way people
satisfy their needs, interacts with one another in order to lead peaceful life.
Folkways are norms to which an individual confirms because it is the customary
usage to follow in the society. Confirming to Folkway is neither by law nor by
force in the society.
Mares –
Summer coined the word “Mares” which means morals. It constitutes the care of
normative order. There are certain moral rules which a society has to follow and
accept for its social wellbeing. Individuals cannot violet them as Mares carry a
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accept for its social wellbeing. Individuals cannot violet them as Mares carry a
‘must’ and are accompany by Heavy Negative sanction (Punishment / Fines)
Mac – Iver & Page –
“When Folkways had added to them conception of groups, welforce, standards
of right as wrong, they are converted into Mares.
Social Values –
Values refer to “views” about “what is desirable”. They are general
standards that are independent in different situations. It is can be the purpose
for goals or meaningful expectations in the culture context. Value in life is
significant.
Values and Norms are assurance towards the preservation of life.
Institution –
Man is a social animal. Who has various need and to satisfy them he forms
Organizations and frames rules of procedure such organizations are known as
institution.
Definition –
Mac Iver & Page –
“An institution is the established forms of the condition of procedure or
characteristics of group activity”.
Gelel & Gilling –
“A social institution is a functional configuration of cultural patters which
poses certain permanence and which is intended to satisfy special needs.
Feature of Institutions –
1) Institutions are formed for the fulfillment of primary & secondary needs of an
individual
2) Institutions have some definite objectives to achieve.
3) Most of the institutions have evolved. Eg. – Family, Marriage, State, Etc.
4) Values and Norms are the standards which are followed and prescribed in the
institutions.
Functions / importance of Institution –
1) Institution promotes unity within the human civilization.
2) Institution controls the behavior of man and guides them according to situations.
3) Institutions exist for the society and govern providing security to the members of
the society.
4) Institution simplifies the groups and created a conducive atmosphere.
Formal and Informal Social Control –
Formal types are those that are specifically created for the control of the
individuals. Eg. – Laws, Police, Army, IPC, Etc.
Informal types are those which run in the family lineage. Eg. Customs,
Traditions, Believe, etc. which are develop by the members for the needs of the
society.
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Function of Social Control –
1) It maintains order and stability of human behavior.
2) There is unity in the society as individuals confirm to norms.
3) It enforces Folkways, Customs, Morals, and ideals to be preserved within the
society.
Agencies of Social Control (Important – 12 Marks) –
Introduction –
E.A Ross described the means of Social Controls. The most important
among them are folkways, mores, customs, personality, religion, suggestions,
public opinion and law (formal agencies).
Informal agencies are gossip, Sympathy, resentment (hatred), sense of
justice, believe, morals, etc.
Informal means of Social control –
1) Believe –
2) Customs –
Customs refer to the established social ways that regulate the lives of the
members within the society.
3) Morals –
Morals refer to Laws concerning the goodness and badness of different
concepts. In the modern society nonviolence, truth, justice and equality are
considered as good moral. Violating it is condemned.
4) Suggestion –
5) Public opinion –
It refers to the prevailing and predominant attitudes and judgments of the
members of a community. It greatly influences the behavior of its members. It is
strong force that influences social behavior and is an important form of social
control.
Formal means of Control –
1) Education –
Education trains an individual on the pattern of politeness that differs from
society to society. It includes values of discipline, cooperation, tolerance and
sacrifice, qualities of honesty, fair play and sense of right and wrong is
understood due to formal education. It controls the behavior of individual.
2) Administration of Law –
According to Ross “Law is the most specialized and highly furnished engine of
social control in the society, it empower the executive government to punish
those who violet the established social order in the society”. It exercises
powerful control by preventing citizens becoming an obstacle in the path of
another. Thereby protecting social security.
Page 10 of 20
another. Thereby protecting social security.
3) Coercion or Physical Force –
It is the ultimate means of social control where physical force is used to achieve
the goal. It may be in the form of corporal punishments, imprisonment or even a
death penalty. The fear of physical punishment puts a check on prospective
criminal. It is an effective weapon that deters the people from violating the law.
Eg. – Police, Army, who use instruments of physical force to attain the end.
Max labour consider it to interpret and understand behavior. Thus,
according to the specialistic school of thought sociology esay study of one
aspect of social relation or behavior that is their forms.
Criticism –
1) The concept of pure sociology is not practical.
2) It is not the only science to study human behavior.
3) Scope of sociology is confirm (limited).
