Concept Notes DRRR Short

Sulu College of Technology, Inc.
Formerly: Sulu Tong Jin School

Moore Avenue, Alat Street, Jolo, Sulu. Philippines
E-mail: sct_edu@yahoo.com
Senior High School Department
Information Sheet: 1.1
I. Topic: The nature of Disaster and Disaster Risk
II. Objectives:
At the end of the SESSION the learner CAN:
A. Explain the meaning of disaster;
B. Differentiate the risk factors underlying disasters;
C. Describe the effects of disasters on one’s life;
D. Explain how and when an event becomes a disaster;
E. Identify areas/ locations exposed to hazards that may lead to disasters; and
F. Analyze disaster from the different perspectives (physical, Political, socio-cultural, economic,
political and biological).
III. Reference: Mylene D.G Olivia

DIWA LEARNING SERVICE INC. 4/F SEDCCO 1 Bldg.
120 Thailand corner Legazpi Streets. Legazpi Village, 1229 Makati City, Philippines.
Tel.No.:(632)893-8501. (Pg.3-18)
IV. Content:
The nature of Disaster and Disaster Risk
 HAZARDS
 DISASTERS
 DISASTER RISK
 Hazard – Is a threat or harm that has the potential to cause damage (e.g., injury, destruction of
properties, environmental degradation) to a community.
2 Types of Hazard
 Natural Hazard - A natural phenomenon that threatens humans lives and causes
damage to property and to the community.
Ex.
Earthquakes, Volcanic Eruption, and Tsunamis
Drought, Tropical cyclone and flood
 Man-made Hazard - Hazard made by human activities that may also affects life and
causes damage to property and to the community
Ex.
War, Factory waste, Oil spills, transport accident,
Stampede.
 Disaster- Is any event that causes widespread human, economic and environmental losses or
impacts that seriously disrupt the normal functioning of the community.
 Disaster usually follow hazards that are not anticipated.
 A hazard become disaster when the community is not prepared for it.
2 Types of Disaster
 Natural Disaster - Are devastating outcomes that result from natural hazards.
Examples of this are: Tsunamis aftermath, Intense Earthquake, Devastating Typhoon
 Man-made Disaster – Disaster are the consequence of technological or Human hazards
Examples of this are: Fires, transport accidents, terrorism, nuclear explosion,
 Disaster Risk - May be specific to location or condition of a community.

Determines the tendency of a community to face disasters.
Ex.
the disaster risk of storm surges for a community living 100 km. away from the seashore
is lower compared with that of a community that is 10 km near the shore.
 EFFECT OF DISASTER
 PRIMARY EFFECTS
-Are direct situation arising from the disaster itself.
For example a strong typhoon hits a village, causes primary effect such as
flooding, destruction of houses, damage to property and loss of life.
 SECONDARY EFFECTS
Are situation resulting from the primary effects. Is the disruption of electrical
and water services because of damage to power and water lines.
 TERTIARY EFFECTS
Are those that are not experience as a disaster is taking place but can be felt
some time after the disaster has occurred. They may also develop from primary
or secondary effects that may change a natural process in the community.
AFFECTED COMPONENTS
 PEOPLE
The loss of family members, friends, and other loved ones is the most tragic effect of
disaster on people
 BUILDING AND INFRASTRUCTURE
The destruction or damage to public buildings such as schools, hospitals, roads and
bridges, significantly affect the devastated community.
 ECONOMY
When a disaster strikes a community , its economy is among the first to be affected
because the loss of livelihood, employment and even tourism opportunities for the
community.
 ENVIRONMENT
Disaster can have negative effects on the air, soil, water, and ecosystem in a
Community
RISK FACTOR UNDERLYING DISASTER
 RURAL POVERTY
Poor rural areas, especially in isolated or remote regions, are often subject to highly
vulnerable housing as well as to weak or non-existent emergency and health services
and infrastructure
 URBANIZATION AND POVERTY
First, outward urban and economic development generate new patterns of extensive
risk such as flooding and other weather-related hazards, particularly affecting informal
settlers. And the community
 BAD GOVERNANCE
Lack of disaster prevention, campaign and planning, leading urban areas to expand into
hazardous locations that are sometimes extremely dangerous.
 ECOSYSTEM DECLINE
Ecosystems provide the fundamental necessities of life, such as food, water, protection
from extreme weather events, and the purity of the air we breathe. These systems,
however, are threatened by unregulated economic expansion and are fast losing their
capacity to moderate disaster risk.
 CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change is denied only by those with a strong economic interest in doing so, and
its anthropogenesis is discounted for the same reason by those who accept its reality
but do not want to try to do anything about it. A virtual unanimity of climate scientists,
however, agrees that climate change is real, increasingly dangerous to human life, and
man-made.
V. Summary
You have learned about the two main types of disasters the Natural and Man-made. These
disaster cause human, economic and environmental impacts, to name a few, that greatly affect the
community. In order to reduce the effects of disaster, it needs to be analyzed from the different
perspective that were mentioned in this module. Furthermore, that some anthropogenic activities such
as housing and building development, presence and location of physical structures, and reliable
institutional framework for risk prevention and reduction are risk factors underlying disaster.
VI. Self- Assessment
 Based from what you have learned kindly fill-out the following question using Summary
worksheet.
Instructions: Use the space provided to write down your answer
1. What is a disaster and how does it differ from a hazards?

2. When is a situation considered a disaster?
3. How do disaster affect people and the environment?
4. What are the effects of disaster on the economy of a community?
I. Topic: Exposure and Vulnerability
II. Objectives:
At the end of this module the students should be able to:
A. Enumerate elements exposed to hazards;
B. Explain the meaning of vulnerability;
C. Explain why certain sectors of society are more vulnerable to disaster than others;
D. Analyze why certain structures are more vulnerable to specific hazards than others;

Tel.No.:(632)893-8501. (Pg.19-30)
IV. Content:
Exposure and Vulnerability
VULNERABILITY
 “Vulnerable”- is capable of being harm or injured.

 United Nation Office for Disaster Risk Reduction defines vulnerability is:
- “The characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it
susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.”
FACTORS CONSIDERED TO ASSES THE LEVEL OF VULNERABILITY OF AN AREA OR COMMUNITY
 Proximity to a hazard event

- An area frequented by a certain hazard predisposes it to high vulnerability.
- ex.
- Earthquake is more likely to happen in Philippines than brazil because the Philippines is situated
along the pacific ring of fire.
 Population density near a hazard event
- Crowded communities have high vulnerabilities.
-population density refers to the number of individuals living in an area in relation to the size of
that area.
If a certain area is crowded there's only a little space and time to escape from a hazards.
For example when a fire breaks out in congested slum area its spread out quickly.
 Capacity and efficiency to reduce disaster risk
- The capacity of a community to reduce disaster risk includes the accessibility and availability of
services and facilities that helps in preparing for or during disasters.
 Building codes and disaster policies

-Building and other structures may increase disaster risk. When they fall or collapse due to a
hazard such as an earthquake, they can cause injury and even a loss of lives. Thus in the design
and construction of buildings, possible hazards should be considered.
CONCEPT OF EXPOSURE
 Geoscience Australia defines Exposure as:

“The elements at risk from a natural or man-made hazard”.
ELEMENTS EXPOSED TO HAZARDS
 Physical elements
- These are the elements that are tangible or can be visually seen.
- Ex. Landscapes, inhabitants, buildings, and other structures that make up the environment.
 Socioeconomic elements
-Socioeconomics elements exposed to hazards include system of communication and
transportation, delivery of basic facilities, goods and services, network of market and trade,
stability of livelihood industries and other livelihoods dependent resources.
Socioeconomic elements may receive similar critical effects due to disruption of normal
processes and activities.
 Environmental elements
- These include the ecosystems and the natural processes that are exposed to hazard events.
V. Summary
Hazard are inevitable. They are part of nature’s process of rejuvenation, recovering and
recycling of various biochemical processes; hence, they cannot be controlled or prevented. In the
perspective of nature, hazard events are not at all devastating. They are systematic processes that are
necessary for its continued existence. However in the occurrence of these natural events, there are
absolutely certain communities and structures that may be affected negatively. The abrupt and forceful
characteristic of these natural events make them a hazard because devastation usually follow their
occurrence. Therefore, anything that is exposed to path or the zone of impact of any hazard may likely
suffer from its overwhelming consequences. If community aware of this exposure and do nothing to
address the hazards, they increase their vulnerability to disaster. The vulnerability of the exposed
elements depends on their environmental setting, location, and circumstances, nothing can be done to
any hazards as it is a natural perpetuating event. Once identified as exposed and vulnerable, it should be
it should be obligatory for the communities to implement appropriate measure to lower their
vulnerability.
VI. Self -Assessment
worksheet.
1. Identify all the possible elements exposed to the volcanic eruption of Mt. Mayon in Albay?
2. Differentiate hazards, exposure, and vulnerabilities from one another by giving an example base on
actual situation.?
I. Topic: Basic Concept of Hazard
II. Objectives:
A. Define hazards;
B. Give examples of the types of hazards; and
C. Explain the impact of various hazards on different exposed elements

Tel.No.:(632)893-8501. (Pg.31-40)
IV. Content
Basic Concept of Hazard
HAZARDS
 May cause disaster.

