Subject Title:

DISASTER
READINESS AND
RISK
REDUCTION
SENIOR HIGH
SCHOOL
ERNAN C ENCARNADO, EMT – D
(STEM)
SDRRM Coordinator, HNHS
Subject Title: Disaster Readiness and Risk
Reduction
No. of Hours/Semester: 80 hours/semester
Subject Description:
This course focuses on the application of scientific
knowledge and the solution of practical problems in a physical
environment. It is designed to bridge the gap between
theoretical science and daily living.
DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION

ERNAN C ENCARNADO, EMT – D / SCAT

SDRRM Coord, HNHS/DISTRICT 4 DRRM Coord.
 SUBJECT CONTENT
 BASIC CONCEPT OF DISASTER AND DISASTER RISK
 EXPOSURE AND VULNERABILITY
 BASIC CONCEPT OF HAZARD
 EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
 VOLCANO HAZARDS
 OTHER RELATED GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS
 HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
 FIRE HAZARD
 CONCEPT OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (DRR) AND
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT ( DRRM)
 WHAT EXPECT BETWEEN THE STATE AND THE CITIZENS
EXPECTATIONS:
This module/lesson will let you grasp the idea of what a
disaster is. Specifically, you will be able to accomplish the
following:

DEFINE DISASTER ;
 EXPOSURE AND VULNERABILITY
 IDENTIFY FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO DISASTER;
AND
 EXPLAIN WHEN A DISASTER MIGHT HAPPEN
 TELL ME SOMETHING!
EXAMINE THE PICTURES BELOW, LIST DOWN AS YOU CAN ABOUT WHAT
YOU KNOW IN THE BOX
Typhoon “Odette”
 INTRODUCTION
IN THIS LESSON, WE WILL DESCRIBE
DISASTER IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF HOW
DISASTER WOULD COME DUE TO SEVERAL
FACTORS. THERE COULD BE MANY DEFINITION
OF DISASTER BASED ON HOW WE ARE IN A
PARTICULAR SITUATION. WHATEVER
PERSPECTIVE YOU ARE THINKING, FOR SURE
EVERYBODY DOESN’T WANT TO EXPERIENCE A
DISASTER
 INTRODUCTION
Way back in the year 1990, there was strong earthquake in Luzon.
Later in that year on June 15, 1991, Mount Pinatubo in Zambales
erupted violently. Moreover, typhoon “Ondoy” (Ketsana) swept across
Manila in the Philippines last September 29, 2009 , the super Typhoon
Yolanda ( Haiyan) in 2013and recently, a pandemic caused by novel
corona virus hit the world in 2020. These are some events that had
greatly affected the lives of many living things.
Defining disaster sometimes takes careful thinking. People equate the
term disaster with the words such as accidents and calamities.

How about you? What is your idea about disaster?

DEFINITION
WHAT IS DISASTER?
Any occurrence which..
• suddenly disrupts normal patterns
of life,
• Plunges people into confusion and
suffering
• exceeds the ability of the affected
society to cope using only its own
resources.
 WHAT IS DISASTER?
• Disaster - a serious disruption of the functioning of the community or a
society involving widespread human, material , economic or
environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the
affected community or society to cope using its own resources

• Disaster usually results in urgent need for food, shelter, clothing,

medical attention and psychological support.
 WHAT IS HAZARD?

• Hazard – a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or

condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts,
property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic
disruption, or environmental damage.
 TYPES OF NATURAL HAZARD?
Natural hazards can be classified into several broad
categories:
 Geological hazards,
Hydrological hazards,
Meteorological hazards, and
 Biological hazards.
Technological hazards
 GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS?
Situated as one of the world's most disaster-prone
countries, the Philippines routinely endures earthquakes,
tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and flooding.

HYDROLOGICAL HAZARDS?
or 'hydro-hazards', are defined as extreme events associated
with the occurrence, movement and distribution of water,
such as flooding and related events (e.g., landslides and
river scour and deposition) and droughts.
 METEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS?

Meteorological events include things like fog,

rain, tornadoes, and hurricanes. They are all
caused by meteorological changes and shifts:
in the temperature, air pressure, and amount
of water vapor in the atmosphere.
 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS?
.Biological hazards - are organic substances that
present a threat to the health of people and other living
organisms, which include:
•viruses, such as Coronavirus (COVID-19) and Japanese
encephalitis.
•toxins from biological sources.
•spores.
•fungi.
•pathogenic micro-organisms.
•bio-active substances
 TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS?

