A

Project Report on
“Estimation Of Viscosity
Index Via Program”

Bachelor of Technology In
Mechanical Engineering

By

Prashant Babu (2004340030)

Sakshi Gupta (2004340036)

Under Guidance of
DR. ADITYA KUMAR PADAP
Associate Professor of Department of Mechanical Engineering

Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology

Jhansi (U.P.) India - 284128
Session 2022-23

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 Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology

Jhansi (U.P.) India - 284128

Department of Mechanical Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to be certify that project on “ Estimation Of Viscosity Index Via Program”

has been successfully delivered by Prashant Babu (2004340030) and Sakshi Gupta
(2004340036) ” under the guidance of DR. Aditya Kumar Padap for fulfilment
of Bachelor degree from Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Jhansi during academic year 2022-2023.

Supervisor
DR. ADITYA KUMAR PADAP
Department of Mechanical engineering
Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology

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Acknowledgement

It is my great pleasure to acknowledge the support and encouragements I have

received from the people along the way of the research work. First and foremost, I
would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Aditya Kumar Padap Associate Professor,
Mechanical Engineering Department with all humility. I offer my deepest feelings
of gratitude to the blessings and mercy of the supreme persons for providing me
everything I need to take this project to the final destination.

Submitted By

Prashant Babu(2004340030)
Sakshi Gupta(2004340036)

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Table Of Contents

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 ABSTRACT

In order to ensure the quality of the lubricants, the productive sector and the
regulatory agencies require a robust and accurate method to monitor the quality
parameters of the lubricant oils. Multivariate methods based on infrared
spectroscopy have been proposed as an alternative for quality control analysis of
lubricants. However, to the best of our knowledge, no studies or methods were
reported covering a significant number of samples of different manufacturers or oil
brands that prove their performance and robustness for routine analysis in quality
control monitoring by regulatory agencies. Therefore, the present work describes the
method for determination of the viscosity index (VI) of lubricant oils using program
for viscosity at different temperature that could be applied for different producers.
The results indicate that the method can be applied for VI determination taking into
account the variation in a viscosity at 100 degree , different kinds of lubricating oils,
regarding the origin of the base oils (mineral or synthetic) and the API and SAE
classifications. The method was also simpler than the reference method, fast,
required a lower amount of sample and produced fewer chemical residuals.

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INTRODUCTION

Viscosity is a measure of an oil thickness and ability to flow at certain temperatures,

while viscosity index is a lubricating oil quality indicator, an arbitrary measure for
the change of its kinematic viscosity with temperature and provides an insight into
the oil's ability to perform at high and low temperatures . The criteria for
classification of mineral oils for engines take into account either the viscosity-that
cause lubricating ability or performance-indicating the temperature. As VI is greater,
the less the viscosity decreases with increasing temperature.
Some characterstics of viscosity :
• Absolute viscosity provides a measure of a fluid’s internal resistance to
flow.
• oil viscosity changes with temperature, shear rate and pressure
• the thickness of the generated oil film is usually proportional to it
• For engineering applications the oil viscosity is usually chosen to give
optimum performance at the required temperature.
• Knowing the temperature at which the oil is expected to operate is critical as
oil viscosity is extremely temperature dependent.
• The viscosity of different oils varies at different rates with temperature.
• It can also be affected by the velocities of the operating surfaces (shear
rates).
• The knowledge of the viscosity characteristics of a lubricant is therefore
very important in the design and in the prediction of the behaviour of a
lubricated mechanical system

