PPS601:

METODOLOGI PENELITIAN
ILMU EKONOMI
(THE METHODOLOGY OF ECONOMICS)

PROF DR RAJA MASBAR, MSc.

 OVERVIEW

Apa dasar atau fondasi pemikirannya?

KULIAH ke I Bagaimana yang disebut sebagai Penelitian

Ilmiah?

Contoh bagan Scientific Research Proses

Fondasi Metodologi Penelitian Ilmu Ekonomi
The Philosophy of Science
Economics Philosophy
Economics Methodology
Scientific Research Methods
The Philosophy INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC AND
of Science SCIENCE
 Φιλοσοφια (philosophia)
“love of wisdom”

Philosophers do – an activity which is to use human

capacity for rational thought to pose and attempt to
answer fundamental questions about the universe and
our place in it.
Philosophy is thinking: thinking about why things are
the way they are, how best we should live our lives,
how can we be certain about what we know, and what
meaning, if any, there is to our existence.
 INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC

Logic is the study of the methods and principles

used to distinguish good (correct) from bad
(incorrect) reasoning.

Logic is the science of reasoning.

Reasoning is a special kind of thinking in which

inference takes place, in which conclusions are
drawn from premises.
 INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC

Inference is a process by which one proposition is reach and affirmed on the basis
of one or more other propositions accepted as the starting point of process.

Proposition are either true or false, …. Only propositions can be either asserted or
denied.

Corresponding to every possible inference is an argument, and it is with these

arguments that logic is chiefly concerned.

Arguments are traditionally divided into two different types, deductive and
inductive
 INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC
Contoh deductive reasoning: ..given the fact that metals expand when heated,
it is possible to derived the fact that continuous railway tracks not interrupted
by small gaps will become distorted in the hot sun

Contoh logical deduction.

1. All books on philosophy are boring

2. This book is a book on philosophy

3. This book is boring

Dalam argumen ini 1 dan 2 adalah premises dan 3 adalah kesimpulan

(conclusion) IT IS SELF-EVIDENT. Jika 1 dan 2 benar maka 3 benar. Tidak
mungkin 3 salah (false) bilamana 1 dan 2 benar.

Untuk menjadikan 1 dan 2 benar dan 3 salah menunjukkan kontradiksi.

If the premises of a logically valid deduction are true, then the conclusion
must be true.
 INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC
Contoh logical deduction.

1. All (semua) books on philosophy are boring

2. This book is a book on philosophy

3. This book is boring

Contoh logical deduction

4. Many (sebahagian besar) books on philosophy are boring

5. This book is a book on philosophy

6. This book is boring

Dalam contoh ini, adalah mungkin 1 dan 2 benar dan 3 false. Argumen nya masih valid dan bukan
kontradiksi.

All that logic can offer in this connection is that if the premises are true then the conclusion must be
true. But whether the premises are true or not is not a question that can be settled by an. appeal to logic
 INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC

Contoh logical deduction

1. Many books on philosophy are boring

2. This book is a book on philosophy

3. This book is boring

Contoh argumen yang perfectly logical deduction even if it involves a premise that is in fact
false:

4. All cats have five legs.

5. Bugs is my cat.

6. Bugs has five legs

This is a PERFECTLY VALID DEDUCTION

 logic

The structure of argument, the term premiss and conclusion are usually
employed.

Conclusion of an argument is that proposition which is affirmed on the basis of

other proportion (premises) of argument, and these other propositions which are
affirmed as providing grounds or reasons for accepting the conclusion are the
premises of that argument

Arguments are traditionally divided into two different types, deductive and
inductive
 logic
Arguments are traditionally divided into two different types, deductive and inductive

A deductive argument is valid when its premises, if true, do provide conclusive grounds
for its conclusion, that is, when premises and conclusion are so related that are
absolutely impossible for the premises to be true unless the conclusion is true also

An inductive argument, on the other hand, involves the claim, not that its premisesses
give conclusive grounds for the truth of its conclusion, but only that they provide some
grounds for it. Inductive arguments may be evaluated according to the degree of
likelihood or probability which their premises confer upon their conclusion
 logic
Deduction we infer particular from general truth; while in Induction we infer general
from particular

Deductive: All men are mortal.

Socrates is a man

Therefore Socrates is mortal

Inductive: Socrates is a man and mortal.

Plato is a man and is mortal

Aristoteles is a man and is mortal

Therefore probably all men are mortal

INTRODUCTION
TO SCIENCE ILMIAH
 Science
Pengertian Science sangat beragam dan masing-masing ahli dibidang ilmunya
mengklaim bahwa bidang ilmunya juga “science” atau terjemahan bebasnya
“ilmiah”.

Para ilmuan atau “scientist” sebahagian besar berpandangan bahwa asalkan

“mengikuti metode empiris seperti dalam ilmu fisika (physics), yaitu kegiatan
yang terdiri dari pengumpulan fakta (facts) dengan cara pengamatan
(observation) secara cermat dan eksperimen serta kemudian menderivasi hukum-
hukum (laws) dan teori-teori dari fakta tersebut dengan menggunakan prosedur
logik disebut sebagai ilmiah (sains). (Chalmers, A.F, 1990)
 Science
Para ilmuan kemudian menyatakan bahwa ilmu sosial juga “science” seperti
political science, historical science, social science, administrative science,
speech science, dan science lainya: dairy science, dst.

