Reflective Essay for Module 1

1. Importance of Reductionism in terms of Philosophy in Science

Reductionism in philosophy of science develops a new account of reduction in science and
applies it to the relationship between classical and molecular genetics. But instead of tackling
the epistemological issues at the center of the reductionist debate in the philosophy of biology,
the debate pursues ontological issues. Sachse understands reductionism as a purely
philosophical endeavor, defends the fundamental possibility of reduction, although this may be
irrelevant to understanding the arguments and explanations of reductionism in scientific
practice, as argued by philosophers of science. First, he argues for the reducibility of the special
sciences to physics by deriving from the ontological reduction the basic possibilities of the
epistemological reduction. Second, by making conservative cuts rather than eliminating special
sciences, he seeks to make room for their legitimacy.

2. How does Theoretical Pluralism became a good controversy in Scientific

debates?
The belief in a federated society is central to pluralism. In such a society:
Private and interest groups contribute to state power. Participating in scientific debates helps
scientists better understand the nature of scientific investigation and the methods they use.
To me, theoretical pluralism has become a good debate in academic debate when it provides
stronger theoretical support in the debate than the beliefs and opinions that support the claim.,
and if we are talking about the topic of nature. Scientific arguments therefore provide better
reasoning and build knowledge about the natural world.

3. Samples of Falsificationism and in different scientific theories

 Sample of Falsificationism
Counterfeiting is deliberately lying or falsifying something. However, falsificationism is a
philosophy of science that maintains that a hypothesis must be falsifiable to be scientific. If it
cannot be disproved, it is not a scientific claim.
Example:
"All swans are white and birds are swans. That's why birds are white."
Popper's falsificationist methodology holds that scientific theories are characterized by
containing predictions that future observations may prove to be incorrect. If a theory is
disproved by such observations, scientists can respond by either modifying the theory,
discarding it in favor of their competitors, or changing supporting hypotheses without changing
the theory. In any case, however, the process should be aimed at creating new, falsifiable
predictions, but Popper argues that in the absence of good competitors to whom scientists can
rely, scientists face failure to make predictions. You can stick to theory and know what you are
doing in practice. He believes that scientific practice is characterized by a continuous effort to
test theories against experience and make revisions based on the results of these tests. A
theory that is permanently immune to falsification by introducing an ad hoc hypothesis can no
longer be classified as scientific. Among other things, Popper argues that his falsificationist
proposition enables the resolution of the induction problem. For inductive reasoning plays no
part in explaining his choice of theory.
Scientific theories are used to explain and predict aspects of the physical universe or a
particular field of study (electricity, chemistry, astronomy, etc.) and make predictions that are
testable and may turn out to be wrong. do. Scientific theory, like other forms of scientific
knowledge, is both predictive and explanatory, and is both deductive and inductive.
Here are some examples of scientific theories:

 Constructing Theory - Over time, a confirmed hypothesis may become part of a theory
or grow into a theory itself. A scientific hypothesis can be a mathematical model. It can
also be a statement indicating that there is a characteristic causal explanation for the
case of the phenomenon under study. These theories take the general form of universal
statements stating that all instances of phenomena possess certain properties.

 Unverifiable Theories - The term theory is sometimes extended to refer to theoretical

conjectures that are currently unverifiable. Some examples of such applications are
string theory and theory of everything. String theory is a model of physics that predicts
that there are far more dimensions in the universe than the four currently understood
by science (longitude, latitude, altitude, and space-time). All theories are hypothetical
theories of physics that fully explain and relate all known physical phenomena.

 Superseded Theories - Are theories that were once widely accepted, but for some
reason are no longer considered the most complete descriptions of reality in
mainstream science. It can also refer to a falsifiable theory that has been proven false.