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Literature Review
Early in the history of the lubricants industry, the viscosity index (VI) was an
important measure of quality, providing an indication of the potential of an oil for
application over a wide temperature range. Pennsylvania grade oils (..... 100 VI)
were the standard against which all others were measured. Hydrogenation and
solvent extraction were developed to upgrade poorer quality crudes, but the refinery
technology of the 1930s had a practical VI ceiling of about 110 to 115.
Early workers observed that small amounts of rubber dissolved in mineral oil could
raise the VI substantially. However, high unsaturation in the polymer led to
oxidation and sludge formation. Otto et al. (1934) discovered that this deficiency
could be overcome through the use of a synthetic polymer prepared from the light
ends of gasoline. Similar behavior was later described for polymethacrylates by
Rohm and Haas Co. (1937a, b) and polyisobutylene by LG. Farbenindustrie AG
(1938a, b). Since these materials were initially used primarily to increase the
viscosity index, they became known as viscosity index improvers.
The adoption of SAE lOW and SAE 20W requirements in the Automotive
Manufacturers' Viscosity Classification in 1941 created the possibility of making an
oil which would meet the requirements of more than one SAE grade. Van Horne
(1949) demonstrated the formulation of 'double graded oils' with polymethacrylates,
including an SAE lOW-30 oil which he suggested 'might well be called an all season
motor oil.' Rapid exploitation of VI improvers for the development of multigraded
engine oils followed during the 1950s.
While engine oils represent by far the largest commercial application of VI
improvers, they are widely used in the lubricant field. Typical examples include
automatic transmission fluids, multipurpose tractor transmission fluids, power
steering fluids, shock absorber fluids, other hydraulic fluids (industrial, automotive,
off-highway, aircraft), manual transmission fluids, rear axle lubricants, industrial
gear oils, turbine engine oils (stationary and aircraft) and aircraft piston engine oils.
Many of these have special needs as will be pointed out in following sections .

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 VISCOSITY INDEX

The relationship between viscosity and temperature for petroleum-based or mineral

oils is identified based on an arbitrary system of comparison using the viscosity
index (VI).
This relates the change in viscosity of the sample lubricant at two temperatures,
38◦C and 100 ◦C, to two arbitrary oils. Different oils may have different ASTM
slopes . From the engineering viewpoint there was a need for a parameter which
would accurately describe the viscosity-temperature characteristics of the oils. In
1929 a 'Viscosity Index' was developed by Dean and Davis.
The viscosity index is an entirely empirical parameter that compares the kinematic
viscosity of the oil of interest to the viscosities of two reference oils that have a
considerable difference in sensitivity of viscosity to temperature.
The reference oils have been selected in such a way that one has a viscosity index
equal to zero (VI=0) and the other has a viscosity index equal to one hundred (VI100)
at 100 ° F (37.8 °C) but they both have the same viscosity as the oil of interest at
210~ (98.89 ° C) as illustrated in Figure 2.3.Since Pennsylvania and Gulf Coast oils
have the same viscosity at 210 ° F (98.9°C)they were initially selected as reference
oils. Oils made from Pennsylvania crude were assigned the viscosity index of 100
whereas oils made from the Gulf Coast crude the viscosity index of 0. The viscosity
index can be calculated from the following formula:

Vl = [(L - U) / (L - H)] x 100

Firstly the kinematic viscosity of the oil of interest is measured at 40 ° C ('U')and at

100 ° C Then the values of 'L' and 'H' that correspond to the viscosity at 100 ° C of
the oil of interest (ASTM D2270). Substituting the obtained values of 'U', 'L' and
'H’ into the above equation yields the viscosity index.

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NOTE :The viscosity index of most of the refined mineral oils available on the
market is about 100, whereas multigrade and synthetic oils have higher viscosity
indices of about 150.

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 Theoretical calculation for viscosity index
For the calculation of viscosity index there is table which is uses

Here,

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Problem : 1

From above table for

The value L= 369.4 and H= 180.2 so the value of viscosity index is ,
Vl = [(L - U) / (L - H)] x 100
VI= [(369.4-135)/(369.4-180.2)] *100
VI= 123.9

2. Calculate for Kinematic viscosity at 40 degree c is 140[cS] and at 100 degree

c is 16 then viscosity index is

So the value L= 331.9 and H=140 corresponding the table at =16

Vl = [(L - U) / (L - H)] x 100
Vl = [(331.9 - 140) / (331.9- 140)] x 100
VI= 114.70