Examples of technological hazards may

include industrial pollution, nuclear radiation, toxic wastes,
dam failures, transportation accidents, factory explosions,
fires, and chemical spills.

Technological hazards also may arise directly as a result of

the impacts of a natural hazard or man-made incident or
event.
 RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING DISASTERS

• Climate Change
Climate change can increase disaster risk in a variety of
ways – by altering the frequency and intensity of hazards events,
affecting vulnerability to hazards, and changing exposure
patterns.
• Environmental Degradation
It is both a driver and consequence of disasters, reducing the
capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological needs.
 RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING DISASTERS

• Globalized Economic Development

It resulted in increased polarization between the rich and poor on a global scale.
• Poverty and Inequality
Poverty is both a driver and consequence of disasters, and the processes that
further disaster risk related poverty are permeated with inequality.
• Poorly-planned and Managed Urban Development
• A new wave of urbanization is unfolding in hazard-exposed countries and with it, new
opportunities for resilient investment emerge.
• Weak Governance
Weak governance zones are investment environments in which public sector actors
are unable or unwilling to assume their roles and responsibilities in protecting rights,
providing basic services and public services.
 WHAT IS THE BASIC CONCEPT OF
DISASTER AND DISASTER RISK?
• Disaster risk is expressed as the likelihood of loss
of life, injury or destruction and damage from a
disaster in a given period of time.

• Disaster risk is widely recognized as the

consequence of the interaction between a hazard
and the characteristics that make people and
places vulnerable and exposed.
 TYPES OF DISASTER
• NATURAL

• MAN MADE
 NATURAL MAN-MADE

FLOODS FIRE INCIDENTS

TYPHOONS AIR AND MARITIME ACCIDENTS

EL NINO / LA NINA RAPID POPULATION GROWTH

EARTHQUAKES POLLUTION

TSUNAMI INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS

VOLCANIC ERUPTION REDTIDE / EPIDEMICS

LANDSLIDES OIL SPILL

TORNADOES INSURGENCY / TERRORISM

 POST – TEST
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer that best describe the
idea.
____1. A sinkhole is an example of which of the following natural
hazard subcategories?
A.Mass movement/wasting B. Tectonic C. Hydrologic D. None of the choices
____2. Strong earthquakes are hazards that could cause disaster.
Which is NOT a disaster cause by earthquakes?
B. Collapse building and houses B. Drought
C. Loss of water supply D. food shortage
____3. Which is NOT a geological hazard?
A. Earthquake B. Tsunami C. Tephra fall D. Tornado
____4. Disasters frequently result in all of the following EXCEPT
A. Displacement of populations C. Destruction of a population’s
homeland
B. Damage to the ecological environment D. Adequate supply of goods and services
____5. A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a
widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses is
called
A. Disaster B. Vulnerability C. Resiliency
D. Hazard
_____6. A process, phenomenon or human activity that may cause loss of life, injury or
other health impacts, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental
degradation is called
A. Disaster B. Emergency C. Hazard
D. Vulnerability
_____7. A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a widespread human,
material, economic or environmental losses is called
_____8. People are more likely to fear hazards that are:
A.Controllable B. Equitable C. Not easily reduced D. Observable

_____9. Thunderstorms, coastal storm surges, tropical cyclones and heat waves
are
A. Technological hazards C. Hydrometeorological hazards
B. Astronomical hazards D. Geological hazards

_____10. The following are common long term impacts of natural hazards
EXCEPT
A. Destruction of vital infrastructure like roads and bridges
B. Disconnection of communication lines
C. Widespread loss of housing
D. Permanent disability
 Module 2

What’s the difference?

Learning Competency:

Differentiate the risk factors underlying disasters.

Directions: Analyze the
figure below. Construct
an idea that represents
what you understood
based on the figure
below
 INTRODUCTIO
N

Experiencing disaster in a community cause by hazards whether

natural or man-made is the last thing we could imagine that would
happen. It is necessary that people in community must be aware on
how to be prepared or at least knowledgeable enough about risk
factors underlying disaster. This could probably help them
understand how to act on lessening the impact of disaster .
Disaster is influenced by risk factors. What do you think are these
risk factors underlying the disasters? You would probably think
that natural hazards are inevitable, so what are we supposed to
know to address the phenomena with confidence to cope with the
disaster it brings? There are several factors to consider as an
influencer of disaster. For instance, a hazard could only bring more
disaster to some pre-existing conditions and some hazards had no
or little effect. For example, look at the two figures. Which do you
think is more prone to disaster?
Are you getting the clue now on what could be the risk
factors underlying disasters?
DEFINITION

• Risk – the possibility that something bad or unpleasant (such as an injury

or a loss) will happen (Merriam-Webster).
• Disaster – a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a
society involving widespread human, material, economic or
environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the
affected community or society to cope using its own resources.
• Hazard – a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or
condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property
damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or
environmental damage.
• Vulnerability – it is the tendency to become incapable of resisting hazard or
the inability to respond after a disaster.

