nits: i FEEDBACK feedback —Armplifien gi + 49 Me whic — | +h ignal “i sampled nd pedback to the yp | FtedtOk is a procers HE O[p Signal coith Baric anscton | guch QS current gain | voltage goin, ilp Impedance and ofp angedarce may be consicerable alin by Hee Use Of feedback for @ given amplitinr | Block agro EF fee clack Bowie concepe op ampugitr Co feedoack SSarnping Neeson set _| 1g { feaba Ii Feabace Py, Ef netwone g LY faction of ofp signat AIP Signal & given tO o Bante | AmpUFA Use Wwe ge the Of % ampigied signal and the | Gmpuified signat is given to Sampling Hetwork . The Sarmpling | Mie can eitha work o% voltage Samples (0) current sampler The Ousput puantity (either oleay AMPLIFIERS, combined ith external source Bignal Ve thie QO yaiker and fed x0 the ante ampugier Mixuu dre alse known as ane of 2 type Companoctors Baie nimer and Shunt miner A gain of boxe amplifier open loop gain > Xe (> 8p B= feectback rario’ (or) feedback focor > VE (6 ws always ve Le toss J Ars goon of feeckbatk 9 ompuge = Ne source voltage Souite cument Nps feedback signad Cuanent 0 voltag asfotlzs Sampling Netuosk : The function of seunpling Mew i to Uta do voltage Sanepling © current sampling Ord ts Unuelly cone at He Output arietebe Nottage Scuneting : The Load Reristance RL is connested i9 shunt Lith feedback nurwork. and voltage woul be SaMpled 2. arent Sarvpting: The Load Ateisiance Ry ts Conneetcol MH sui with F/B Niw Bnd Current is sampled Mixing : 4) Suiw mixing: Rs Source signal in serie usith F/B signal. Tn sea mixing volta geY is Mixed | Source signal is in Pouald weth FiB segnal. Tn shunt micing, Curren Gacill is pruned pavan Tepe af F/s: anv 4. Positive feed back? Teh Tp the Fie signal Vy is in ' ie rare Vs, woe cat it On . oe ave F/B OD Aegenerative Fle, | So Ve VetV—e & cupplied to the} one basic ampli fio Lohich mean | | that fp vottage applica to the aT | Dare, arplfia bw roucared aw Ph | they anucaring ofp voltage, | Ve | The goin op the compucir The | with tve FIB i given by | 2° the | ac= Ne Hot FT he b \ Vs Cviec Ns = Vi-y | thos, | Volta. t=. Vi-Yy | “Me Numerdior and olemowinasor sith Mo ‘iy Agee NA. ben oe mM News ¥, : AF pi a Vo Vo 7 ‘4 b Nunn> 1a) whae Ag wwe \ASl r * squat top BHP a japte then Ass 09 By gaan 1 Oem. Be | tiene [Al Wuthout feedbad |4 with feedoack When feedback Nuty TR Ne Ry is Need | Ve Ay.i value — yet Equivatent ctecuit 1 gence YOHAGE SOMPLINg & done at ofp stele, Bhe wotek pus Voiiage is sampled Since SOUL mixing ts oleve at Up Stole, the parameter voltage Will be Muxed. “Te Aric Ampuyion tole used is on voltage amplifitr and equivalent cdvoult Of volkaze Gmplifir is aso eraten 2 Withod feedback Rie s Ne with feedoark Rig = YE When feedback Neg = Nite. > Tint BYo is Prat Ne Zi Ris = Rit FER; = Rit pte Fi To 7 a | L Ne T Lire —_ Current sampuing ts dene Ot O}P> sic cote ou Sout | Soumpling, Ths Ofp parcmsse, Gorent gers samepted, Ro Tse | Soi mixing ve clone at yp SO volrcge UL bE mixect st is Also called Os Soue Fp Quen pu fi or. A Z is sampsd at Ojp and v 4 fs Mixed ab tine tip. So te I a banc anrpifier to be used is | Fran conductance ampitier. Sous, The transtoncucence Lotto | Go FIGS Gms: ae | Ni