 Are events that pose threat, danger, or risk to any element exposed to them.
 They can strike anywhere and anytime.
 Result in disaster if a community is left both exposed and vulnerable to hazards.
TYPES OF HAZARD
 NATURAL HAZARDS – natural hazards are inevitable. They are part of the natural processes of
earth operating throughout earth history.
Ex. Earthquake, volcanic eruption, storm surge, tornadoes, typhoons and wildfires.
 MAN-MADE HAZARDS – are also called technological hazards, are those factors that are
generally trace to human error, intent, or negligence or glitches in technology
Ex. Bomb explosion, chemical spills, nuclear plant blast, radioactive emissions and wars.
PROFILING HAZARDS
Profiling hazards is important in predicting the possible disasters that a certain hazards can bring.
HAZARD CAN BE PROFILED IN DIFFERENT WAYS:
1. MAGNITUDE OR STRENGHT OF THE EVENT - the magnitude of the hazard can be assessed by the
measurement obtained from scientific instrument. Sometimes, scaling can vary depending on the
reference tables used per country.
Ex. Magnitude 5.0 above is considered high scale in earthquake based on the philippines institute of
volcanology and seismology (phivolcs). Floods reaching 1.0 meter is like wise considered high scale.
Typhoons winds up to 150 kph are deemed strong and powerful.
2. FREQUENCY-the frequency of the hazard to occur in an area is important because it tells its proneness
to that hazard.
Ex.. A coastal community may be frequented by storm surges if it belongs to the typhoon belt.
3. DURATION OF IMPACT-the impact of the harzards varies in duration. The assessment of the duration
is either short or long.
Ex. In earthquake, the length of shaking, trembling, and even the after-shocks are recorded. 1 min. Is
deemed to be long.
4. CAUSALITY OF EVENTS- the impact of the hazards can also be assessed based on the causality of
events, that is whether the exposed element receives the likely disaster directly and indirectly. Other
elements that are not visibly present in the site of event also suffer some degree of consequences,
because all communities interact within and outside their territory.
HAZARD PRONE AREA-is a location where a natural hazard is likely to happen if preventive measures are
not implemented. Due mainly to its geography.
Philippines is along the pacific ring of fire
And also located in the western pacific basin, the part of the world that is most often visited by typhoon.
Also called the typhoon belt. This explain why an average of 20 typhoon hit the country every year.
V. Summary
Basic Concept of Hazard
Hazards are part of our life and they are usually the source of disaster for humans and nature. They are,
by definition, harmful or may cause adverse effect to all exposed elements. Natural hazards are
inevitable, in that they are part of nature and by that sense, no one can really control it technically. But
apart from natural hazards, some man-made structures and activities (technological hazards) can also be
source of disaster. So it is important to profile hazards based on their magnitude, frequency, duration,
and causality so that their likely impact may reduce or prevented.
VI. Self-assessment
 Based from what you have learned kindly fill-out the following question using Modified SQ3R
worksheet.
1. What is the difference between the two types of hazards?

2. What would happen if both natural and anthropogenic hazards occur at the same time?
3. What makes the Philippines prone to natural hazards?
I. Topic: Earthquake Hazard
II. Objectives:
A. Identify various potential earthquake hazards;
B. Recognize the natural signs of an impending tsunami;
C. Analyze the effects of the different earthquake hazards
D. Interpret different earthquake hazard maps; and
E. Apply precautionary and safety measures before, during, and after an earthquake.

Tel.No.:(632)893-8501. (Pg.41-55)
IV. Content:
Earthquake Hazards
EARTHQUAKE IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Earthquakes in Philippines happen more frequently because of its geographical location, its
situated near the pacific ring of fire
 Based on the data provided by an earth quake –tracking website, Philippines records an average
of 200-250 earthquakes of varying magnitude every year, most of the quakes are low and are
deemed insignificant relative to impact.
POTENTIAL HAZARDS IN EARTHQUAKE
GROUND SHAKING
 The shaking of the ground is caused by the seismic wave

 SEISMIC WAVE is a form of energy that travels through the different layers of the earth cause by
vibration or movement.
 The intensity of the ground shaking depends on the geologic makeup of the ground
 Solid bedrock is far less intense shaking than loose sediment
 The duration and intensity of the earthquake, and the proximity of the area to the
epicenter.
EPICENTER – the area on the surface of earth where the origin of the earthquake.
GROUND RAPTURE
 This occurs when ground movement happens on a fault line and breaks through the surface.
 This may happen in an instant during an earthquake
 Slowly the ground cracks and eventually breaks apart.
 Structures that are built exactly on the fault or along the fault are likely to experience severe
damage and thus have high disaster risk.
LIQUEFACTION
 This occurs when seismic shaking causes loose materials in the soil to mix with groundwater or
soil saturated with water
 Eventually, the soil behaves like a quicksand that has lost its strength to hold and support object
on top of it,
 The structures on the ground slowly sink.
EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED GROUND SUBSIDENCE
 Is the lowering of the land due to earthquake on a fault line.

 One of the areas broken up by the movement may be lowered compared to the elevation of the
other pieces of land.
 This lowering becomes permanent, making the general elevation of the land uneven.
TSUNAMI
 The word “tsunami” is japanese word

that means “harbor wave”.
 Series of wave that are generated by a sudden
displacement on the ocean floor caused by
earthquake or a large scale undersea landslide,
submarine volcanic eruption or even a meteor crash at the sea.
 The abrupt impact on the ocean floor can cause giant waves
 Has a speed that may exceed 500 miles per hour
 The height and strength of the waves depends on the duration and intensity of ground
movement under water.
EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED LANDSLIDE
 Landslide may happen during or after an

earthquake when a weakened section of land
falls off primarily due to gravity.
 Sometimes also, land become weak due to
man –made activities that induce erosion such
deforestation excavation, mining etc.
SEISMOMETER
 Is an instrument used to measure movements in earth’s surface.

 It can detect vibration from seismic waves generated by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
TWO TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES
1. P-WAVES – is usually the first one to be recorded

2. S-WAVES – which carry most of the energy of the seismic activity.
SEISMOGRAPH
 Immediately draw the tremor on paper

 A zigzag lines means detected tremor
 Plain straight line where no movement.
SEISMOLOGIST
 Observe and collect seismic waves in areas that are prone to earthquakes.
PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER EARTHQUAKE.
BEFORE EARTHQUAKE
 Avoid placing breakables on high shelves or cabinets. These items can easily fall even by a slight
shake.
 Check regularly the stability of hanging objects such as ceiling fans and chandeliers. Changes the
screw or tighten them if you notice any slight movements in these hanging objects.
 Fasten heavy furniture to the walls or floor. Tall cabinets can be secured by hooking them up
against the wall.
 Know the emergency numbers of the police, rescue, and fire departments. Make sure all family
members know these numbers.
DURING AN EARTHQUAKE
 If you are indoors

 Do the DCH Drop, Cover, Hold
 Stay away from glass windows and doors, and heavy furniture.
 Watch out for falling debris or objects.
 Never use an elevator to get out of the building. If you are inside the elevator, press the
button for the nearest floor and get off immediately.
 If you are outdoors
 Stay clear of buildings, trees, light post, power lines, and other structures that could fall
or collapse on you.
 If you are driving or inside a car
 Slow down and stop, turn on the hazard lights to alert other drivers. Stay inside the car
until the shaking stop.
 Avoid pulling up near or under bridges, overpasses, and power lines that may fall or
collapse.
AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE
 Expect aftershocks, so remain calm

 Check your self and others for injuries. Do not attempt to move any person who is seriously
injured to avoid further injury unless he or she is in danger. Call for medical assistance.
 Stay away from downed or damage power lines, downed wires may still be carrying electrical
current can cause electrocution.
 Check for damage electrical wiring, shut off main electrical switch if you suspect any damage.
Have them immediately repaired by a licensed electricians.
 Inspect gas tanks for leaks, report to the authorities immediately if you suspect a gas leak.
 Tune in to local radio stations and listen for any news and danger reports.
 Stay out of the damaged buildings and areas with broken glass and debris.
 Follow the emergency plan or the instruction of building personnel if you are inside of the
building.
V. Summary
Earthquake are natural ground movements that can pose further potential hazards such as
ground shaking, ground rupture, liquefaction, subsidence, tsunamis, or landslides. It’s difficult to
accurately predict the occurrence of earthquake but somehow, through scientific instruments, scientist
are able to estimate its probability. The seismometer, through its detection of sound waves, is currently
used to record actual tremors on earth. With the aid of a geohazard map that show location of faults,
fissures, and geological features of an area, seismometer can provide data that can be used to establish
patterns, histories, and thus the likelihood of an earthquake.
Earthquakes are frequent in the Philippines because of its proximity to the Pacific Ring of Fire
and its condition of having the Philippine Fault System run along the midsection of the country. Because
of this, active faults and areas with high risk to earthquake constantly being monitored by PHIVOLCS.
VI. Self Assessment
worksheet.
1. Explain how man-made activities cause potential earthquake hazards especially in landslides?
2. How does a seismometer work?
3. What would you do during earthquake while you are indoors?
4. What would you do during earthquake while you are outdoors?