Systematic schools of thought –
The Systematic schools of thought viewed sociology as dealing with the
whole human race in general. Gense Burg divided its subject matter into four
parts, that is –
1) Social Morphology
2) Social Control
3) Special Process
4) Social Pathology
Emile Durkheim divides into three principles that is –
1) Special Morphology
2) Special Physiology
3) Sociology.
Included study of relationships between different aspects of social phenomenon.
He interrelated social life.
Conclusion –
Important of Sociology –
1) Sociology makes a scientific study of society.
2) It understands the role of institution in the development of human personality.
Eg. – Family, Marriage, Mobility, Etc.
3) It teaches intrinsic value and dignity of life.
4) Sociological knowledge helps in understanding and enraged culture of different
people for various profession, occupation, caste and community.
5) Stimulates very person to overcome narrow mindedness, prejudices, egoism,
ambitions and class hatred.
Relevance of Law to Sociology –
Law is a social function, it is an expression of human society regarding
the interrelationship of its different members, and the state maintains law in the
society. Sociology deals with certain social disorganization within the society. It
provides solutions to control maladies found in the society. Its main concern its
dealing with group internal forms and modes of organization. Thereby making
provision for changes.
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provision for changes.
Law is an effective instrument of social change and social control. The
society and the legal system are inseparable sociology and jurisprudence (legal
theory) are complimentary to each other. A lawyer is not technician knowing
legal text. Legal machinery and procedure but is a social physician (Doctor) and
heal the society with proper justice. Thus, it is important that they understand
the society for making laws and leas the society towards progress (Labour Law,
Public Laws, Sport Laws, Cyber Crime Laws)
Sociology and Jurisprudence –
The sociologist is in better position to interpret laws usefully without any
mistake. In the modern times, jurisprudence has established itself as a separate
social science. Some notable sociologist – August Herbert, Spences, Email
Derthine, Karl Marks and Max Vabour have contributed a lot to sociology.
Indian sociologist like M.N Shriniwas, K.M Kapadia, D.M. Mazumdar, S.C
Dubey, A.R Desai, G.S Ghurge.
Thus it is clear that the sociologist is concern with law as a social
phenomenon. He studies law in a practical way through observation.
Criminology and Penology –
Criminology and Penology are the branches of “Sociology of Law”
criminology deals with the systematic study of crime and criminal behavior from
the social view of point. On the other hand, Penology studies the effect of
different penal codes, systems and punishment. It also studies the efficiency
(usefulness) of reforms and rehabilitation schemes in the changing of criminal
behavior.
Conclusion –
The branch of social helps law makes and execution to provide affecting
laws which understand human behavior from the sociology view of point.
Sociology and Legal Profession –
Law is an instrument of the society and its object is achievement of
justice, stability and peaceful change. Sociology of legal profession can be
defined as a science of institution dealing with legal phenomenon. Its inter
connection of the different parts in the legal systems, legal profession and the
bar council of India. The Bar council of India was constituted as per the
advocates Act 1961.
Some of its functions were –
1) Proper understand of professional conducts for advocates.
2) Follow procedure laid down by the disciplinary committee.
3) To safeguard rights, privileges and interest of the advocates.
4) To promote and support law reforms, legal education, organized legal aid for the
poor, conduct seminar and organized task on legal topics by eminent judges.
Bar and bench relations –
1) Relation between public in the society.
2) Relation with clients,People have to confirm rules and regulation lead down by
the society. Such compulsory and mandatory rules are termed as social control.
The important aim is conformity to society norms and expectations.
Definition –
Adverse Rose –
“Social control is the systems of device whereby by the society brings its
members into conformity with accepted standards of behavior.
Feature of Social Controls –
1) It influences people through public opinion, suggestion, religion and reasoning.
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1) It influences people through public opinion, suggestion, religion and reasoning.
2) It influences groups, states, club, trade union Etc.
3) It exercises welfare of the whole community.
Types of Social Controls –
1) Direct and In direct Social control –
Karl Mannuhm divided Social Control into direct and indirect.
Direct control is exercised upon the individual by the response of the
people living together.
Eg. – Family, School, Friends, Etc.
Indirect Control is exercised by groups or factors separated from the
individual.
Eg. – Tradition, Institutions, Customs. Etc.
2) Positive and Negative Social Control –
Kimball Young divided it into positive and negative control. Positive
means behavior confirming to tradition, values and ideas.
Accepted by the society. If the person violates the socially
accepted behavior, norms, customs, Etc. there is a threat of
punishment like criticism, ridicule, Etc. this is called Negative
Control.