THe tromconcuctanee uit § FIR Ging> Ze. * ls Gree Te No+Vg | Equivedent Crewe2 viene ve Ve + Pe Ti ete (Ri) Ry = Re Crt Bam) Am el? empectana con be gyiginel lng Vs=0 and og ging V ot Olr fT Rosio of Opplied Voltage to soultant Current iSO) P is eoupeclance T= NM - Gm : Ro Vs20 ) VorN5 7 r T= My GmV: Vv Kot % S = V+ &mp Te 5 * ; 4 ~ GORE (yet) 4 T(t Gmp)= 95° = Rol tm) R v = ehunt Current Current sarnp ofp sic cobed 3 curient te Sarnpied Shunt mixing 50 Ri Use sic » cup: ts mixed. Barc be used is Urtent current Sena Zp wwpedance without 4/8 es Ris vi i z il4 Olp avupedancee can be Obtained sami oO Fle Rog = quote SOME Ro (144s) Curent gain vatthout Fle Te = wir is Ars Fle “The current gain Aap? 3e Ts Tee Voltage Shunt F/B emuplizicn / Trane roristanee €/g annpuificn. Atso Called Shunt Shunt Fig Omplifier Voltage Sannpling is Aone at O]P O40 cated Or shunt soumpling Voltage V is s, Ro Vses co Shunt Ming ts Cane oe “[P Stele, 2; VS0, Cunens is Moraine I Mond Mi, litt = Vilti | 1 BVe |ofp tmpedance with Ely ce foume os Ror = Ro It BRm $rans voristance is Rm> No zt Lotthout Fle AVOMBEENMENCE Lolth feeetbauy Reap = Ve Ts Rey = VO 2 ve Torte Tp + pe Re = Vepye Lt BVe ea ea ails Pedbock empl Cond reactive feadback_on E fhe 1 Trotensed stele (fas gel he voltage 5 of ue feedback compen ts rag a Voltage sence F/p wie feedbeck Be a Ts wedeeed bys Rabe of Gaaypy | ghee ty F voltage — | re Ap >e>t , Ap >t F as 30 NWP depe-dr on feoclh fener fe 5° of empties has beer clabiized eaginet sud He Feedback Problems ae aqeinn) ob cheney or a honcstor deine, vephes by a dtferet Aronsietor SHR differed yells of B- Ja. Desencttivhy oP tauelin ai The Fackond ol 4 ge oth feedback divided by He Fochnod cheng & fe wollte ge estflout , ferclbned % called aia, Rllecedtale yp worl ty 20 four ANE gre Goivp)-ip day (vp) st alii (itp) evidina, ave on BS| 1A veduclo= rater will be oe op EA etined of cbt porametne yw |? ¥ r Distr bon | Te D fs dichrher oben amplifier eit | Laat fA om of ampl Ten \ G. reeiproos! a wnaiily No? ce of nofer % There ee rong Sonne amplfen IP notce poo! % of ten G fe angler gets 8 Ay Hn oats pret | | | Hever Bud wiHlad fecdbeck joven te rplt wth Redback ts | econ : Boe f- 8 | Nee | Bt the PerdSback \ iP Utley BO Sue fer \ However fen % a reduckor 2 gem | back 4 J | BU can sho be novttlon ag oF ompltBion, dat to repute fadback — | | Send 0 | Burp Bvoft4 vp) aT & Reaison do fise the ge | Ss | > Bom oon 2 a by we ool? onal Tee ore EA 3 Se La. hone wank tt § . , | chore el pt ts vem clean fol TP addition’ ghges’ ax uid, t slold be Fray g . Gar Pa) > UP A) b Hore tte oh nok Bet extra novice rat Pohroclince Ferdheck 2 spapler of an ngtthon Hs. Bw ofnH ferdbuck fya8 FS Peal back | *serites sill cpp led) volgen te tp wesiclowe Need | > Sr He Poodnck voll Vp opposes Ve He ip Te becomes leze & | —> The wai Redback jusbeS somples Five of hous 7 tpl Mop vige esp wsAll Raclback. Bob Yee Fe penta #% Fed back to tly , ees te olp 9 lp ratehses wtltosd ferdnck bp. \ he |e eraraple v7f Pe ‘see, Vo Teen Ls we Hee, for votleay’ gisiten Racdbrek | Oy eR RIOR | ot fading is voltae # PF : manner (meyetoe Reedbeek) tied gente Rees eelrnp) | egenern Fee Pe sok back