I. Topic: Volcano Hazards
II. Objectives:
A. Explain various volcano-related hazards;
B. Differentiate among different volcano hazards;
C. Recognize signs of an impending volcanic eruption;
D. Interpret different volcano hazard maps; and
E. Apply appropriate measures/interventions before, during, and after a volcanic eruption

Tel.No.:(632)893-8501. (Pg.56-69)
IV. Content:
Volcano Hazards
VOLCANO
 Are openings in earth’s crust that allows the
energy from the interior of earth to
escape to the surface.
POTENTIAL VOLCANO-RELATED HAZARDS

 Volcano hazards are volcano related phenomena that pose potential threat or negative impact
to life, property, and the environment in a given period of time.
THE FOLLOWING ARE SOME POTENTIAL VOLCANO-RELATED HAZARDS:
1. LAHAR
 This is an indonesian term for the mixture of water, pyroclastic materials and rock fragments
flowing down a volcano or river valley.
 Lahar is powerful enough to remove or carry away trees, boulders, and logs.
 Building, houses, and other structures can be partially or completely buried by the turbulent
flow of lahar.
2. ASH FALL
 This is composed of bits and pieces of

pulverized rock, minerals, and volcanic glass
generated from volcanic eruption.
 These fragments measure less than 2mm
(0.079 inches) in diameter.
 Ash fall slowly and can destroy structures
and buildings by putting more weight on the roof, causing a collapse.
 The common health problem cause by ash fall is asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema.
3. PYROCLASTIC FLOW
 This refers to the fast-moving fluidized mass of rock fragments and gases.
 It maintains a very high temperature, burning everything in its path
 Can easily incinerate, burn and suffocate humans and animals
 They can travel long distances, thus producing greater hazards.
4. BALLISTIC PROJECTILE
 This is rock fragment that is ejected from a volcano during its explosive eruption.
 Its like a cannonball that travels fast in the air.
 Volcanic projectiles can be bombs or blocks.
Blocks – if the projectile or rock fragment is solid when ejected.
Bombs – if its is launched in a partially molten or molten state.
 Can travel as far as 5km or even further, depending on the magnitude of explosion.
 Poses a serious hazard to humans, plants and animals, and properties.
5. VOLCANIC GAS
 This consist of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, which are poisonous and hazardous to
organisms.
 This excessive composition of these chemicals in the air can cause acid rain.
 Volcanic gas also causes respiratory problems and other health risk.
6. LAVA FLOW
 This is molten rocks that pours down from the slopes of the volcano.
 It is different from pyroclastic flow
 Lava flow is denser and hense moves slowly.
 Lava flows can kill vegetation and destroy property by burning homes and destroying
infrastructure, such as bridges and roads.
 Forest fires can be ignited by lava flow.
SIGN OF IMPENDING VOLCANIC ERUPTION
1. Occurrence of tremors or increase in the frequency of small earthquakes.

2. Deformation of the ground manifested by changes in ground elevation and formation of
cracks or openings.
3. Increase in the amount of volcanic gases and in temperature, which may indicate that the
magma has gone closer to the surface.
4. Glow of volcanic crater due to presence of magma.
5. Increase in steam emission coming volcanic openings, fissures, or hot springs.
6. Thermal changes within the surrounding of the volcano.
7. Change in the color of nearby vegetation and lakes.
8. Landslides and rock falls not due to heavy rains.
9. Drying up of springs and freshwater sources around the volcano.
PRECAUTIONARY AND SAFETY MEASURES BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER

VOLCANIC ERUPTION.
BEFORE AN ERUPTION
1. Stay updated with the local news.

2. Learn about your community warning system and emergency plans. Have meeting with all
family members and make a family emergency preparedness plan
3. Prepare an emergency supply kit that should include the following: first aid kit, clean clothes,
food and water, flashlights and extra batteries, battery operated radio, prescribe medicines,
dusk mask, goggles and sturdy shoes.
4. Pack all important and essential items in light and waterproof containers.
5. Secure livestock in enclosed shelters.
6. Listen to public safety announcement of local authorities. Follow the authorities instructions if
they tell you to evacuate the area.
DURING AN ERUPTION
1. Follow evacuation orders issued by local authorities. Stay in evacuation center until further
instructions are given by authorities.
2. If told to stay indoors, place a damp cloth over your window and doors. Close all windows and
doors and other vents to prevent entry of ash, wet cloth will help keep fine volcanic particles
from entering your house.
3. Wear long-sleeves shirts and long pants
4. Use goggles to protect your eyes
5. Use a dusk mask or damp clothes over your face to prevent inhalation of ashes and other
volcanic particles.
6. Avoid low lying regions and river areas near the volcano. Volcanic debris and ash will be carried
by the wind and gravity.
7. Listen to the battery operated radio for the latest emergency operation
AFTER AN ERUPTION
1. Wait for announcement from local authorities that is safe to return to your house
2. Inspect your house carefully for any damage before you enter it. Donot enter your house if you
smell gas, lahar is present, or authorities have declared it unsafe
3. If you or a family member has a respiratory ailment such as asthma or bronchitis, stay away
from volcanic ashfall area, volcanic ash can cause respiratory problems
4. Wear dusk mask, gloves, and goggles while cleaning the debris and ashfall on the roof of your
house to avoid further damage
5. Check electrical wirings, appliances, and gas tanks before using them
6. Boil water before drinking it. Ground water pipes may have been contaminated by volcanic
particles
7. Stay inform and listen for emergency updates and news.
V. Summary
Volcanic activities in the Philippines are typical and frequent because the country sits on the
Pacific Ring of Fire, a geologic location that is characterized by frequent seismic movements.
Currently, There are more than 20 active volcanoes that have manifested tremors and activities
in the past 600 years, as closely monitored and studies by PHIVOLCS.
A volcanic explosion is a disaster by itself especially if is followed by other related hazards such
as lahar flows, ash falls, pyroclastic flow, ballistic projectiles, emission of volcanic gases, and lava
flow, these hazards prompt the evacuation or permanent displacement of affected communities
because of the significant changes in the physical and biological profile of the environment. A
volcanic eruption can be predicted days or even a weeks before it happens. Some signs to look
for are ground tremors, changes in ground elevation, increase in local heat or visible gases being
released from the volcano. Where any or a combination of these signs are detected, necessary
precaution and preparations should be made immediately to avoid disastrous consequences.
VI. Self-assesment
worksheet. Instructions: Use the space provided to write down your answer
1.Why are lahar and pyroclastic flows considered the greater volcano hazards?
2. What would you do before an eruption? Give at least 5
3. What would you do during an eruption? Give at least 5
4. What would you do after an eruption? Give at least 5

I. Topic: Rainfall-induced Geologic Hazards
II. Objectives:
A. Discuss the different geological hazards;
B. Analyze the causes of geological hazards;
C. Recognize signs of impending geological hazards;
D. Interpret geological maps; and
E. Apply mitigation strategies to prevent loss of lives and properties.
III. References: Mylene D.G Olivia

Tel.No.:(632)893-8501. (Pg.70-80)
IV. Content:
Rainfall-induced Geologic Hazards
THERE ARE TWO SIGNIFICANT POTENTIAL RAINFALL INDUCE HAZARDS:
 LANDSLIDE
 SINKHOLES
LANDSLIDE
 Also called a “landslip.”

 Is a ground movement on a sloping terrain.
 Gravity induces land to move downward.
 Landslide do not happen on a flat ground.
 WATER – IS A NATURAL AGENT FOR EROSION.
Rain or any source of water frequently flows down a sloping area , the gravitational descent of loosened
soil make it possible for landslide to occur.
A high vulnerability to rainfall-induced landslide hazards is characterized by areas with:

 Steep slope
 Dense population
 Denuded ground
Prolonged or frequent rain can saturate the topsoil and bedrock. Making the soil foundation of buildings
or structures weak.
Without plants and trees whose roots can absorb water and hold the soil together, subsequent
rainwater can continue to loosen up the soil that anchor the buildings.
SINKHOLE
 Are depressions or holes on the ground that resulted from the
collapse of the surface layer of the soil.
 Occurs in area where the soil foundation is made

of soft minerals and rocks such as limestones, salt
beds or any acidic rocks.
 Sinkholes usually happen in areas with soft and weak
soil resulting from frequent exposure to water like repeated rainfall or unmanaged flood.
 The collapse of the ground can also be triggered by any type of land movement that cause
vibrations such as earthquake, volcanic activities and even human development activities such
as construction and industrial activities,
SCIENTIFIC TOOLS FOR ASSESSING LANDSLIDE AND SINKHOLE FOR LANDSLIDE

1. ABNEY LEVEL 2. LASER RANGEFINDER
 Equipped with a tilt meter is used to measure the slope angle, soil compaction and soil strength
of an area
 The data determine the level of risk to landslides.
 It may use also for future safer structural development in any area.
FOR SINKHOLE
1. GROUND PENETRATING RADAR (GPR)
 To provide images of subsurface ground

 It can detect the type of objects, changes in materials and void and cracks under a layer of soil
 Measurement can reach up to 15 meters
 That is why the gpr is a good tool in determining whether sinkhole may occur or not because of
the relatively determination of the soft ground underlying the ground surface.
SIGN OF IMPENDING LANDSLIDE AND SINKHOLE

 Soil that loosens and move away from foundation
 New cracks or unusual bulges on cemented ground or walls
 Building, poles, walls and fences that are leaning
 Sign post or poles that are suddenly leaning, slumping, slanting or bent
PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES IN CASE OF A LANDSLIDE AND A SINKHOLE

LANDSLIDE
IF YOUR AREA IS PRONE TO LANDSLIDE
 Plant more trees, grasses, and other vegetation to prevent erosion and compaction of soil
 Build channel for diversion of mudflow or debris flow to direct flow away from your property.
 Do not built your house on a near steep slopes, mountain edges, drainages or natural erosion
valleys.
BEFORE A LANDSLIDE
 Be familiar with your surroundings. Watch for any changes in appearance or position of any
objects arround you. When there is a sudden debris flow, this could be a good indicator of an
incoming landslide
 Be updated on news regarding the condition of your area, be aware of the disaster plans of your
local government.
 Learn and participate emergency response and evacuation plans for your community
DURING A LANDSLIDE
 Be attentive to unusual sound such as cracking objects, moving debris and rolling boulders.
 Stay away from the path of debris
 Stay on an elevated and sturdy area, avoid low lying area and steep slopes
 If escape is not possible, curl into a tightball and protect your head, find structure that can serve
to protect you from the flow of debris.
AFTER A LANDSLIDE
 Avoid the slide area, there is still danger of more landslides
 Listen for the latest emergency information, follow warning and instruction by the local
government
 Watch out for flooding as it follow the same path taken by the debris flow
 Check for injured or trapped people near the slide and for damaged structures and other
potential hazards, report these immediately to the rescuers or authorities
SINKHOLES
If sinkhole are not detected earlier and it appears suddenly do the following:
 Find refuge in a stable ground or open area
 Wait until the structures on and around the sinkhole stop moving, do not attempt to go back
and retrieve your belongings
 Wait for your local government’s announcement when it is safe to go back
AFTER A SINKHOLE
 Stay away from the sinkhole
 Monitor the damage on objects if crack gets longer or wider, the sinkholes may still be enlarging
 Secure whatever is left of your properties and relocate to safe grounds. Preferably far from the
location, because the same bedrock or soil profile may characterize the vicinities of the sinkhole.
V. Summary
Landslide and sinkholes are among the common geohazards associated with heavy rainfall.
These Geohazards happen because the water-saturated soil becomes a weak foundation for heavy
structures. However, even without structures, these hazards are bound to happen, but not sooner,
because of the natural tendencies of the top layer of soil to loosen due to its type, porosity, and slope
elevation.
VI. Self-Assessment
 Based from the topic today? Answer the activity worksheet using Inquiry paper.
1. Why Do sinkholes form? What are the factors (both natural and man-made) that cause sinkhole form?
2. Can sinkholes be a precursor for more massive geological event?
3. What precautionary measures you are going to do if you are residing at a landslide prone area?
I. Topic: Hydrometeorological Hazards
II. Objectives:
A. Distinguish and differentiate among and between different hydrometeorological hazards;
B. Recognize signs of impending hydrometeorological hazards;
C. Apply appropriate measures/interventions before, during, and after hydrometeorological
hazards;
D. Interpret different hydrometeorological hazard maps; and
E. Use available tools for monitoring hydro-meteorological hazards.

Tel.No.:(632)893-8501. (Pg.81-96)
IV. Content:
Hydrometeorological Hazards
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS
• Are dangers associated with the natural processes or phenomena involved in the transfer of
water and energy between the land surface and the lower atmosphere.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
• Besides from the western pacific basin, philippines is also located in the northern hemisphere,
which is above the equator,
• The area near the equator known as the intertropical convergence zone (itzc) where strong
swirling of winds happens.
1. TYPHOON
• Or bagyo in filipino
• Are intense circulating winds with heavy rain over tropical waters and land
• Are actually tropical cyclone whose winds have reached more than 118 kilometer per hour
(kph)
• The energy of the swirling movement can strengthen as it moves westward
TROPICAL CYCLONES ARE CLASSIFIED AS FOLLOWS:

1.TROPICAL DEPRESSION: WIND SPEED UP TO 61 KPH
2.TROPICAL STORM: WIND SPEED 62 TO 88 KPH
3.SEVERE TROPICAL STORM: 89 TO 117 KPH
4.TYPHOON: 118 TO 220 KPH
5.SUPER TYPHOON: 220 KM KPH
PUBLIC STORM WARNING SIGNAL
Signal no. 1
 Winds of 30-60 kph
 Expected at least 36 hours
 No damage to very light damage to the affected areas
 People are advised to listen to the latest news weather update
Signal no. 2
 Light to moderate damage to the affected areas
 Travelling by sea and air are canceled to avoid unnecessary risk
Signal no. 3
 Moderate to heavy damage to the areas
 People are advises to evacuate low-lying areas and stay away from coasts and riverbanks.
Signal no. 4
 Very heavy damage to the affected areas
 Evacuation to the safer shelters should be completed.
2. THUNDERSTORM
• Also known as electrical storm
• Is a storm characterized by heavy
rain with presence of thunder
and lightning
• May not have strong winds in
• contrast with typhoon
• Usually happen in summer because of the atmosphere’s high in humidity and high in
temperature.
• Thunderstorm happen because there is an uneven distribution of heat in the air and on land.
THE HAZARD IN THUNDERSTORM IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE FOLLOWING:

• Heavy rainfall that can lead to flooding
• Lightning that can electrocute humans and livestock and damage electrical facilities
• Air turbulence which can displace or disorient a flying aircraft
• Fire that can burn buildings and vegetation.
3. FLOOD
• Is the presence of excessive water
on a supposedly dry land,
• It can be cause by continuous heavy
• rain or poor drainage
• Usually low lying areas are prone to
flooding because they receive all the
water coming from higher elevation.
4. FLASH FLOODS
• Is a rapid flow of water on saturated soil or dry
soil or any foundation that has poor absorption
capabilities.
• This usually takes place in slopes such as mountains
and waterways where the peak of maximum force
take place downstream.
• The intensity, speed and volume of water gushing down the slopes can drown people and
damage the structures alongs its path.
5. STORM SURGE
• Is an abnormal rise in coastal waters due to a massive force from the sea or from the air above
the sea.
• Caused by a strong typhoon or a sea quake.
• Can instantly flood coastal areas.
6. TORNADO
• Is a rapid rotating column of air that is in
contact with the air and land.
• Its rotational movement is so violent that
can pick up objects from the ground and sling them
away at far place.
• According to pagasa an average of 12-24 tornadoes hit the country every year
• Mostly occuring in flat terrains such as Mindanao and central Luzon.
7. EL NIÑO
• This phenomena refers to the large scale warming of the ocean and atmosphere across the
central and east-central equatorial pacific.
• Trade winds in the itcz would move the heated waters westward towards southeast asia
including Philippines.
8. LA NIÑA
• Begins in the eastern part of the pacific ocean much similar to the location of el niño
• The sea surface temperature during this period become lower by 3-5 degrees celcuis.
• The cyclone is formed during this time.
REMEMBER
• During el niño the atmosphere becomes unusually humid, dry and warm, inducing drought for
long period of times
• On the other hand la niña is characterized by excessive rainfall and cold temperature.
TOOLS FOR MONITORING HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS:

• DOPPLER RADAR
- Used to measure important weather parameters such as amount of rainfall and direction,
speed and intensity of winds. These data are used to forecast weather conditions and upcoming
typhoon week before occurrence.
• AUTOMATED RAIN GAUGE
- Usually installed in telecommunication cell sites to observe and locate areas with excessive
amount of rainfall. This is used to detect for possible flooding and flash floods.
APPROPRIATE MEASURES BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS.
BEFORE
 Store enough food, drinking water, and medicine. Foods that require little or no preparation and
do not easily spoil are ideal.
 Have a working flashlight, spare batteries, candles, and matches ready. Electric power may be
cut off by the hazard or authorities as a safety precaution.
 Meet with all members of your family and make a plans for evacuation to a higher or safer
ground especially if you live in low-lying area or near a coast, river, or creek.
 Reinforce the roofs, windows, and structural supports or foundations of your house to
withstand strong winds or water current. Make sure your roofs are securely held, and that there
is no leaks.
 Transfer valuables, appliances and furniture to a higher ground especially if your place is flood-
prone.
 Participate in cleanup activities to clear waterways such as canals, ditches, creeks streams, and
rivers of wastes or garbage.
 Remove dead or rotting trees and branches that may fall and can be carried away by water
current.
DURING
 If there is no advice to evacute, stay indoors, keep calm and do not go to isolated or open areas.
 Listed to weather updates by pagasa and advisories by the ndrrmc. If the electricity is out, use
battery-powered radios.
 If you see any sign of water rising, unplug any electrical equipment and switch off the main
circuit breaker or fuse box.
 Move to a safer ground or evacuate as advised by local authorities. Wear protective clothing as
you move to the evacuation site.
 Bring basic necessities such as food, drinking water, extra clothes, and medicines to the
evacuation site.
 Beware of open electrical cables that can electrocute when these come in contact with water.
Power surges from lightning can cause serious damage.
 Do not go near windows and doors.
AFTER
 Wait for any announcements from local authorities as to whether it is safe to return home or
not. Listen to weather updates or advisories from local authorities. Get information on which
areas are still not passables or accessible and avoid going to these places until cleared of any
obstruction.
 Report fallen power lines or cracked roads to local authorities.
 Check your house for any damage and do needed repairs immediately. If your house is heavily
damaged, leave the area immediately. Do not go back until it has been examined and declared
safe by a profession engineer or architect.
 Watch out for live wires or any electrical outlet immersed in water. Have a licensed electrician
or a knowledgeable person inspect electrical connections and appliances before you use them.
 Boil water before drinking as it may be contaminated.
V. Summary
The Philippines, Being an archipelago, is surrounded by water. in addition to this, its

geographical location is along the pathway of cyclones and strong turbulent winds. Both premises
expose the country to certain Hydro meteorological Hazards. To closely monitor patterns and trends,
and forecast the passing of these hazards, PAGASA has installed several weather stations all over the
country to accurately detect, observe, and measure atmospheric conditions. It is then important to be
aware and be prepared for any possible disasters so that these may be minimized if not totally
prevented.
VI. Self-Assessment
worksheet.
Instructions: Use the blank space provided to write down your answer.
1. Explain why Philippines is prone to typhoons based on geography and meteorology?

2. What is the difference between a storm surge and a tsunami?
3. What precautionary measure you are going to do if there’s a storm approaching?
I. Topic: Fire Hazard
II. Objectives:
A. Recognize elements of the fire triangle in different situations;
B. Analyze the different causes of fires;
C. Observe precautionary measures and proper procedures in addressing a fire incident;
D. Apply basic response procedures during a fire incident.