Socialization –
Definition –
“Socialization is a process by which a individual learn to conforms to the
norms of a group.”
Gooley –
“Socialization is process through which an individual developed his own
self by learning the norms and by knowing about his own self form other.”
Phases of Socialization –
According to Giddnes there are two phases – Primary and Secondary
Socialization.
Primary Socialization –
Primary Socialization takes place in impansy and childhood. It is the most
crucial stage as basic behavior pattern are learnt.
The child interanalysis many socially approved valued, attitude, believe
and behavior pattern. The primary stage consists of oral stage, anal stage and
oedival stage.
Secondary Socialization –
Secondary Socialization starts from the latten stage of childhood and
goes up to maturity
Socialization is a continuous process that takes place in the life if an individual.
Anticipatory Socialization –
It is a kind of learning that describe a process future role. It makes the
individual anticipatory his order own participation in a social situation by
watching and observing others behavior in particular situation.
Factors of the process of Socialization –
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There are four factors of the process of Socialization –
1) Imitation –
Imitation means copying the action of another. Children imitate their parents;
language is acquired by the child only through imitation.
2) Suggestion –
3) Identification –
In the early stage the child cannot identify properly and most of his actions are
random as he grows in the age he realize his needs and satisfaction (desires)
through identification he became socialist.
4) Language –
Language is the medium of social intercourse and plays an important role in the
process of socialization. Through language an individual identifies himself with
his family, friends, and neighbors. Etc.
5) Social Control –
Society checks individual behavior through social control. Any person deviating
beyond the norms and value of society is liable to criticism.
6) Providing a sense of unity and solidarity.
7) Human Prosperity –
Types of Society – (Short Notes – Important) –
Gemen Schaft & Gesell Schaft German sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies in
his book “Community and Association” explained German Schaft and Gesell
Schaft is a type of society in which life is personal, traditional and intimate. A
community where every one knows everybody else where they share a sense of
togetherness on the other hand Gesell Schaft is a type of society dominated by
impersonal relationship, individual accomplishment and selfinterest. The
traditional society, now a days is replaced by contractual relations were personal
attachments are absent. People are strangers to one another especially sound
in urban areas.
Modern and Primitive –
Thomas Hobbes –
Thomas Hobbes put forward the social contracts theories. According to
him the individual retained natural rights to life, liberty and status they were his
natural and inalienable right of man with the agreement by each individual and
end in being put to the state of nature and a civil social has been substituted.
According to the term of this contract the civil society is empowered by
the government to make consistent laws.
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It has been followed by the citizen. If the government fails to carry out
the functions, people are justified in over flowing and setting up new government
Unity in Diversity –
India is totally a diverse country the diversity in India can stated or
classifies as below –
1) Religion –
Indian people have adopted many different religions, not since now but from the
ancient time. There is a vast difference in every religions believe.
2) Language –
Since India is a huge country with 28 states in it and every state have its own
languages. Even it is further divide that the language changes within the state
itself.
3) Social –
Some people are educated in the society (India) while the large numbers of
people are uneducated. People who are educated have a broad sense of living
while on the other hand the case of uneducated is totally opposite. i.e they have
very narrow and conserved thinking.
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CHAPTER NO. 06
SOCIAL INSTITUTION –
Marriage and Family –
Introduction –
Marriage –
Among social institution marriage, family, kinship, economic, political,
religion and education institution are the most significant. They are the basic
institution with in the society.
Definition –
Hotten & Hant –
“Marriage is the approval social patterns were by two or more person
establish a family.” Various skills – “Marriage is a contract for the production one
maintenance at children’s.”
Feature of Marriage –
1) Marriage is universal.
2) It is the basic for formation of family.
3) It fixes the responsibility of bringing of children upon the parents.
4) Legitimization of children out born out of such union becomes of social need.
Function of Marriage –
1) Biological Function –
The institution of marriage regulates and socially validates long term legitimate
sexual relation between male and female. Reproduction is preheated. Hence,
biological function is an important function of marriage.
2) Social Function –
Social Function to healthy relations and cooperation between individual within
the society. The children born out of the wedlock are socially recognized and
accepted by the society as legitimate, legal heir to the property and assets of the
family.
3) Educational function –
Care and protection of the offspring is the main function of the social
organization. The institution of marriage unable parenting the young children
and educating them.
4) Marriage is an institution –
Marriage is institution checks prostitution. Its keeps the children the healthy it
create high standard in the society without moral marriage as an institution.