siya) 3 Sour Ts TeeTp Bow soroee cowed Hue fecdBichy tral He RS” | ome We to tee © tp shunt yitlh applted! [oo Trt fee a We te ge Pan He of Pe ip vesichaote % deed | alm fou tz wo Redlbeck & tre op | vol seudh fo temo consbad 2 Tet teed! bilp yestclones ectth i By chowes + wohrh menrs : fecdbeck pep = Vote te smelter ten ip | Pop 22 Be et iv te olp voles educs q eters tad Redback P >Hlewce , Sompling He el volhye 1 saspetonts | basaaropliften which som leg Hee feedback willy j-ve o| tout fp wort, will Si ara curred congh, Hence pa olp csroeeat soure 7 created [PoP =e.) ,and Pt Gn be concluchd Hat fb type of current ee tse, the ofp restetanes >In Peak, other words we com eay voltage | Reedbeck comple ole dev +o ce the Z aes [rep cel & cert sro ead te | Mee the op rertelnee [Raf 06) the, © oo} To= ArT, | ? | f fremrconduchew oy oy ToC © ampli Fren r vesictinee Heth Gi ela 3o/et]23 Oscillators : bihen An gscillatoy prodiica an olp signal without ary yp scqnat Oacittarors Use +ve feedback tve fie is nothing bur up signal and op signal 4 in phase with each other PVE FIB Tsex ‘the gain OF the Ampifidt, alao Tse, distovtion, Ratse ond imatability - The 4ve FIB Acauits tHbo erciltation and nence. sek in electronic circuits “to generare osciations Of derived frequency, is an checkroric Oscilteckor crudk which products & r 2. Perodie waveform a» OUrPAe Lovthour An ijp signal. Bain is caleuiated previoualy | mo FIRB aMmputiow vohene Ag > A ir Ap Us us iy vpork hausean Cyiteria The conditions 490 Sustaineg pscillatiovs ‘ane li P) Loop gain Japs. Suncaintd Lauped Tra phase shigt around an p should Fe 0% coy ‘ lapl=! 4 Leo} 360 ZLAB* 0° ev 360 Appicasionm Of orclllators Comigication of oscillators ules tg, Used to gentrate clock Sigel Orduators ove clamied i two type, Used a local Oscilators pb. ransom +h REC radio frequency) signal to TF (sntermectiak Seequenca) Stynals A. Simueroidal, [2° harmonic orcituasors 2. Non. Snumroiddad con yelaasiD n rc cuore an deeb Otero in a ReCeINO. > produc & ve gua 3 UES on suscep! Uireutts tn Sinusoidal OaUl ctor orm os ape VV ses and CRO 4. Tuned vrenit Oscitldtors: use p signal 5 4 Used to genevate RF cain Thue oaciltaron in teansmitterr dunking ciroult commshny e An ductors (L) Gnd capacteores (¢ frequency Domped Oscillations : be generate high ations signals. Thy ane alto known Overdamped oscil When JApI> 1 we qe | ONexd amped pscillakions ic Or vaolio frequency Osalators Such eertlaters Gre hartly and corpitt’s escucaron m | nh f a RC Oscillators : lap | >t Thee Oscillators Use Serisrort And capactgors which AteNon- sinuasoidad / reaxation Used to generare Lour | gsauators « Quadio frequmncy signay and _ wr ; wre wo These Oscillator generate g. are als known or oH 7 ener ee uaxors, SUR square, “emoung ror in frequeney B80 oe souwtooth Wwarreformns | aNd we R wrcliasors OC phase © 7 ee of ak wein bridge seklLeur0YS - ~~ ous? Areptny, ar ” ‘ songing from O- 20 MAR gine dt | ; 3+ Carysta osdillators ars a i . 