Tel.No.:(632)893-8501. (pg. 97-106)
Villamor S. Quebral, Ed.D.
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction, Lorimar Publishing , Inc.
776 Aurora Blvd., cor. Boston Street, Cubao, Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines
Tel.no. 721-2715, (pg. 91-98)
Introduction:
Fire hazards include all types of live flames, causes of sparks, hot objects, and chemicals that are
potential for ignition, or that can aggravate a fire to become large and uncontrolled. Fire hazards
also include all types of potentials threats to fire prevention practices, firefighting, built-in fire
safety systems and situations that restrict the escape of people from affected building or area in
the event of a fire. Fire hazard pose threats to life and property. It is, therefore, the prime object
of safety systems to detect, remove or reduce the risk of fire threatened by these potential
hazards.
Fire is a process of rapid oxidation of any material resulting in burning. Oxidation means that the
oxygen molecules interact with different substances in the environment, making it unstable and
thus creating a reaction. When burning happens, heat, light, and other reaction products are
released.
Elements of the Fire Triangle
The fire triangle or combustion triangle is a simple model for understanding the necessary ingredients
for most fires. The triangle illustrates the three elements a fire needs to ignite: heat, fuel, and an
oxidizing agent (usually oxygen). A fire naturally occurs when the elements are presents and combined
in the right mixture, meaning that fire is actually an event rather than a thing. A fire can be prevented or
extinguish by removing any one of the elements in the fire triangle. For example, covering a fire with a
fire blanket remove the oxygen part of the triangle and can extinguish a fire.
Take a look at the diagram below, called the “Fire Triangle”:
Oxygen Heat
Chemical
Reaction
Fuel
Source: www.sc.edu/ehs/modules/fire/01_triangle.htm
A fire triangle is a model that shows the three essential components that when present together can
start a fire and sustain it- fuel, heat and oxygen.
 Fuel – fire needs a fuel source or combustible material in order to burn. Fuel comes in different
forms: solid (e.g., wood, paper, plastic), liquid (e.g. gasoline, kerosene, acetone), and gas (e.g.,
methane, propane, acetylene). Different types of fuel burn at different rates.
 Heat – this is needed to start and continue the combustion process. Combustion process
happens when flammable vapor mix with air (oxygen) and is ignited by a spark or flames. In
essence, when the ignition temperature (heat) of the fuel (any material) is reached, combustion
reaction happens. This is because the energy stored in that material reacts with the oxygen that
is present in the air, giving off heat. Most solid combustible materials ignite immediately
because they instantly give off vapor and readily reach their ignition or flammable temperature.
Other solid may take time to ignite because of their density such as flammable vapor even in
cold temperatures. Hence, fire may still be produced even in temperatures below 0°C. petrol is
an example of a liquid fuel that can be ignited at 43°C below 0.
 Oxygen – this constitutes about 21% of the air around us. Oxygen reacts with flammable vapor
given off by fuels, and the reaction releases heat. The magnitude of the fire, whether it is going
to be explosive or flammable, depends on the ration between the oxygen and fuel.
Common Five Hazards
The following fire hazards are common at home, in public place, transports and work place:
 All types of flames used for work

 Electric wires, higher loads, loose connections and old electrical equipment
 All cooking and heat generating appliances
 All works and situation where fire is essential such as welding, cutting, metal casting etc.
 Improper storage of tools, equipment and items during and at the end of the day’s work
 Smoking and personal lighters and matches
 Fireworks, pyro-techniques, ammunitions and explosive
 Improper and unauthorized storage of flammable and hazardous materials and chemicals
especially the flammable ones
 Insufficient capacity and numbers of emergency exits and stairs
 Hindrance to sight or reach firefighting equipment, markings and alarm system
 Insufficient numbers and types of fire extinguisher
 Absence of fire protection and alarm system
 Violation of building and fire codes
Top causes of fire
Cooking equipment is the leading cause of home structure fire and home fire injuries. Smoking is the
leading cause of civilian home fire deaths. Heating equipment is the second most common cause of
home fire fatalities.
Below are some other common causes of fire:
Kitchen Stoves
 When left unattended

 Electrical cords, curtain, tea towels, and even cloths are so close to the stove top
 When long flowing sleeve are contacting gas flames
Faulty Wiring
 If installation was not done by qualified electrician

 Capacity overload
 If safety switches and correct fuses were not installed
Smoking in Bed
 Smoking in bed can cause fire – tiny members can smolder unnoticed and burst into flame much
later
Lighting
 Poor light fittings can cause heat build up

 Lampshades are so close to light globes and lamp bases that can be knocked over easily
 Recessed down lights are not properly insulated from wood paneling or ceiling timbers
Flammable Liquids
 When flammable liquids such as petrol, kerosene, methylated spirits are not stored properly.
Storage must be away from heat.
 Unsafe handling and use of flammable liquids is a potential fire hazard
Candles
 When candles are left unattended. Do not sleep with a burning candle.
 When curtain and other flammable items are closed to burning candles.
Children
 When children are playing with fire. Keep all matches, lighters and candles out of reach of
children
 Children are not well oriented about the fire hazards and fire safety
Basic Response Procedures during a Fire Incident
The following response procedure was adopted from the university of Chicago Fire Response
Plan. It was summarized by the acronym RACER:
R – Rescue: Rescue people from the immediate area of smoke and/or fire. Make people aware that
there is a fire alarm activation or actual fire within the building.
A – Alarm: Alarm the nearest fire alarm station. When telephone is available, call the police or Fire
Department hotlines. Provide your name, exact location of the emergency, telephone number from
which you are calling and type of emergency you are reporting.
C – Contain: Contain the smoke or fire by closing all windows and doors to rooms, stairways, and
corridors. This is to control fire or smoke from spreading.
E – Extinguish: Extinguish the fire using the appropriate fire extinguisher for the type of fire being
fought. Only attempt to fight the fire if you are comfortable using a fire extinguisher and the fire is small,
contained, and not spreading beyond the immediate area.
R – Relocate: Relocate to a safe area. When inside a building, relocate outside of the building and away
from the main entrance. Do not use elevators within the building as a mean of exit. Use the stairways,
only.
For the sake of enhancement, letter “S” is added to the acronym which stands for:
S – Secure: Secure the important documents, money and heirlooms when fire breaks out inside your
own residence. These things are easier to take as you go out from the house than the appliances which
can be replaced easily.
Fire Emergency and Evacuation Plan
A Fire Emergency and Evacuation Plan (FEEP) is a written document which includes the action to be
taken by all staff in the event of fire and the arrangements for calling the fire brigade. It can include any
relevant information in relation to the FEEP.
Listed below are salient components of a Fire Emergency and Evacuation Plan:
 Fire evacuation strategy

 Action on discovering a fire
 Action on hearing the fire alarm
 Calling the fire brigade
 Power/process isolation
 Identification of key escapes routes
 Fire marshals
 Places of assembly and roll call
 Firefighting equipment provided
 Training required
 Personal Emergence Evacuation Plan
 Liaison with emergency services
I. Fire evacuation strategy
There is a need to consider how the evacuation premises is arranged in the light of risk
assessment undertaken and the other fire precautions intended to be put in place.
II. Action on hearing the fire alarm
The plan should instruct all personnel upon hearing the fire alarm to act in accordance with
the agreed FEEP strategy.
III. Calling the fire brigade
The fire service should also be informed immediately, either by switchboard operator or
person discovering fire, dependent on conditions.
IV. Power/process isolation
Close Down Procedure – Design your own ‘Close Down’ procedure as appropriate to given
setting.
V. Identification of key escape routes
In premises where members of the public or persons unfamiliar with layout of the premises
are present there should be means available to identify the key escape route. They could include
schematic drawings and most importantly emergency escape and exit signs.
VI. Fire Wardens/Marshals
A competent person who will be responsible to safeguard the safety of students should be
nominated to implement certain fir safety measures which will include the implementation of the fire
evacuation plan. The general term used for these people are fire wardens or fire marshals. He should be
someone who is well-trained and have some knowledge of fire prevention and be able to identify
possible fire hazards.
VII. Places of assembly of roll call
Pre-determined assembly points should be arranged and a roll call of students to be taken.
The person who is in charge of the assemble point should report to the person who has been nominated
as Fire Marshal.
VIII. Fire fighting equipment available
A nominated fire team, if available, or any trained competent person should, where possible,
attack fire with appropriate equipment. However, fire fighting is always secondary to life safety.
IX. Training required
The emergency situation plan should be the subject of frequent training so all students
become familiar with its content and there should be regular evacuation drill. Effective fire routines is
dependent on regular instruction, training, and practice. Regular drills should be carried out using
varying escapes routes assuming the normal evacuation route is not available.
X. Personal Emergency Evacuation Plan
In order to assist disabled or sensory-impaired people to escape from fire it may also be
necessary for students to be trained in the correct procedures to cope with this eventuality.
Advice on the specific needs of disabled and sensory-impaired people can be obtained from
organizations representing the various groups.
XI. Liaison with emergency services
The Fire Marshal should arrange all the necessary contacts with external emergency services
and make them familiar with the school’s fire emergency and action plan. He will be the one to meet the
fire and rescue service when they arrived to provide them with any information they require
V. Summary
Fire is an event rather than a thing. It naturally occurs when the three elements , namely heat, fuel, and
oxygen are presents and combined creating a chemical reaction. There are several causes of fire, but on
top of the list are cooking equipment, smoking and heating equipment. Where fire breaks out in any
place are in, follow the emergency and evacuation plan of the building to escape the disaster. When on
fire, stay calm, kneel down, and then roll over to suppress the fire. Fire hazards can be controlled as long
as effective and updated disaster plan are in place and practiced. Fire, like other hazards should be
addressed properly to reduce its risk and damage that it may cause to life and properly. It should be a
part of disaster preparedness plan for every school and family.
VI. Self- Assessment:
worksheet.
Instructions: you may use extra paper for your answer.
1. Identify the three elements of the fire triangle and explain how fire is created.
2. Check your surroundings. What objects can produce fire? What are the sources of heat and
fuel you see? Name atleast two examples.
3. Enumerate the different causes of fire. Identify the top three most common causes of fire
and explain why?
4. Bring home a copy of the Fire emergency and escape plan you prepared and orient your
family about it.
5. Summarize the basic response procedures during a fire incidents. Memorize it and start
sharing it to your family.
I. Topic: Concept of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
(DRRM)
II. Objectives:
A. Discuss the key concepts, principles, and elements of DRR;
B. Recognize the importance of DRR on one’s life;

