Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
St. John Institute of Pharmacy & Research, Palghar, Maharashtra, India
2
University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
ABSTRACT
Background: Even after having a good therapeutic importance few drugs may not be utilize effectively because they may lack either in
solubility or permeability. BCS class III drugs have high solubility but low permeability thus bioavailability of these drugs is always low. The
present study is based on the development of Self Double Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SDEDDS) to enhance bioavailability of such
drugs. Methods: Four formulation of the w/o emulsions was developed by one step emulsification procedure containing a fixed proportion of
ranitidine and different amount of phospholipids. Ranitidine was dissolved in distilled water the pH was adjusted to 6.0±0.5 by a pH meter.
Then, the drug aqueous solution was added to the oil phase which consisted with oleic acid, Span 80 and bean phospholipids under moderate
magnetic stirring. Hard gelatine capsules (size 00) were manually filled with 890 mg of each formulation (F1–F5), resulting in each capsule
containing 40 mg ranitidine. Results: Formulations were evaluated for weight variation, drug content, viscosity, globule size, visual grading,
Dissolution & stability. The prepared formulation were complies the test as per the standard. The dissolution study revealed the sustained
release of ranitidine from the formulation and enhances in vitro bioavailability. Conclusion: The present studies have clearly demonstrated
the potential utility of SDEDDS for formulating ranitidine with sustained release in vitro and improved oral bioavailability in vivo. The
SDEDDS readily released the lipid phase to form fine water-in-oil-in-water double emulsions, with a sustained release of ranitidine.
KEYWORDS: Self double emulsification, BCS drugs, Solubility, Drug delivery
INTRODUCTION:
Oral administration is the most favourable route of drug delivery for The most important factor affecting the oral absorption of a drug,
both patients and manufacturers. Nevertheless, many potential besides dissolution, is the permeability of the drug across the
hydrophilic drugs defined as “high solubility low permeability class” gastrointestinal lining. Improving permeability may, therefore,
or a biopharmaceutical classification system [BCS] class III drug, potentially improve the bioavailability of a drug. Transport of
gastrointestinal permeation is the rate controlling step in the hydrophilic drugs across the intestinal epithelium is confined mainly
absorption process. Also the drugs which undergo hepatic first pass to Para cellular pathways. However, the limited surface area and the
effect have low bioavailability which can be improved by absorption tight junctions present between the adjacent cells restrict the transport
and transport through lymphatic system. Many approaches such as of the drugs and are responsible for the low bioavailability of
absorption enhancers, chemical modifications and pharmaceutical hydrophilic drugs across the Para cellular route3. The small oil globules
means were used to enhance oral bioavailability of those drugs. Among are absorbed through lymphatic system their by bypasses portal
these approaches, water-in-oil-in-water emulsions show great potential circulation and hepatic first pass effect.
for enhancing oral bioavailability of BCS class III drugs, but their
industrial application is limited due to instability1,2. Role of lymphatic transport pathway in absorption of fats:
Lymph vessels called lacteals are present in the lining of the
*Corresponding author.
gastrointestinal tract, predominantly in the small intestine. While most
Sachin M. Kolhe
Assistant Professor other nutrients absorbed by the small intestine are passed on to the
Department of Pharmaceutics portal venous system to drain via the portal vein into the liver for
St. John Institute of Pharmacy & Research, processing, fats (lipids) are passed on to the lymphatic system to be
Palghar, Maharashtra, India transported to the blood circulation via the thoracic duct.
Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.10 Issue 6 June 2016 403-409
Sachin M. Kolhe et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2016,10(6),403-409
Transport of lipids into the circulation is also different from what Oil Intestinal
Lipophilic
occurs with sugars and amino acids. Instead of being absorbed directly W/O emulsion lumen
emulsifier
into capillary blood, chylomicrons are transported first into W/O/W
the lymphatic vessel that penetrates into each villus. Chylomicron- Hydrophilic emulsion
rich lymph then drains into the system lymphatic system, which rapidly Water emulsifier
flows into blood. Blood-borne chylomicrons are rapidly disassembled (Capsule)
and their constituent lipids utilized throughout the body. When large
numbers of chylomicrons are being absorbed, the lymph draining
from the small intestine appears milky and the lymphatics are easy to Figure 1: Process for preparation of SDEDDS
see. In the image below, of abdominal contents from a coyote, the fine
DRUG PROFILE
white lines (arrows) are intestinal lymphatics packed with
For the drugs to be formulated as SSDEDDS, it must be of BCS class
chylomicrons. That lymph passes through mesenteric lymph nodes
III having low bioavailability. Ranitidine is one of such kind of drug
(LN) and then into larger lymphatics4-7.