• Exposure – is the tendency of losing property, people, systems and other

elements in the society due their presence within the hazard zones.
Directions:
Observe the given pictures,
identify the types whether
the hazard belongs to
hydrometeorological,
geological, or man-made.
Describe the possible
scenario when hazard strikes
and answer the questions
that follow.
Assignment:

Questions:

1. What causes the possible scenario to happen? Explain your answer.

2. What could possibly be done to prevent the scenario to happen

when hazard strikes?
Directions:
Write the letter of the correct answer that best describe the idea.
___1. These are variables that either aggravate or mitigate the effects of hazards,
affecting the degree or scope of a disaster.
A. Exposure C. Disaster B. Vulnerability D. Risk Factors
___2. Which is NOT a risk factor underlying disaster?
A. Hazard B. Vulnerability C. widespread human loss D. Exposure
___3. All of the following could be expose to hazard, except? A. Earthquake B. tall
buildings C. agriculture D. Population
___4. Which of the following is vulnerable factor of risk?
A.Typhoons B. Coping capacity C. population D. pandemic
___5. Which of the following is a contributing factor to disaster?
A. Exposure C. Vulnerability E. none of the above B. Hazard D. All of the above
 Module 3

Living in disaster

Learning Competency:
Describe the effects of disasters in one’s life.
 INTRODUCTION
Enduring disaster is definitely a situation that we do not
want to happen in our life. However, I believe that we had our
own experience dealing with a disaster depending on the hazards
that we sometimes face in life.

We still need to understand that several factors could

specifically aggravate or mitigate the disaster experience of each
individual. So, let us now begin understanding the effects of
disaster in one’s life.
ACTIVITY 1: HAZARD’S WRATH
Situation: Supposed there is a typhoon signal number three that will strike two
types of house as pictured below. Fill in the necessary data and answer the
question that follows.
REMEMBER

• There are natural hazards but no natural disasters. Disaster is the impact of
hazard’s result to society. It is therefore said that the effects of disaster is the
influenced of vulnerability of community towards the nature of hazards (the
coping capacity). The entire result of vulnerability of a society is equated
with its changing factors such as economic, social, physical, cultural,
political and psychological aspects where people lives and create their
environments. It is therefore emphasized that vulnerability of a society is not
natural. (Twigg, 2001)2
 Module 4:
Point of Views

Learning Competency:

Analyze disaster from the different perspectives (physical,

psychological, socio-cultural, economic, political, and
biological).
 LESSON 4: PERSPECTIVES OF DISASTER
EXPECTATIONS

This module will let you analyze disaster from the different
perspectives. Specifically, you will be able to learn the following:

a. demonstrate understanding how disaster is influenced through physical

and psychological factors;
b. b. describe how impact of disaster is affected in terms of socio-cultural
and economic perspectives; and
c. c. state how politics and biological factors could affect impact of
disaster.
ACTIVITY 1: PHYSICALLY AND MENTALLY AFFECTED
 1.What is the picture all about?
2. Describe the picture briefly.
3. Do you think the picture is safe to live in? Why or Why not?
4. What hazard could make the building vulnerable to disaster? Why?
5. Who are probably living in the building?
6. If the building will be exposed to earthquake, describe how the people
living in the building would react and feel.
7. Recommend some tips for a safe building to live in.
. 8. What can you suggest to the family or person living in the building?
 ACTIVITY 2: A PLACE LIKE
HOME Analyze the given pictures below and answer the questions that
Directions:
follow. Assume that both picture will be devastated by strong typhoon.
Describe what the picture is all about. Who or what are they?
In case of hazard, what could be the role of each picture for disaster?
How could each picture help you during disaster?
How could each picture harm you during disaster?
 MODULE 3:
Learning from Weakness

Learning Competency:
Explain the meaning of vulnerability.
LESSON 5: VULNERABILITY EXPECTATIONS

At the end of this module, you are to familiarize the role of

vulnerability in dealing with hazards. Specifically, you are
expected to:

a. Define vulnerability;
b. Identify some factors that contribute to vulnerability; and
c. Suggest ways on lessening vulnerability
Select one natural hazard in the picture and suggest ways on how
people must be prepared to face the hazard in terms of the different
perspectives given below
INTRODUCTION
Knowing your weakness is like
knowing how to become strong.
Being unaware of your weakness is
equivalent to inviting more harm to
yourself.