Tel.No.:(632)893-8501. (pg. 115-139)
Villamor S. Quebral, Ed.D.
Tel.no. 721-2715, (pg. 110-127)
Introduction:
Disaster risk readiness (DRR) is defined as “a systematic approach to identifying, assessing, and
reducing the risks of disaster. It aims to reduce socioeconomic vulnerabilities to disaster as well as deal
with the environmental and other hazards that trigger them.” (Asian Disaster Reduction Center- ADRC).
RDD is very wide-ranging. Its scope is much broader and deeper than conventional emergency
management. There is potential for DRR initiatives in just about every sector of development and
humanitarian work.
The most commonly cited definition of DRR is the one used by United Nations agencies such as
UNISOR, also known as the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, and United Nations Development
Program (UNDP) , “the conceptual framework of elements considered with the possibilities to minimize
vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout a society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and
preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards, within the broad context of sustainable development”.
Key Concepts of DRR

The following are key concepts of DRR as explained by the Asian Disaster Risk Center (ADRC).
 Disaster risk disaster is a matter of decision.
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) aims to reduce the damage caused by natural hazards like
earthquakes, floods, droughts, and cyclones, through an ethic of prevention.
Disaster often follow natural hazards. A Disaster’s severity depends on how much impact a
hazard has on society and the environment. The scale of the impact in turn depends on the
choices people male for their lives and for their environment. These choices relate to how
people grow their foods, where and how they build their homes, and what kind of government
they have. Each decision and action people make are determinants as to whether they are
vulnerable to disaster or more resilient to them.
 Disaster risk reduction is about choices.
Disaster risk reduction is the concept and practice of reducing disaster risk through systematic
efforts to analyze and reduce the causal factors of disasters. Reducing exposure to hazards,
lessening vulnerability of people and property , wise management of land and environment, and
improving preparedness and early warning for adverse events are all examples of disaster risk
reduction..
 Disaster risk reduction is everyone’s business.
Disaster risk reduction includes disciplines like disaster management, disaster mitigation and
disaster preparedness, but DRR is also part of sustainable development. In order for
development activities to be sustainable they must also reduce disaster risk. On the other hand,
unsound development policies will increase disaster risk- and disaster losses. Thus, DRR involves
every part of society, every part of government, and every part of the professional and private
sector.
Basic Principles of DRR
Discussed below are the basic principles of DRR:
 Development can either increase or decrease disaster risk.
 Disaster risk reduction policy, laws and regulation will NOT save lives unless correctly
implemented in communities.
 The “community” is the front line of disaster risk management.
 Disaster risk reduction is not a “stand alone” activity- it cuts acrossalmost all categories
of human activity.
 Integrating disaster risk reduction at the national, provincial and community levels takes
a long time to achieve.
 DRR must become a normal part of the decentralized development process.
Elements of DRR
The following is a discussion of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) as a
continuum indicating the interrelationship of the different elements of DRR (FAO Series):
1. Disaster Risk Reduction Continuum
 Ongoing development activites- ongoing DRm aspects in different development
programs.
 Risk Assessment- diagnostic process to identify the risks that a community faces.
 Prevention- activities to avoid the adverse impact of hazards.
 Mitigation- structural/ non-structural measures undertaken to limit the adverse impact.
 Preparedness- activities and measures taken in advance to ensure effective response.
 Early warning- provision of timely and effective information to avoid or reduce risk.
2. Immediate Disaster Response
 Evacuation- temporary mass departure of people and property from threatened
locations.
 Saving people and livelihood- protection of people and livelihood during emergency.
 Immediate assistance- provision of assistance during or immediately after disaster.
 Assessing damage and loss- information about impact on assets and loss to production.
3. Post Disaster to Continuum
 Ongoing assistance- continued assistance until a certain level of recovery.
 Recovery- actions taken after a disaster with a view to restoring infrastructure and
services.
 Reconstruction- action taken after a disaster to ensure resettlement relocation.
 Economic and social recovery- measures taken to normalize the economy and social
living.
 Ongoing development activities- continued actions of development program.
 Risk assessment- diagnostic process to identify new risks that community may again
face.
Importance of Disaster Risk Reduction
In 2011 alone, almost 30,000 people were killed in 302 disasters, and 208 million people were
affected. Beyond the toll on human life, the costs of disasters were estimated at more than US$ 2 trillion
over the last two decades. Earthquake and violent weather-related catastrophes helped make 2011 the
costliest year ever for response and recovery from disaster (United Nation Development Program –
UNDP).Yet, many countries are still not investing enough in prevention and preparedness, and many
development actors are not prioritizing enough such support to poor countries. The result is another
stark reality that striking inequalities persist, with global disaster risk disproportionately concentrated in
poorer countries with weaker governance. From a development perspective, therefore, disaster risk
reduction is vital for building a more equitable and sustainable future. Making investments in prevention
and preparedness, including civil defense exercises, is a necessary part of systematic efforts to increase
resilience to disaster. From a personal perspective DRR is very important to prevent loss of life and
material properties. It is also a key factor for socio-economic survival in these times that natural
disasters are getting worse and becoming more frequent due to the effect of climate change. Disaster
risk reduction is a proactive step towards prevention which is believed to be better than “cure”.
Community-based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

Community-based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (CBDRM) is defined as “a process in
which at-risk communities are actively engaged in the identification, analysis, treatment, monitoring,
and evaluation of disaster risks in order to reduce their vulnerabilities and enhance their capacities”
(ADPC 2003). This means that people are at the heart of decision-making and implementation of disaster
risk management activities. The involvement of most vulnerable social groups is considered as
paramount in this process, while the support of the least vulnerable group is necessary for successful
implementation.
Emergency Planning and Management

The diagram below presents the four phases of emergency planning namely, mitigation,
preparedness, response and recovery. This continuum serves as guide in designing an emergency plan
for the family and the community.
•Recovery -action
taken after an •Mitigation- Efforts to
emergency rescue to reduce the effects or risks
restore and resume associated with hazards.
normal operations.
Recovery Mitigation
•preparedness- action
•Response- actions taken taken prior to an
during emergency to save emergency to facilitate
Response Preparedness response and promote
lives, porperty, and the
environment. readiness.
Monitoring, Evaluating and Reporting
Monitoring, evaluation and reporting are key activities for the success of an emergency plan. To
respond effectively to changing circumstances and new information, a local government unit (LGU) must
have a to assess emergency planning progress on objectives and outcomes and initiate corrective action
where required. A system of monitoring, evaluation, reporting and improvement is needed to determine
the effectiveness of the emergency plan.
The diagram below shows the interrelation of monitoring, evaluating and reporting as basis of
improvement for an implemented community emergency plan
MONITOR
IMPROVE
REPORT
EVALUATE
 Monitoring
On an ongoing basis, a LGU will systematically collect and store data for indicators about
progress toward the achievement of emergency plan outcomes. Also, a LGU will be responsible
for collecting data for these indicators over the span of the emergency plan and for monitoring
the data trends showing changes occurring in the region.
 Evaluating
Data on monitoring will undergo rigorous evaluation, analysis and interpretation of results
within the context of government policies and strategies designed to achieve the objectives and
to ensure that management actions are appropriate spatially and temporally.
 Reporting
A LGU will use various mechanisms to formally communicate an emergency plan
progress to the public, including the release of reports on a regular basis that speak directly to
the plan, a well as ministry communication that address more specific aspects of the plan.
Early Warning System
The traditional framework of early warning systems is composed of three phases: monitoring of
precursors, forecasting of a probable event, and the notification of a warning or an alert should an event
of catastrophic proportions take place (UNDP). An improved four-step framework being promoted by
national emergency agencies and risk management institutions includes the additional fourth phase: the
onset of emergency response activities once the warning has been issued. The purpose of this fourth
element is to recognize the fact that there needs to be a response to the warning, where the initial
responsibility relies on emergency response agencies.
Effective early warning system require strong technical foundations and good knowledge of the
risks. But they must be strongly “people centered” – with clear messages, dissemination systems that
reach those at risk, and practiced and knowledgeable responses by risk managers and the public. Public
awareness and education are critical. In addition, many sectors must be involved. Effective early warning
systems must be embedded in an understandable manner and relevant to the communities which they
serve. Study the diagram below showing flow of an early warning system designed for Infanta, Quezon
after a dreadful mudslide in November 2004 caused by typhoon Winnie and Yoyong.
Survival Kit and Materials. A very important aspect of emergency planning is preparing and
organizing a survival kit. This is a “package” of the tools and materials that are needed and ready for
use in times of disaster. The following image summarizes the tools and materials that should be
included in a 72- hours survival kit.
The following is a detailed Checklist of a 72-hour Survival Kit:
Check CHECKLIST OF BASIC NEEDS AND CRITICAL SUPPLIES

QTY
Water-1 gallon per person, per day (3-day supply for evacuation and 2-week
supply for home)
Food- it is a good idea to include foods that do not need cooking, e.g canned
goods, dried, etc. (3-day supply for evacuation and 2-week supply for home)
Flashlights with extra batteries and bulbs (do not use candles)
Battery operated or hand-crack radio
Transistor radio with extra batteries (to keep you updated with the news
about an occurring disaster)
First Aid kit and manual
Medical supply (3-day supply)
Multi-purpose tool (tools that fold up into pocket-size unit)
Sanitation and personal hygiene items (toilet paper, sanitary napkin, plastic
garbage bags, etc.)
Copies of personal documents (medication list and pertinent medical
information, deed of sale/ lease contract to home, birth certificates, marriage
certificate, insurance policies, passports, etc.)
Cell phones with extra batteries and charger (power pack)
Family and friends emergency contact information
Cash and coins (ATM’s may not be accessible)
Emergency blankets
Map/s of the local area
Whistle – to attract attention of emergency personnel
One change clothing
Manual can opener
Pet supplies (including food and vaccination record)
Extra set of keys (car, house, cabinets, etc.)
Pack of cards to provide entertainment and pass the time
Pocket directory of emergency lines
Check COLD CLIMATE SUPPLIES QTY