which has low bioavailability (50-60%) and highly soluble in water. It
is most widely used drug for the treatment of hyperacidity and peptic
Preparation of Double emulsions
ulcer related problems. It is given orally and has first pass effect
The w/o/w double emulsions are prepared by a modified two-step
(Table 1).
emulsification method. First step involves the preparation of primary
emulsions where w/o emulsion is prepared using lipophilic surfactant. Table 1: Drug Profile
In second step primary emulsion is mixed with hydrophilic surfactant Molecular formula C13H22N4O3S . Hcl
to form w/o/w emulsion.
Molecular weight 350.87
Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SEDDS) pH in aqueous solution 4.5-6.0
SEDDS are solid dosage form with a unique property that is they are Solubility Freely soluble in water, methanol and
able to self-emulsify rapidly into fine O/W emulsion in the Insoluble in oils.
Absorbance 229 nm and 313 nm
gastrointestinal fluids, under gentle agitation provided by the
Uses Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, GERD,
gastrointestinal tract. This fine O/W emulsion results in small droplets
gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer,
of oil dispersed in the gastrointestinal fluids that provide a large erosive esophagitis
interfacial area enhancing the activity and minimizing the irritation
due to contact of drug in the gut wall. Self-Emulsifying System (SES) Ternary phase diagram
can be formulated with little energy input and the shelf life is longer Pseudo-ternary phase diagram was constructed to identify the self-
double-emulsifying regions for the selected vehicle (w/o primary
than conventional emulsions8-17. Therefore, an SES can be an efficient
emulsion and Tween 80). As shown in figure area under curve
vehicle for class II to IV molecules of the Biopharmaceutical
represents the double emulsion region. It is important to determine
Classification System (BCS) drugs.
this area in order to ensure successful conversation of pidotimod-
SDEDDS to double emulsion by dilution with distilled water. Combined
Self-double-emulsifying drug delivery system (SDEDDS) with surfactant (<15%, w/w), different ratios of w/o emulsion to water
SDEDDS can spontaneously emulsify to water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/ (from 1:9 to 9:1) could spontaneously form water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/
w) double emulsions in the mixed aqueous gastrointestinal w) double emulsions to develop a SDEDDS formulation13-15.
environment, with drugs encapsulated in the internal water phase of
the double emulsions12. METHODS
Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed by using the
Preparation of SDEDDS titration method, with the oil phase being replaced by water-in-oil
Generally, w/o/w double emulsions are prepared by a modified two- (w/o) emulsion. The w/o emulsions was developed by one step
step emulsification method. SDEDDS changed the process of the emulsification procedure. Ranitidine was dissolved in distilled water
second emulsification step, which can self-emulsify to w/o/w double when adjusting the pH to 6.0±0.5 by a pH meter. Then, the aqueous
solution of drug was added to the oil phase which consisted with
emulsions due to the gastrointestinal peristaltic movements in vivo
oleic acid, Span 80 and bean phospholipids under moderate magnetic
instead of artificial emulsification in vitro.
stirring (Table 2)16.
Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.10 Issue 6 June 2016 403-409
Sachin M. Kolhe et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2016,10(6),403-409
Table 2: Pseudo-ternary phase diagram observations
225
200
150
2362.80
100
2796.78
24 00 16 00 24 3 56.56 37 .7 5.74
1078.21
954.76
1124.50
2520.96
1548.84
3024.38
3226.91
2904.80
75
2661.77
2482.39
2642.48
1163.08
3091.89
761.88
3122.75
2993.52
20 00 20 00 22 3 47.35 47.35 5.3
1205.51
977.91
653.87
2598.12
804.32
705.95
3167.12
1350.17
1477.47
50
16 00 24 00 21 0 38 57 5
1236.37
1012.63
1429.25
1593.20
1386.82
12 00 28 00 18 8 28.65 66.85 4.5
1614.42
1257.59
25
4
1 13 50 N-O stretching
0
6 15 00
0 2 31 50 N-H stretching
6 3 31 00 C-H Aromatic Stretching
0 4 30 00 C-H Aliphatic Stretching
4
0 5 16 12 C=C Stretching
8 14 28
0
2
0
10 Drug excipients compatibility study was carried out by keeping the
0
0
drug excipients mixture at 40 0C and 75% RH and observed for change
0 2 4 6 8 10
0 0 0 0 0 in physical properties viz: Viscosity, Globule size, PH and appearance
(Table 4).