4 Thue scares Use Quarry tabibity Of tre OsdUator. quod “The frequency Staloitity Of os crystals * generede Sig, ctabitied olf Sgro wth frequincts upto 1OMHy * SUCH | Qn grucdor ts ving Meda, ep jas ability to Mainbaln owe ¢ A vonstont Prequsney Over Orr’ oscillators “ane piegooreetne « crystal Oscillators | & tong “res nen on a Howivenr, ato been found 9M 4 Ne Ruisiance Oscillator; Xf av eauluator Os seb. aur wats These escilcors User ~VE A Particutor frepauncy u Jegue Fesistance Character ste Of does MOL, Mowmnrain it tor @ “fu dius such, os tunned Long period The Course of tu “s . : | om * diodes A -panvee doo change in exstration frequery) A ch osduatoy is on Kamp Of ‘ 7 vee) ; : to) He gauion oygecting the | Ve. Avristamce edclllator. fe Q &- ¢ StWeUity Of pacillator Osu: x NOTE: “The osciiasors paovi ut. Spe Bie Nore yor prove 4. SpUBtng PaLye : hn Oe signals sith frepauteies The paddy point of $ Songing from X sia os BONG "Sf alge | Are ciehive oleic; tye, ebgdior tronnistor A, acerca HA 7H | We Q Ok Adelie mou go to | hey | pan. Uintor UO Loch We chang the value of denice ww | poramucs ‘and tn’ seu nc | Gppecks tre Prequenyy stawsy | oA oe memes *taf oscittators 6: Say The stray copocttances atre | epreek the freq Stobinty of The value Of ciscuit componenh) egciliatorns. Houieyer, tc obtica Ro, Change with to avoid the eect of Actonces Components h C ; & Mh | yayuiations in -Lermperasure | SbrCuy capacitance ty thy & gine Such WORZO take plac! sues 4 Sig slowly ) Maly pao couse o | Re Phase shift Oseillator Uy : OF ig ru i» ducife IN CXC IDADY Frequency | y | rag ay 3 Susy Yortage | The changes ty De supply | tteng Gre myeitoge applied 0 Ae active hen, ' duvice swift the oOguuator OH doy frequatey. This problem tan be Re > Stabitse operating point AY x i | S Sth gp aypiokd by Using & Ihighty | © 4 Sijpak “Ae Cornpenients Fyuniay iy Atguiaied OWA” supply, Main foe. Qusput Load: “The Re Phare shift osciltorox COwnsts OF A single stage Ce he couse 4 4 ney fos A change in +h output Load ampbpicr Gnd Re prose chust : nd Woy cause GB change in the network. The CE Comnplfitn ayer”. sactor Of the tank cecuit PreWats 180 Phare shift and pare pacar’ ruby cauring a Change WM shift nju proven xemaining Go erciUctoy e/p frequency, Prose Sift Thy Phare shige ye: nls Wanise of 2 RE sections E gant! 5 Taw Gunwnt coparibanea:) ony ge Seckion provider 66" phare 1 BO fey change a the inten SWE go thot thu total phare a yh ‘ LH je Cement capacitance of & Shit Produced by RE hiw ts As fH Antoun coleetor y selene ff. AL this frequency, the weal ym . iepaaekeret | Pho shige from the bare of ww sade? in oad Lodo s fepaeny Qound he uxost and back wy ana “Byes the frequency | t the loaxe will tratty be po | Obey, | 0% 9 B60 gtRt wis frequenay” , the cttyie jew’ esdllde provielad’ Hoe magritvcls Of ampugia sujid ony Lounge she freq of RE phoae- shi given ey pscilucuoy Te 2 tle t am REG In o CE amplifier suf wianing method ts employed be achiore maximum stanity. Re, R,, Ra ore Used for blaring Re for stakitiation and Ce te bypar AC Components. Toealy a simple RC njw is expected +0 Joave on cuspus Ushion Leads tre Jniput ey 90° Howey. in reality , Ae pate Ciffereuee will be LUA than this Os the Capocroy Uked in the Grant cannor be tera. Moxhenatolly rhe prove angle °F RC mle Js expremed aa # = tom (ae Xo = aL uthish is amie yeactanee Of capacitor Ro verstor 50 in Re Phore shift 08d Ladony we We 2 RO MWe which provid VEO" phos shite so ax bo saBSfy Wont- Houman Critinia Houttey Oscillator » sas er, Hanty- psclliosor Oke OLeo Called O4 tunded Sxicuit oscillouon, G9 RF dsdllato! TAs frequency. of osutlation Ja decided bys das tank civouit Ustuich Anos) a cOpociro. coninected tn payallel with th pee Sealy Connected Trduucidrs Cd ammplifite Gploys sebp Vee, Ri, Re And Re core ured 4o bias the ty Ovwistor- > Re provides stodeibsodtion SCE" bypowex. AC, signals Oh suiveling on tht Porn Supply, “Tae. rronnistor stots to Condud, tse, Cument T_ stouts Ftovsng pene changes pee COpacitor ce &m oqising., rnaximnurn value C Avan t0 olischange viet ae Liaxed method to attain stabi CoyLae Ths changing ebischovgn, gyn realty in sustained Vank, Gacut. Whe pscivations in auction curent Un the tang cust produces On AC voltage inductor Ly Gnd 1, nao Ahn tghich de OWL PL PLO by 1K fas mur PONt Of Contact is gaouncted Ce Complifier Provictes 140! Now phoat Saxe cond tank Grete pyovidlts \So° PROX Shift. 50 the fora pore slajt is 360 and wig ahoutt be cluvigued in, [apler F Ie Such a way thd Home esdUctor U5 scudes fying Houmen criteria feng am free Las ath Wont Oscillator * Yee Corpius CE Omnpleficr produce, 129) hift Ond the tonk ciuit produce Gnother ie" py ; £0’ phase Corypral Oseilator Ve Cay Crypial diode operating Or sous Reshamcegat Wheneva Os dYalon \ uneler | Conbrucus osaation, its 45 | Gas adgectect En Re Gnd LE Orclasoy the Vals Of RC and Lb vary With tumpercsur and hur the | freq Ga Cpe. In order te aveid this problem, He | Pi eRe elecine Clyrst ars cue veing Uned in CsGUostors And thy provide high frequency stability Stakiuty Frezodectric’ Eggect’, The Prind pe of crystal pecillaros depends Upen te | piegoueumc -efect Te lek | shape Of crystal is hexagonal. The coystal Uxhibits the property thot when @ mechaweal strus & @ plied acres gre Of “re prone of Wy “the Crystal, @ potenics be Migevence is cherreloged Cro oe Ort Of Nhe faces Of Crystod pi Conversty vwihin 6 porentios f Aiffemnce is GpAted Coren hate ae one ef the {oter, & Meadmanica, eum is Produced cong the ge? bina fae oo “This » Known Gd pleyoeedne ont’ Meck un Gerlain crystalline marencads ah JUKE Roomee SUA, Tourmoie OH | nd Quonrrs. exwivit prego dectae eHeck cA such material One Called piegoelectric crypts. Guat, & MBL commony used ecause vt ts anexpermive | Working of cysts osuvator, When some voltage & applied to the Crystal Ov to he GCL, re Crystal stcous Mibsadiny Ok the frequeny ef appredl voltage. Howe, 35 the frequency OP the Oppliel voltage 4s Wmerels. equ tO Pre nortuver Avequueney of the Crysed Aesovante take: ploce and Cysral Vibyakient 2ach & This vg almot Maxiwuum value boku 4 exjunnoycs “Pa, 4 ‘y ay «4 ch weg’ S he 144, “Noo OE common wed 5 en eapentive exystod stillet eh some von b a yyd" he OF aa * cutee ould we cast should be exptained wo peas UsOuits Re, wltese di an are wil proviclu DG vias by decorprg ONY AC signal : on He power Lines tom epecting +he eukput StQNOL. The cuxcuid Grequency Of osdUadion is | get by SUUH of poraliet | resonant frequency Of the crystal! and is Gen by fo=_1_ | amhe