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ESTIMATION OF VISCOSITY INDEX USING PROGRAM
Source code:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
float
tab[][3]={2.00,7.994,6.394,2.10,8.640,9.309,2.20,7.410,6.894,2.30,10.00,7.944,2.
40,10.71,8.496,2.50,11.45,9.063,2.60,12.21,9.647,2.70,13.00,10.25,2.80,13.80,10.
87,2.90,14.63,11.50,3.00,15.49,12.15,3.10,16.36,12.82,3.20,17.26,13.51,3.30,18.1
8,14.21,3.40,19.12,14.93,3.50,20.09,15.66,3.60,21.08,16.42,3.70,22.09,17.19,3.80
,23.13,17.97,3.90,24.19,18.77,4.00,25.32,19.56,4.10,26.50,20.37,4.20,27.75,21.21
,4.30,29.07,22.05,4.40,30.48,22.92,4.50,31.96,23.81,4.60,33.52,24.71,4.70,35.13,
25.63,4.80,36.79,26.57,5.00,40.23,28.49,5.10,41.99,29.46,5.20,43.76,30.43,5.30,4
5.53,31.40,5.40,47.31,32.37,5.50,49.09,33.34,5.60,50.87,34.32,5.70,52.64,35.29,5
.80,54.42,36.26,5.90,56.20,37.23,6.00,57.97,38.19,6.10,59.74,39.17,6.20,61.52,40
.15,6.30,63.32,41.13,6.40,65.18,42.14,6.50,67.12,43.18,6.60,69.16,44.24,6.70,71.
29,45.33,6.80,73.48,46.44,6.90,75.72,47.51,7.00,78.00,48.57,7.10,80.25,49.61,7.2
0,82.39,50.69,7.30,84.53,51.78,7.40,86.66,52.88,7.50,88.85,53.98,7.60,91.04,55.0
9,7.70,93.20,56.20,7.80,95.43,57.31,7.90,97.72,58.45,8.00,100.0,59.60,8.10,102.3
,60.74,8.20,104.6,61.89,8.30,106.9,63.05,8.40,109.2,64.18,8.50,11.5,65.32,8.60,1
13.9,66.48,8.70,116.2,67.64,8.80,118.5,68.79,8.90,120.9,69.94,9.00,123.3,71.10,9
.10,125.7,72.27,9.20,128.0,73.42,9.30,130.4,74.57,9.40,132.8,75.73,9.50,135.3,76
.91,9.60,137.7,78.08,9.70,140.1,79.27,9.80,142.7,80.46,9.90,145.2,81.67,10.0,147
.7,82.87,10.1,150.3,84.08,10.2,152.9,85.30,10.3,1554,86.51,10.4,158.0,87.72,10.5
,160.6,88.95,10.6,163.2,90.19,10.7,165.8,91.40,10.8,168.5,92.65,10.9,171.2,93.92
,11.0,173.9,95.19,11.1,176.6,96.45,11.3,182.1,98.97,11.4,184.9,100.2,11.5,187.6,
101.5,11.6,190.4,102.8,11.7,193.3,104.1,11.8,196.2,105.4,11.9,199.0,106.7,12.0,2
01.9,108.0,12.1,204.8,109.4,12.2,207.8,110.7,12.3,210.7,112.0,12.4,213.6,113.3,1
2.5,216.6,114.7,12.6,219.6,116.0,12.7,222.6,117.4,12.8,225.7,118.7,12.9,228.8,12
0.1,13.0,231.9,121.5,13.1,235.0,122.9,13.2,238.1,124.2,13.3,241.2,125.6,13.4,244
.3,127.0,13.5,247.4,128.4,13.6,250.6,129.8,13.7,253.8,131.2,13.8,257.0,132.6,13.
9,260.1,134.0,14.0,263.3,135.4,14.1,266.6,136.8,14.2,269.8,138.2,14.3,273.0,139.
6,14.4,276.3,141.0,14.5,279.6,142.4,15.0,297.5,149.7,16.0,331.9,164.6,17.0,369.4
,180.2,18.0,408.6,196.2,19.0,449.9,212.7,20.0,493.2,229.5,21.0,528.4,247.1,22.0,

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585.2,264.9,23.0,633.6,283.3,24.0,683.9,301.8,25.0,736.5,320.9,26.0,790.4,340.5,
30.0,1023,421.7,40.0,1730,651.8,50.0,2717,948.2,60.0,3676,1222,70.0,4905,1558
};

int main(){
float u,v,l,h;
cout<<"Enter the value of U="<<endl;
cin>>u;
cout<<"Enter the value of V="<<endl;
cin>>v;
for(int i=0;i<141;i++){
if(v==tab[i][0]){
l=tab[i][1];
h=tab[i][2];
}
}
float VI;
VI=((l-u)/(l-h))*100;
cout<<"Value of viscosity index=";
cout<<VI;
return 0;
}

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Output 1:

2:

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Result

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CONCLUSION

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REFERENCES

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