Jacket or coat
Long pants and long sleeves shirt
Sturdy shoes
Hat, mittens, and scarf
Sleeping bags
Portable gas stoves (wonder kalan)
Check SUPPLIES FOR YOUR VEHICLE QTY
Flashlights with extra batteries and extra bulbs
Maps-geo-hazard maps are the most useful
First Aid Kits
Tire repair kit
Jumper cables
Flares
Bottled water
Non-perishable foods
Extra gasoline in a plastic containers
V. Summary
Even though disaster risk reduction seems to be a relatively new issue, it has existed for centuries
where the elderly gathered and found solutions to their problems. Local community solutions and
indigenous knowledge applied over the years often can help handle current situations. Community-
based disaster risk reduction is a key to ensure safety for all.
To approach hazards, it is necessary to conduct a vulnerability analysis as well as consider potential
hazards in the area. To ensure sustainability, the whole community should be involved and their voice
heard in the process. Often, projects can fail because the community itself does not know how to
maintain the investments made or because the international organizations involved do not address
community needs.
Disaster risk reduction is more than implementation of projects. It calls for change of attitude and
for understanding that one’s way of living might need to change. Many actors from many sectors should
be involved, including the local government, education and media sectors. As children often are among
those affected by disasters as they also represent the future, they are a key to bringing about a change
of outlook in the approach to disaster risk reduction.
Education is known to be the chief agent of change. The young generation who are exposed to
current and future hazards should be properly guided as to how they prepare, mitigate, respond to and
recover from disasters that hazards may bring.
VI. Self-Assessment
worksheet.
Instructions: Use the blank space provided to write down your answer.
1. Is there a hotline that you can call in your community to report or seek help during disaster or
emergencies?
2. What can you suggest to the local government to raise public awareness in case of any
emergency?
3. What contribution can you make in drafting and implementing a DRRM plan in your community?
4. Give four examples of prohibited acts during the relief distributing and humanitarian assistance
operation during disaster.
5. Discuss briefly the key concepts, principles and elements of disaster risk reduction.
6. Explain briefly the importance of disaster risk reduction on one’s life.
7. Prepare your own Survival Kit (actual kit). Ask assistance from your family to prepare such and
orient them about its importance.
I. Topic: What to expect between the state and the citizens
II. Objectives:
A. Explain DRR-related laws and policies;
B. Avail of existing DRR-related services program and projects.
III. References: Villamor S. Quebral, Ed.D.

Tel.no. 721-2715, (pg. 110-127)
Introduction:
The Philippines is highly exposed to natural hazards because it lies along the Pacific Typhoon
Belt and is within the Pacific Ring of Fire. This is compounded by uncontrolled settlement in hazard-
prone areas, high poverty rate, failure to implement building codes and construction standards, and
degradation of forests and coastal resources, among others.
The brunt of these natural hazards is felt by 27.6 million Filipinos who are among the poorest
and marginalized. They are often trapped in a seemingly never-ending cycle of disaster , displacement,
and rebuilding (Asian Disaster Reduction Center- ADRC).
For a country like the Philippines, a proactive risk management approach is imperative. ADRC
indicates that more than 40 per cent of Filipinos (37 million) are under 18 years old. Children are the
most affected in any disaster and by this alone, their participation in DRR is very essential.
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM)-related Laws and Policies

The Philippines experiences over the years on different kinds of disaster urged the government
to come up with legal measures in order to institutionalize disaster risk reduction and management in
the country. The following discussion outlines these government measures that lead to the creation of a
national framework, programs and projects on DRRM.
Presidential Decree No. 1566

In 1978, former President Marcos mandated President Decree No. 1566 to strengthen Philippine
disaster control. It created the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC), the focal organization for
disaster management in the country at that time. It was headed by the Secretary of National Defense.
To decentralize functions, PD No. 1566 also created regional, provincial and local disaster
coordinating councils. In terms of funding, the local council were to get their funds from their 2%
unappropriated reserves. This came from the local governments units (LGU’s) estimated revenue from
regular sources for unforeseen expenditures.
From this, all LGU’s were to program funds to be used for disaster preparedness including
organization of the local disaster councils- infrastructure, equipment and training of teams.
Republic Act No. 8185
in 1991, Republic Act No. 7160, otherwise known as the Local Government Code (LGC) of 1991
was enacted. The LGC enabled the LGU’s to access 5% of the estimated revenue from regular sources for
unforeseen expenditures such as the occurrence of calamities. However, access is only possible if the
President declares the area in a state of calamity.
To better utilize the funds, an act amending the concerned section, 324 (d), of the LGC was put
into law in 1996.
Republic Act No. 8185 identified areas of expenditure such as relief, rehabilitation,
reconstruction and other services with regards to calamities.
Rather than centralizing the decision-making process to the President, it gave the power to the
local development council to monitor the use and disbursement of the local calamity fund.
NDCC Four Point Action Plan

With the current law seen to only focus on response, the government created the National Four
Point Action Plan in 2005 to spearhead prevention and mitigation. In its plan, it continued: 1) improving
forecasting capability of concerned agencies, 2) engaging the local disaster councils, 3) holding annual
disaster consciousness month in July and 4) formalizing stakeholder partnerships through memoranda
of agreement.
Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act

As the paradigm shifts from response to mitigation, Republic Act No. 10121, otherwise known as
the Philippines Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act, was enacted in 2010.
RA No.10121, is an act mandated to strengthen disaster management in the Philippines. It
repealed PD No. 1566 and replace the NDCC with the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Council (NDRRMC) as the focal body.
NDRRMC, now headed by the Office of the Civil Defense (OCD) as its implementing agency,
coordinates with the regional, provincial, and local DRRM councils.
As its focus is on prevention and mitigation, the local DRRM fund was established. LGUs are to
set aside 5% of their estimated revenue from regular sources for their disaster councils.
Of the local DRRM fund, 70% of which shall be used for pre-disaster measures. The rest shall be
allocated as Quick Response Fund which serves as a stand-by fund for relief and recovery programs. As
the law turns 5 this year, the congressional oversight committee is conducting a sunset review of RA No.
10121.
DRR-related Services, Programs and Projects (source: NDRRMP)

The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) fulfills the requirement
of RA No. 10121 of 2010, which provides the legal basis for policies, plans and programs to deal with
disasters. The NDRRMP covers four thematic areas, namely: 1) Disaster Prevention Mitigation; 2)
Disaster Preparedness; 3) Disaster Response; and 4) Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery, which
correspond to the structure of the National Disaster Risks Reduction and Management Council
(NDRRMC). By law, the Office of Civil Defense formulates and implements the NDRRMP and ensures that
the physical framework, social, economic and environmental plans of communities, cities, municipalities
and provinces are consistent with such plan.
The NDRRMP is consistent with the National Disaster Risks Reduction Management Framework
(NDRRMF), which serves as “the principal guide to disaster risks reduction and management (DRRM)
efforts to the country…” The framework envisions a country of “safer, adaptive, and disaster resilient
Filipino communities toward sustainable development”. It conveys a paradigm shift from reactive to
proactive DRRM wherein men and women have increased their awareness and understanding of DRRM,
with the end in view of increasing people’s resilience and decreasing their vulnerabilities.
The NDRRMP sets down the expected outcomes, outputs, key activities, indicators, lead
agencies, implementing partners and timelines under each of the four distinct yet mutually reinforcing
thematic areas. The goals of each thematic area lead to the attainment of the country’s overall DRRM
vision, as discussed below
1. Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
Overall responsible agency: Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
Expected Outcome: Avoid hazards and mitigate their potential impacts by reducing
vulnerabilities and exposure and enhancing capacities of communities.
2. Disaster preparedness
Overall responsible agency: Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG)
Expected Outcome: Establish and strengthen capacities of communities to anticipate, cope and
recover from the negative impact of emergency and occurrences and disasters.
3. Disaster Response
Overall responsible agency: Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)
Expected Outcome: Provide life preservation and meet the basic subsistence needs of affected
population based on the acceptable standards during or immediately after a disaster.
4. Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery
Overall responsible agency: National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA)
Expected Outcome: Restore and improve facilities, livelihood and living conditions and
organizational capacities of affected communities, and reduce disaster risk in accordance with
the “building back better” principle.
Flagship Project Related to Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM)

Project NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards)
(source: Department of Science and Technology)
Project NOAH is the Philippines primary disaster risk reduction and management program
under the Department of Science and Technology (DOST). It was initially launched by DOST and its
attached agencies, and the University of the Philippines.
Project NOAH was a response to President Benigno Aquino III’s call on a better disaster prevention and
mitigation system in the Philippines. It was publicly launched by President Aquino, Project Head Mahar
Lagmay, and other government officials in Marikina on July 6, 2012. The program combines science and
technology for disaster risk reduction and management. It is also responsive program that aims to
provide 6 hours lead-time warning to people from concerned agencies involved in disaster prevention
and mitigation. The project also uses advanced technologies to enhance current geo-hazard vulnerability
maps. It is developed with the help of National Institute of Geological Sciences and the College of
Engineering of the University of the Philippines, Philippines Atmospheric , geophysical and Astronomical
Services Administration (PAGASA), Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS),
Advanced Science and Technology Institute (ASTI)and the Science and Technology Information Institute
(STII). The project is now composed of twenty-one institutions from local and private sectors including
media and telecommunication companies.
The program includes seven major components describes as follows: distribution of
hydrometeorological devices such as automated rain gauges and water level monitoring stations in
major river basins and flood prone areas; development of all three-dimensional flood inundation and
hazard maps; storm surge assessment and mitigation; a flood center; local development and operation
of Doppler radar systems and landslide sensors; and the use of television and web portal to display real-
time weather conditions.The program has been dubbed as the country’s leading disaster prevention and
mitigation program.
Access to Services (source: kidlat.pagasa.dost.gov.ph)

Key components of disaster preparedness are: 1) knowing how to coordinate with different
government agencies tasked for disaster risk reduction and management, and 2) knowing how to access
and avail of emergency services these agencies provide.
The following are the list of these government agencies, their contact details and the emergency
services they provide (source: kidlat.pagasa.dost.gov.ph)
PAGASA is an agency under the Department of Science and Technology (DOST). It provides real-time
updates about the weather and typhoon alerts.
1. For weather updates and typhoon signal alert:
Contact details:
 Website: pagasa.dost.gov.ph
 Twitter: @dost_pagasa
 PAGASA hotline: (02) 433-8526
2. Public Storm Warning Sinals:
Public Storm Warning Signals are raised to warn the public of incoming weather disturbances.
Once a Storm Signal is raised, conditions are not yet necessarily felt in the given area.
Color-coded rainfall advisories:
• More than 30mm rain serious flooding Response

expected in low
RED lying area EVACUATION
Rainfall Advisory
Response
• 15-30mm (intense) rain flooding is ALERT
ORANGE threathening For possible evacuation
Rainfall Advisory
Response
• 7.5-15mm (heavy) rain flooding is
MONITOR
YELLOW possible For weather condition
Rainfall Advisory
Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA)

Provides real-time reports on road travel conditions in Metro Manila; Aids in flood
control in Metro Manila.
 For NCR traffic condition updates:
Contact Details:
 Twitter: @MMDA
 Website: mmda.gov.ph
 MMDA metrobase hotline:136
 Flooding Control: 882-4151 to 77, 882-0925
Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)

The DSWD is the agency responsible for the distributing social services to the Filipino
people. It spearheads government relief operations during incidents of calamities.
 For relief efforts and possible donations:
Contact Details:
 Website: dswd.gov.ph
 Twitter: @DSWDserves
 Address: NAIA Chapel Road, Pasay City (beside Airport Police Department and
back of Air Transportation Office)
 Hotline: (02) 851-2681
Department of Education
The Department of Education provides updates on announcements by Local
Government Units on class suspensions in different areas of the country.
 For updates on school suspensions

 Website: deped.gov.ph
 Twitter: @DepEd_PH
 Address: DepEd Complex, Meralco Avenue, Pasig City
 DepEd Hotline: (632) 6361663, + (63)9194560027
Guidelines for automatic suspension of classes pursuant to Executive Order No.66, s. 2012:
Signal No.1: Pre-school level, in the affected are,

Signal No.2: pre-school, elementary and secondary levels, in the affected area
Signal No.3: pre-school, elementary, secondary, and tertiary levels, in the affected area
 The PAGASA shall issue weather forecasts not later than 10:00 PM of the previous day and 4:30
AM of the day of the intended cancellation of classes and work.
 In cases where there are classes and work in the morning and suspension of classes and work is
only effective in the afternoon, PAGASA should issue the forecast not later than 11:00 AM of the
said day.
• No Classes in Kindergarten
Signal No.1
Signal No.2 • No Classes in Elementary and High School
• No Classes in ALL LEVELS including tertiary level

Signal No.3
Localized Cancellation or Suspension of Classes and Work in Government

Offices:
In the absence of typhoon signal warnings:
Localized cancellation or suspension of classes and work in government offices may be
implemented by local chief executives, as chairman of the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Council (LDRRMC) concerned, in coordination with PAGASA and the NDRMC, specifically in
flood prone or high risk areas.
“ Announcements will be made not later than 4:30 AM of the day of the intended cancellation of classes
and work, or not later than 11:00 AM for suspension of work and classes in the afternoon session”.
Meanwhile, according to Commission on Higher Education (CHED) Memorandum Order No. 15,
s. 2012, suspension of classes at the collegiate level, including graduate school, is automatic when
authorities have declared storm signal no.3. Otherwise, class suspension will be upon the digression of
the heads of the concerned higher education institutions.
Cancellation or Suspension of Classes and Work in the Government During Other Calamities:
Classes in all levels in both public and private schools as well as work in the government offices
may be cancelled or suspended in areas affected by disasters or calamities other than typhoons, such as
but not limited to floods, earthquakes, tsunami and conflagration, upon the declaration by the President
of a State of Calamity based on the recommendation of the NDRRMC.
The concerned Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (LDRRMO) headed by the
local chief executive shall be responsible for announcing the suspension of classes and work in the
government offices in the affected areas in coordination with the NDRRMC, through all forms of mass
media available under the circumstances.
Storm Signal No.5 Officially added by PAGASA (source : CNN Philippines)

The Philippines Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)
has announced a revised public storm warning system and an updated classification of tropical
cyclones.
Public Storm Warning Signal (PSWS) no.5 has been added to the state weather bureau’s public
storm warning signal.
The new storm warning signal classification system is as follows:
o PSWS No.1: tropical cyclone winds of 30 to 60 kph are expected within the next 24 hours
o PSWS No.5: tropical cyclone winds of more than 220 kph are expected within 12 hours
PAGASA modified the public storm warning signal because tropical cyclones have become more
intense recently.
Aside from the revised storm warning system, the classifications of tropical cyclone has also
been modified.
Below are the classification of tropical cyclones according to the strength of the associated maximum
sustained winds:
 Tropical Depression (TD): up to 61 kph
 Tropical Storm (TS): 62 to 88 kph
 Severe Topical Storm (STS): 89 to 117 kph
 Typhoon (TY): 118 to 220 kph
 Super Typhoon (STY): exceeding 220 kph
PAGASA’S REVISED STORM WARNING SYSTEM
As of May 2015
SIGNAL NO.1
Winds of 30 to 60 kph in the next 24 hours
SIGNAL NO.2
SIGNAL NO.3
Winds of 121 to kph in the next 18 hours
SIGNAL NO.4
SIGNAL NO.5
Winds of more than 220 kph in the next 12 hours
UPDATED TROPICAL CYCLONE CLASSIFICATION

TROPICAL DEPRESSION
Winds of up to 61 kph
TROPICAL STORM
Winds up to 62 to 88 kph
SEVERE TROPICAL STORM
TYPHOON
SUPER TYPHOON
Winds exceeding 220 kph
V. Summary
The creation of the National Disaster Risks Reduction Management Council (NDRRMC) is a
product of the national government’s initiative to protect the Filipino citizens from disasters brought by
natural hazards. This Council is composed of the different government departments/ agencies tasked to
undertake the four elements of disaster risk reduction and management, namely, preparedness,
mitigation, response and recovery.
Nevertheless, the citizens should also do their share to protect themselves and their families
from the negative effects of disaster. They have to participate in different activities, and respond to the
programs depends on the responsiveness is knowing how to avail of the services that the government.
VI. Self-Assessment
Answer the following questions:

1. Give the essence of at least 4 DRR-related laws and policies.
2. Explain briefly how the NDRRMC has evolved into what it is now.
3. Based from the list of agencies tasked for disaster reduction and management with their contact
details, prepare an Emergency Directory List for your family.
4. As a young citizen of the Philippines, what are your roles in disaster risk reduction and
management?
5. What is being instructed to government agencies and local government units?
6. What are the thematic areas of the NDRRMC?

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Sulu College of Technology, Inc.

Formerly: Sulu Tong Jin School

Information Sheet: 1.1

I. Topic: The nature of Disaster and Disaster Risk

III. Reference: Mylene D.G Olivia

The nature of Disaster and Disaster Risk

 Disaster Risk - May be specific to location or condition of a community.

RISK FACTOR UNDERLYING DISASTER

1. What is a disaster and how does it differ from a hazards?

Information Sheet: 1.2

I. Topic: Exposure and Vulnerability

III. Reference: Mylene D.G Olivia

Exposure and Vulnerability

 “Vulnerable”- is capable of being harm or injured.

FACTORS CONSIDERED TO ASSES THE LEVEL OF VULNERABILITY OF AN AREA OR COMMUNITY

 Proximity to a hazard event

 Building codes and disaster policies

 Geoscience Australia defines Exposure as:

ELEMENTS EXPOSED TO HAZARDS

Instructions: Use the space provided to write down your answer

Information Sheet: 1.3

I. Topic: Basic Concept of Hazard

III. Reference: Mylene D.G Olivia

Basic Concept of Hazard

 May cause disaster.

Philippines is along the pacific ring of fire

Basic Concept of Hazard

Instructions: Use the space provided to write down your answer

1. What is the difference between the two types of hazards?

Information Sheet: 1.4

I. Topic: Earthquake Hazard

III. Reference: Mylene D.G Olivia

EARTHQUAKE IN THE PHILIPPINES

POTENTIAL HAZARDS IN EARTHQUAKE

 The shaking of the ground is caused by the seismic wave

EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED GROUND SUBSIDENCE

 Is the lowering of the land due to earthquake on a fault line.

 The word “tsunami” is japanese word

 Landslide may happen during or after an

 Is an instrument used to measure movements in earth’s surface.

TWO TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES

1. P-WAVES – is usually the first one to be recorded

 Immediately draw the tremor on paper

PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER EARTHQUAKE.

 If you are indoors

 Expect aftershocks, so remain calm

Instructions: Use the space provided to write down your answer

2. How does a seismometer work?

3. What would you do during earthquake while you are indoors?

4. What would you do during earthquake while you are outdoors?

Information Sheet: 1.5

I. Topic: Volcano Hazards

III. Reference: Mylene D.G Olivia

POTENTIAL VOLCANO-RELATED HAZARDS

THE FOLLOWING ARE SOME POTENTIAL VOLCANO-RELATED HAZARDS:

 This is composed of bits and pieces of

SIGN OF IMPENDING VOLCANIC ERUPTION

1. Occurrence of tremors or increase in the frequency of small earthquakes.

PRECAUTIONARY AND SAFETY MEASURES BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER

1. Stay updated with the local news.

2. What would you do before an eruption? Give at least 5

3. What would you do during an eruption? Give at least 5

4. What would you do after an eruption? Give at least 5

Information Sheet: 1.6