A

PROJECT REPORT
Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering and
Technology

SESSION- 2021-22
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING

Submitted by: Submitted to:

Shivangi Shukla(1904340038) Dr. Adity Kumar
Padap
Shivansh Pratap Singh(1904340039) (Associate Professor
Shrayank Bajpai(1904340040) Mechanical Engineering
Shrey Thakur(1904340041) Department
Shruti Singh(1904340042) BIET Jhansi)
 BUNDELKHAND INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, JHANSI
(2021-22)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the design project “To measure the coefficient of friction between
plate and a sample pin at 1 kg load” has been successfully completed by Shivangi
Shukla(1904340038), Shivansh Pratap Singh(1904340039), Shrayank Bajpai(1904340040),
Shrey Thakur(1904340041) and Shruti Singh(1904340042) from (B.Tech 3 rd year) under my
guidance in the partial fulfillment of the Bachelor's Degree in Mechanical engineering from
Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jhansi, U.P, India, 284128 during the
academic year 2021-2022 for the subject Tribology(KME 063).

Date:25/04/2022

Signature/Verifie
d
Dr Aditya Kumar Padap

(Associate Professor)

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, BIET, Jhansi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 It is our great pleasure to acknowledge the support and
encouragement we have received from the people along
the way of the completion of the project. First and
foremost, we would like to express our heartiest thanks
to Dr Aditya Kumar Padap, Associate Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering who helped us a
lot to make the successful completion of this project
within the time. We offer our deepest feelings of
gratitude to the blessings and mercy of the supreme
persons for providing us all the necessities required to
take this project to the final destination.

ABSTRACT

In today’s competitive world material researchers are

based on cost-efficient, lightweight, performance efficient
and environment-friendly replacements of traditional
metals and their alloys. Most of the engineering
applications have surface contact which is further
accentuated by the presence of either sliding or rolling
motion between the surfaces. Thus, the surface responses
such as friction and wear have also become important
design criteria. These properties are further enhanced in
multiphase materials due to the presence of ceramic
reinforcements. In this work, we have presented an
analysis for the coefficient of friction for 6601 steel using
a pin on disc test.
The friction behavior at a pin-to-plate interface is
investigated. The pin and plate are made of aluminum
alloy and steel, respectively, and there is a reciprocating
motion at the interface. Governing mathematical models
for the relations of design variables and frictions are
investigated, and a general procedure is proposed to
predict the friction forces at the interface subjected to
given test conditions.
The sliding part of gear tooth contact was simulated in
pin-on-disc experiments. The friction properties and wear
resistance of two pins of steel and aluminum alloy were
investigated and compared.
 LITERATURE REVIEW

A comprehensive literature review has proven that the

quantifiable approach to predict accurate COF under
variable conditions is very challenging. The main reason
is that the friction behavior relates closely to the
microstructure of contact surfaces; this is particularly true
when the mixed boundary friction is considered. The
microstructure of contact surfaces shows randomness and
uncertainties which has to be represented statistically,
while most of the governing equations in fluid dynamics,
contact mechanics, and solid mechanics are developed
based on deterministic variables and parameters.
To predict COF qualitatively, a novel friction model has
been proposed and the procedure in applying such a
model to estimate COF has been developed. The model is
simplified by using deterministic variables instead of
statistic variables; however, it has been applied to
investigate the impact of different parameters such as
external load (pressure) and sliding velocities on the COF.

INTRODUCTION

Friction is the force that occurs at the interface between

two contacting surfaces and opposes the relative motion
between those bodies [6]. This force acts tangential to the
interface and is directed opposite to the motion of the
surfaces.
The magnitude of the friction force is measured in terms
of Coefficient of friction. Mathematically, Coefficient of
friction
µ is the ratio of frictional force F and normal force N:
µ = F/N

Wear is the loss of materials, usually due to sliding.

Typically wear is undesirable as it can lead to increased
friction and ultimately to component failure. Like friction,
wear is typically minimized by using a lubricant to
separate the two bodies so that they do not directly touch
one another. One of the most famous and frequently used
wear equations was developed by Holm and Archard in
1953[2]. The model considers adhesive wear and assumes
the sliding spherical asperities to deform fully plastically
in contact.
Since, V= KWS/H
Where, V= volume loss
S= sliding distance
W= load
K= Archard’s wear coefficient

So, K= VH/WS

Or K= (V/S) x (1/W) x H
Coefficient of friction= W/R

Experiment Methodology

A two-dimensional wear and tear test was performed on

both the prepared mixture and the 6601 steel sample.
A pin-on-disc wear test device (DUCOM, Bangalore,
India Make, Model: TR-20 LE), in the given Figure 1,
was used for these tests.
The tangential friction force and the aging of microns
were monitored with the help of electric sensors. These
are two parameters
they are rated as load function, slip speed and stabilization
percentage. For each type of material, the test was
operated at three different speeds (1.89, 3.96, and 5.55 m /
s). Cylindrical pin with a size 10mm wide and 130 mm
long
prepared from both the mixture and the mixed mixture
were loaded with a straight sample holder against the
horizontal surface.
EN32 revolving metal disc with a weight of 65 HRC and
a diameter of 50 mm. Prior to testing, the sample area was
flat
was extracted using 2000 grit paper. The test is performed
at room temperature without lubrication for about 2Hrs
and 20 min. Rising temperatures near the mounting
mattress were measured as a test time operation using
ChromelAlumel thermocouple.
 Figure 1: Pin on Disc Wear Testing Machine

The wear test is performed under applied pressure of 0.2

MPa to 1.8 MPa,
increase in two steps. The tangential force was constantly
monitored. Frictional strength and aging are measured
with the digital display of the PIN on the disk scanner.
The machine also provides research on the conflict of
wear characteristics in sliding connections and conditions
you want. Slide occurs between the vertical pin and the
rotating disk. Normal load,
rotational speed and width of the wear track may vary to
suit the test conditions. Tangential frictional force, as well
The wear was monitored by electric sensors and displayed
on an attached monitor.
Result
At each speed during the initial scratching, the
physisorbed and chemisorbed layers break and clean the
surfaces.
contact that increases the binding force between the
contact points. The friction force also increases with time
in this case due to the increase in the effect of plowing on
the insertion of closed clothing particles This also causes
an increase
high temperature, viscous damping of the surface friction,
increased adhesion due to micro-welding of materials,
thus, leading to an increase in the coefficient of friction as
well. After some time of rubbing, increase the firmness
once
some parameters get a certain amount of stability and
hence the co-efficient rates of friction remain unchanged
rest period.
The fact that the conflict can vary not only as a function
of time, but also from one place to another equally
faces at the same slide times suggest that conflict models
try to predict the same amount of collision, not
the scope or time-dependent distribution of conflicting
values, may be much simpler
others have discovered, the better lubricated the surface,
the less likely it will be that large variations in friction
will be observed, but in poorly lubricated or unlubricated
tribo-systems, the spatial and temporal behavior of
friction cannot be ignored in fundamental studies of
friction processes because it reflects the complexities of
asperity interactions, especially when lubricants are
absent.

Conclusion:
 The main conclusions of this study are as follows:

● The coefficient of friction is highly influenced by

load/ pressure factor and sliding speed.
● An increase in load leads to a significant increase of
the coefficient of friction.
● The value of friction coefficient decreases with the
increase of sliding speed and applied pressure.
● Wear rate increases with the increase of sliding speed
and applied pressure.