Figure 2: Pseudo-ternary phase diagram
150
Drug+Oleic Acid Viscosity: 27 CP Viscosity: 27 CP Viscosity: 27 CP
%T
135
pH: 4.7 pH: 4.7 pH: 4.7
Colour: Light yellow Colour: Light yellow Colour: Light yellow
120
2247.07
105
pH: 6.1 pH: 6.1 pH: 6.1
Colour: Light yellow Colour: Light yellow Colour: Light yellow
1732.08
90
75
1076.28
1124.50
1548.84
2482.39
2906.73
3091.89
2993.52
60
1163.08
2596.19
765.74
636.51
804.32
3165.19
705.95
1350.17
1477.47
45
1012.63
1384.89
1257.59
30
Colour: Light brick red Light brick red Light brick red
3500 3250 3000 2750 2500 2250 2000 1750 1500 1250 1000 750
1/cm
CP: Centipoise
Figure 3: FT-IR of Ranitidine Hydrochloride
Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.10 Issue 6 June 2016 403-409
Sachin M. Kolhe et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2016,10(6),403-409
Solubility study 8001, Shimadzu, Japan) in the range of 4000 to 500 cm-1 by using FTIR
Solubility of ranitidine in various vehicles, including oils (oleic acid, spectrophotometer.
soybean oil, and olive oil), surfactants (Span 80, Span 85, Tween80)
and various aqueous buffer solutions were studied by the shake Observation
flask method (Table 5). The spectrum (Figure 3) showed all prominent peaks of Ranitidine
Hydrochloride.
An excess amount of Ranitidine (approximately 1 g) was added to
each cap vial containing 1ml of the vehicles. After sealing, the mixture UV scanning of Ranitidine hydrochloride in water
was vortexed using a mixer at a maximum speed for 10 min and kept for The solution containing 1 (µg/ml) of Ranitidine hydrochloride in water
48 h at 25 oC in a shaking water bath to facilitate the solubilisation. was prepared and scanned over range of 200 nm to 400 nm against as
The samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 min to remove the a blank using double beam UV spectrophotometer (Table 6).
undissolved ranitidine. The supernatant was taken and diluted with
methanol for quantification of ranitidine by UV spectrophotometer. Observation
Initially, the calibration curve of ranitidine and water with methanol The max was found to be 213.0 nm and the plot of absorbance /
was plotted17,18. wavelength was depicted as shown in fig 5.
Oil
Soya bean oil 3.54
Olive oil 3.13
Oleic acid 2.82
Castor oil 3.8
Observation
The in vitro drug release profile for each Formulation is shown in
Table 10. The Graph of % Cumulative drug release v/s Time (hr) was
plotted for each Formulation and depicted as Figure 7.
several ways were invented to improve bioavailability of such drugs.
We focused on formulation of solid self-double emulsifying drug
delivery system. SDEDDS can spontaneously emulsify to water-in-
oil-in-water (w/o/w) double emulsions in the mixed aqueous
gastrointestinal environment, with drugs encapsulated in the internal
water phase of the double emulsions.
CONCLUSION
The present studies have clearly demonstrated the potential utility of
SDEDDS for formulating ranitidine with sustained release in vitro and
improved oral bioavailability in vivo. The optimal formulation of the
ranitidine-SDEDDS (F4) was successfully developed. The SDEDDS
readily released the lipid phase to form fine water-in-oil-in-water double
Figure 7: Dissolution profiles of formulations F1 to F4
emulsions, with a sustained release of ranitidine. Moreover, the
SDEDDS were found to be stable over a period of 2 months under
Stability Studies
Stability studies were performed on optimized formulation F4 for 2 25 0C. This study illustrated the potential use of novel self-double-
month at 40°C ± 2°C/75% RH ± 5% RH (Table 11). emulsifying drug delivery systems for oral delivery drug with high
solubility and low permeability.
Table 11: Stability study of F4 formulation
Following conclusions were obtained from the study:
Sa mp li ng Appe ar ance Visco sity Vis ua l 1. The use of lecithin results in increase in viscosity with
time gr ading an increase in concentration.
2. The amount lecithin has significant influence on the
0 month Orange –yellow 16200 cp C globule size of double emulsion.
liquid
3. The lecithin provides powerful protection to entrapped
1 month Orange –yellow 16230 cp C
liquid globule and controls the drug release as barrier.
2 month Orange –yellow 16412 cp C 4. Based on the results F4 was therefore selected as
liquid optimum formulation and was successfully developed.