Types of Marriage –
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1) Exogamy –
According to Hobel – Exogamy is a social rule that prohibits a person from,
marriage within a define social group of which he a members. Exogamy is a
practice of marriage outside a socially defined group. E.g. – In the Hindus –
Gotra, SirPinda are Exogamous groups.
Gotra – Gotra means group of family that trace their origin from a common
mythical assistor they consider themselves to be relatives. SirPinda refers to
persons of seven generation from the father side and five people from the
mother side.
2) Endogamy –
According to the Hobel, exogamy is a social rule that requires a person to marry
within a define social group of which he is prohibited. In India, caste is
endogamous. A person from one religion is not accepted to marry a person from
another religion.
Feature of Endogamy –
Endagomous marriage took place in order to maintain security and racial
purity, religious difference and culture variation.
3) Hikogamy –
Hikogamy refers o the type of marriage where a girl marries a person
from a higher caste.
a) Anuloma (Male from the Higher Caste) –
Anuloma is a type of marriage where an a higher caste man
marries a lower caste female.
b) Pratiloma (Female from the Higher Caste) –
A Higher caste women marries a lower caste man, it is called
Pratiloma.
4) Cross cousin Marriage –
Cross cousin Marriage to marriage between two individuals who are children of
siblings of opposite sex.
5) Parallel cousin marriage –
Parallel cousin marriage refers to the marriage of two individual who are children
of sibling of the same sex.
6) Lebirate –
It is a practice of marriage the decreased husband, brother, it is preferred
inorder to preserve the family property and secure children.
7) Sorarate –
It is the practice of marriage. The decreased wife, sister it is preferred in order to
secure children.
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8) Monogamy –
Monogamy is the practice of man marriage one woman at a time. It is divided
into –
Serial and NonSerial Monogamy –
Social type refer to an individual having life meant one after another but they
can have one meant a particular time NonSerial refers to an individual living
with one life made until death.
9) Polygamy –
Polygamy refers to one man having two or more wives at a time. It is divided
into two types –
a) Sororal Polygamy –
In this type only wives are sisters.
b) NonSororal Polygamy –
In this type the wives are from different families, not sister.
c) Polyandry –
It is a type of polygamy. Here one woman marries more than one
man at a given time.
d) Group Man –
Several men marry several women in this type of marriage it is
very rare.
10) Companioned Marriage –
It is a marriage of persons on long mutual understanding that as long as there
are no children. The marriage may be dissolved simply by mutual content.
11) Concubinage –
It is stage of living together as husband and wife without marriage (Live in
Relationship)
Family –
The word family is derived from the roman word “Famulus” meaning a
servant. Latin word “Familea” meaning house hold. Family occupies an
important place within the social institution through. It has undergone many
change it is still considered to be the black home of our social structure.
Definition –
Morduck –
“Family is a social group characterize by a common residence economic,
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“Family is a social group characterize by a common residence economic,
cooperation and reproduction.
Kingslay Davis –
“Family is a group od person whose relation to one another or are based
on consanguinity (related by blood ties) and who are therefore kin to one
another.
Characteristic or Feature of Family –
1) Universality
2) Common Household
3) Financial Provision
4) Limited Size
Function of Family –
According to Mack Iver & Page family has two broad categories of
function –
1) Essential and NonEssential Type
Essential Function –
a) Biological –
Satisfaction of sexual arges.
Reproduction and baring of children.
Provision of “Home” and “Minimum basic necessaries.
Socialization.
According to Burgardis “Socialization” is the process of working together
of developing the group, being guided by the welfare need of the society.
Gridden – Explains two phases of socialization primary and secondary –
Primary takes places during infancy and childhood where the behavior is
crucial. The child learns, pattern of behavior, socially approved values, beliefs,
attitudes. Etc.
Secondary socialization starts at a later stage hill maturity. Socialization is
a continuous process throughout the life of an individual.
NonEssential Function –
a) Economic Functions
b) Religious function
c) Education Function
d) Social Function
Types of Family –
a) Nuclear Family
b) Extended family
c) Joint Family System
d) Patriarchal and Matriarchal Family
Consanguital & Conjugal Families –
Conjugal family refers to a nuclear family of spouses and their children
by relative surrounded.
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Posted by Unknown at 01:37
Labels: SOCIOLOGY CHAPTER NO. 2 TO 6 ( BLS LLB SEM III)
2 comments:
priya singh 17 April 2020 at 19:51
Ba Llb Notes For 1st Sem Sociology
Reply
Janvi 2 August 2021 at 01:29
nice blog, keep posting!
also plz check importance of various engineering streams in society
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