Do you know your own

weakness?
Before hazard will strike, it is necessary for us to be prepared in facing the
effect of it and mitigate the degree of disaster as its impact.

Generally, there are two possible hazards that come into your life like natural and
man-made. Specifically, earthquakes, typhoons, fire, epidemic, liquefaction, etc.,
are some of these hazards. Knowing these hazards, are you confident that you know
your weakness to combat their effects? Natural hazards are inevitable and because of
this, it is also our duty to identify our weakness to deal with the wrath of nature. Shall
we begin to explore possible weakness we could observe in daily life and determine the
possible measures to cope with it? I encourage you to do the prepared activities that
follow
• Vulnerability- it
describes the condition of
a society or community,
asset or system that make
then prone to the impact
of a hazard
 WHY US? NOT OTHERS?

LESSON 6: WHY CERTAIN SECTORS OF SOCIETY

ARE MORE VULNERABLE COMPARED TO OTHERS
EXPECTATIONS
At the end of this module, you are to explain why certain sectors
of society are more vulnerable than the others. Specifically, you
are expected to:
a. identify factors why certain sectors of society are more
vulnerable;
b. describe situations that makes certain sectors more vulnerable
to hazards; and
c. determine some conditions that makes society strong for a
hazard.
Vulnerability is a multiplier of the impact of hazard. Likewise, the type of
hazard that we deal for sometimes also has their own degree of impact in the
society. It is imperative that we should be able to understand certain factors
in our home or in the society whether we are so vulnerable to a type of
disaster or not.
INTRODUCTION
•Vulnerability- it describes the condition of a
society or community, asset or system that
make them prone to the impact of a hazard.
 Effects of Disasters on one’s Life
A natural disaster can bring about many devastating
effects. Among these are deaths, destruction of
infrastructures, loss of livelihood and services, and other
physical and nonphysical effects. Since we are partly
responsible for the disasters happening around us, we
must change some of our ways, in order to prevent or
minimize the effects of disasters in our lives.
What is the difference between hazard and disaster?

A hazard is a dangerous situation or event that carries a

threat to humans. A disaster is an event that harms
humans and disrupts the operations of society. Hazards
can only be considered disasters once it affected humans.
If a disaster happened in an unpopulated area, it is still a
hazard.
 The Human Effect of Natural and Man-
Made Disasters
1. Displaced Populations
One of the most immediate effects of
natural disasters is population
displacement. When countries are ravaged
by earthquakes or other powerful forces of
nature, many people need to abandon their
homes and seek shelter in other regions. A
large influx of refugees can disrupt
accessibility of health care and education,
as well as food supplies and clean water.
2. Health Risks
Aside from the obvious immediate danger
that natural disasters present, the secondary
effect can be just as damaging. Severe
flooding can result in stagnant water that
allows breeding of waterborne bacteria and
malaria carrying mosquitoes. Without
emergency relief from international aid
organizations and others, death tolls can rise
even after the immediate danger has passed.
3. Food Scarcity
The aftermath of natural disasters affects the food supplies.
Thousands of people around the world are hungry because of
destroyed crops and loss of agricultural supplies, whether it
happens suddenly in a storm or gradually in a drought. As a
result, food prices rise reducing families’ purchasing power and
increasing the risk of severe malnutrition or worse. The impacts
of hunger following an earthquake, typhoon or hurricane can be
tremendous, causing lifelong damage to children’s development.
4. Emotional Aftershocks
Natural disasters can be particularly
traumatic for young children. Confronted
with scenes of destruction and the deaths of
friends and loved ones, many children
develop post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD), a serious psychological condition
resulting from extreme trauma. Left
untreated, children suffering from PTSD can
be prone to lasting psychological damage
and emotional distress
Great damage caused by a disaster can be reduced if
everyone will take responsibility in anticipating its effects.
Here are some ways on how to plan ahead of a disaster:

1. Check for hazards at home.

2. Identify safe place indoors and outdoors
3. Educate yourself and family members
4. Have Disaster kits/supplies on hand.
5. Develop an emergency communication plan.
6. Help your community get ready.
7. Practice the Disaster Preparedness Cycle
Assessment: