Disaster Readiness and

Risk Reduction

Grade 11
OBJECTIVES
•Explain the meaning of disaster; DRR11/12-Ia-b-1
•Differentiate the risk factors underlying disasters; DRR11/12-Ia-b-2
•Describe the effects of disasters on one’s life; DRR11/12-Ia-b-3
•Explain how and when an event becomes a disaster; DRR11/12-Ia-b-4
•Identify areas/locations exposed to hazards that may lead to disasters; and
DRR11/12-Ia-b-5
•Analyze disaster from different perspectives (physical, psychological,
socio-cultural, economic, political, and biological). DRR11/12-Ia-b-6
What is a disaster?

When does a disaster occur and what

are its causes and effects?
DISASTER AND DISASTER RISK
“Disaster is a serious
disruption of the functioning of a
community or society causing
widespread human, material,
economic, and environmental
losses which exceed the ability of
the affected community to cope
using its own resources”

--United Nations International Strategy for

Disaster Reduction (UNISDR)
DISASTER AND DISASTER RISK
Disaster - Any occurrence
that causes damage, ecological
disruption, loss of human life,
deterioration of health and health
services, on a scales sufficient to
warrant an extraordinary
response from outside the
affected community or area.

-- World Health Organization

(WHO 2002)
 DISASTER AND DISASTER RISK
Disaster Risk – is the probability
of harmful consequences or expected
losses (deaths, injuries, livelihoods,
assets services) resulting from the
interactions between natural or
human-induced hazards and
vulnerable conditions
BASIC CONCEPTS OF UNDERSTANDING A DISASTER
Disasters are frequently described as a result of the
combination of:
1. The exposure to a hazard;

2. The conditions of vulnerability that are present; and

3. Insufficient capacity or measures to reduce or cope with

the potential negative consequences.
HAZARDS
Refers to a source of potential harm or damage. 
It can also include latent conditions that may
represent future threats and can have different origins:

Natural – geological, hydrometeorological, and

technological hazards.

Man-made – environmental degradation and

technological hazards
TYPES OF
HAZARD
1. Natural
Natural phenomena that pose threats or cause negative
impacts to people and property.
Examples are
the following: • Volcanic eruption
• Lahar flows
• Typhoon • Drought
• Storm surge • Red tide
• Flood/ flash • Pestilence
flood • fire
• Earthquake
• Tsunami
2. Human-made
Human-made hazards include civil conflict, displacement due
to development projects, environmental degradation,
industrial technological hazards like :
Examples are
the following: • Gaseous, chemical
contamination
• Leakage of • Famine
toxic waste • Drought
• Oil spill • Fires
• Fish kills • Flood.
• nuclear
3. Combination or Socio-Natural Hazards
Flooding and drought can fall under this category if these are due to deforestation.
Example:

• Typhoons are natural hazards that can also cause floods. At the same time,
environmental degradation, like illegal logging aggravates the impact of the
typhoon and flash floods.
• the flash floods in Ormoc in Southern Leyte in 1991 is one example.

Natural hazards in general can’t be prevented but can be anticipated. Human

made hazards can frequently be prevented and anticipated. In both cases the
words effects of hazards may be reduced or mitigated..
Review:

what is the definition of hazard?

What are the natural hazards? Man-made hazards and

socio-cultural hazards, give examples and briefly explain.

What type of hazards can’t be prevented but can be

anticipated?
Classify the hazards according to their types. Write your answer on your notebook.

Storm surge, industrial technological hazards, oil spill, famine, tsunami, earthquake,
gaseous chemical contamination, lahar flows, drought, fire, civil conflict/ armed conflict,
flooding, chemical contamination, flash flood, typhoon, volcanic eruption, environmental
degradation, red tide, pestilence

NATURAL HAZARDS HUMAN-MADE HAZARDS COMBINATION OF

SOCIO-NATURAL HAZARDS
 PICTURE ANALYSIS
Picture Analysis
Directions: Analyze the pictures below and identify the specific type of
disaster that happened. As a learner, identify and explain the possible
effects that occurred and the things that you need to do to lessen the
effect of such disasters both in human and in the environment.

2. 3.
1.
DISASTER RISK AND ELEMENTS AT RISK
● DISASTER RISK - is the chance or likelihood of
suffering harm and loss as a result of hazardous
event.
Risk = Chance ( c ) x Loss ( l )
risk analysis is usually an estimation of the risk scenarios
● potential disaster losses
● in lives
● health status
● livelihoods
● assets and services
DISASTER RISK CAN BE EXPRESSED AS:

hazard - exposure - vulnerability

Risk is proportional to Hazard x Vulnerability/
Level of Preparedness
VULNERABILITIES OF THE PHILIPPINES TO
DISASTER
Essential Components in Determining Risk (DepEd 2008)
● Hazard occurence probability - is the likelihood of experiencing a
natural or technical hazard at a given location or region

● Elements-at-risk - identifying and inventory of people or school

buildings which would be affected by the hazard.

● vulnerability of the elements-at-risk - effect on school buildings or

other elements if they experience some levels of hazard.
● Loss Management - (pre and post disaster loss management)
VULNERABILITY
● is a condition determined by physical, social, economic and
environmental factors or processes which increase the susceptibility
of a community to the impact of hazards.

● Elements at risk - includes persons,

buildings, crops and other components
exposed to known disaster hazards.
TYPES OF VULNERABILITY
Physical and environmental vulnerability - or the “human-made
environment” and “natural environment”

a. geographic pattern of severity of hazards

b. exposure of the elements to hazards
c. geological and environmental characteristics of the community
d. effects of local conditions
TYPES OF VULNERABILITY
Social vulnerability - or the susceptibility of the population, social
institutions or organizations that ensure the sustenance of families,
communities, and society.
a. special categories of vulnerable groups
(women, children, PWD, elderly, chronically-ill
persons, indigenous people, LGBT sector.
b. Educational attainment
c. knowledge and awareness
d. location and type of housing
e. population density
f. perception of risk
g. Values and traditions
h. absence of local institution
TYPES OF VULNERABILITY
Economic vulnerability - assets and resources of
the community that are susceptible to disasters.

a. sources of livelihood
b. community resources
c. household and income savings
d. markets and access to goods and services
A table comparing
the specific
vulnerability and
capacity
 THE CONCEPT OF CAPACITY
Capacity Assessment - refers to the process whereby
“people identify resources rely on in times of crisis
to reduce the damaging effects of hazards and to
secure sustainability of their livelihood”.
CAPACITY AND VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT.

1. understand people’s previous experiences with hazards

that enabled them to develop coping strategies and;
2. look into available resources (material, organizational,
attitudinal) that the community uses to prepare for and
to mitigate negative effects of a disaster.

“during disasters, the community’s vulnerabilities are more

pronounced than their capacities.”
CAPACITY - (in the context of DRRM)
is the capability and coping ability of schools, households,
and communities to manage when disaster hits

RA 10121 - Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management Act of 2010

Risk is proportional to Hazard x

Vulnerability/Level of Preparedness (or
so called capacity)
“we cannot avoid natural events from
occurring, but we can concentrate on
addressing the reduction of risk and
exposure by determining the factors
causing disaster”.
DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE DRR CAPACITIES:
● essential to the success of any DRR initiative is also ensuring
locally generated, owned, and sustained capacity
● Rather than being concern of any single agency, professional
discipline, or stakeholder group, the development of DRR
capacity is the concern of an entire society.
CVA (Capacity and Vulnerability Analysis)

a. ownership of land and safe location and construction of

home
b. adequate income
c. savings
d. adequate food sources
e. local knowledge
f. family and community support in times of crises
g. responsive local government
h. enabling legislation
i. strong community organizations
Risk Mitigation Plan
Risk Mitigation Plan