Perkembangan modern dari “philosophy of science” telah menunjukkan dan

menekankan kesulitan-kesulitan (difficulties) berkaitan dengan ide bahwa
“science” bersandar kepada suatu fondasi menyakinkan yg diperoleh melalui
pengamatan (observasi) dan eksperiment dan dgn ide bahwa ada suatu
prosedur menarik kesimpilan (inferensi) yg memungkinkan kita menderivasi
teori-teori dari suatu dasar dgn cara yang dapat dipercaya (reliable).
 Science
There is just no method that enables scientific theories to be proven true or even
probably true.

Ternyata tidak ada metode yang membolehkan (memungkinkan) teori-teori

ilmiah dibuktikan benar atau kemungkinan benar.

Scientific method encounter further difficulties when it is realized that there is no

method that enables scientific theories to be conclusively disproved either

Metode ilmiah (sains) menghadapi (menemukan) kesulitan lanjutan ketika

disadari bahwa tidak ada metode yang membolehkan teori-teori ilmiah ditolak
secara konklusif juga.
 Science
Dalam “history of science” ternyata bahwa temuan-temuan Galileo, Newton, dan Einstein,
have not come about by anything like the methods typically described by philosophers.
Contoh lagi temuan pesawat terbang oleh Langley’s brothers.

Paul Feyerabend : Against Method: Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge.

Francis Bacon: proposed that the aim of science is the improvement of man’s lot (kapling) on
earth, and for him that aim was to be achieved by collectings facts through organized
observation and deriving theories from them.

LOGICAL POSITIVISM: ..extreme form of empiricism according to which theories are not only
to be justified by the extend to which they can be verified by an appeal to facts acquired
through observation, but are considered to have meaning only insofar as they can be derived.
 Science - sains - ilmu
•“..science makes it specially concerned with general laws which
establish connections between diverse facts. (deterministic, statistical,
causal law). Universal law: in all cases where events A occur, event B
also occur
•Science covers the broad field of human knowledge concerned with
observed facts held together by principles and relationships that exist
among those facts.
• It (science) is an organized body of knowledge, a method of ordered
thinking, and a set of predictive propositions
•Formal sciences n empirical sciences (factual)
•Physical sciences n social sciences (science n values, definition, tabula
rasa fallacy, petty research, the fallacy of misplaced concreteness
 PENELITIAN ILMIAH-SAINS (SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH)
SCIENCE – SAINS - ILMU
• “..science makes it specially concerned
with general laws which establish
connections between diverse facts.
• Sains secara khusus berkaitan dengan
hukum umum-generalisasi yg
membangun hubungan diantara fakta
yg tersebar (berserakan)
• The various sciences thus differ in the
degree of generality which they have
attained. … physical science ..social
science. (Cohen, 1985)”
RESEARCH- PENELITIAN
• Research may be define as the application
of the scientific method to the study of
phenomena.
• It is an objective and systematic way to
acquire dependable, useful, and factual
information.
• “The term method denotes any procedure
which applies some rational order or
systematic pattern to diverse objects”
• Research is a scientific approach to an
unsolved problem, and its function is to
seek the truth.
 PENELITIAN ILMIAH-SAINS (SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH)
SCIENCE – SAINS - ILMU
• Science covers the broad field of human
knowledge concerned with observed facts
held together by principles and
relationships that exist among those facts.
• It is an organized body of knowledge, a
method of ordered thinking, and a set of
predictive propositions (Gebremedhin and
Tweeten, 1985)
• Science (Ilmu): Akumulasi pengetahuan
yang tersusun secara sistematik,
rasional, lojik, metodik,dan ditemukan
secara empirik melalui penelitian yang
dilakukan oleh ilmuwan.
RESEARCH- PENELITIAN
• Research is a means of verifying fact or
ascertaining the state of affairs (diagnosis),
predicting outcomes (prognosis), and prescribing
solution (remedation). Research is a methodical
quest in the search for truth and the solution of
problems. Where there is no problem, there is no
research.
• This scientific method is the foundation and
method of modern research. It entails observation,
experimentation, and confirmation of one’s
findings by replication, supplemented the pursuit of
truth by pure reason. (Leedy, 1981)
• Research: Penyelidikan yang dilakukan secara
sistematik dalam memperoleh Informasi yang
bertujuan untuk pengambilan keputusan dalam
pemecahan suatu masalah
 Research-Penelitian
• Research may be define as the application of the
scientific method to the study of phenomena.
• It is an objective and systematic way to acquire
dependable, useful, and factual information.
• “The term method denotes any procedure which
applies some rational order or systematic pattern to
diverse objects”
• Research is a scientific approach to an unsolved
problem, and its function is to seek the truth.
 Penelitian-teliti ulang-Penyelidikan
• Research is a means of verifying fact or ascertaining the state of
affairs (diagnosis), predicting outcomes (prognosis), and
prescribing solution (recommedation). Research is a methodical
quest in the search for truth and the solution of problems. Where
there is no problem, there is no research.
• Thisscientific method is the foundation and method of modern
research. It entails observation, experimentation, and confirmation
of one’s findings by replication, supplemented the pursuit of truth
by pure reason. (Leedy, 1981)
• Research:
Penyelidikan yang dilakukan secara sistematik
dalam memperoleh Informasi yang bertujuan untuk
pengambilan keputusan dalam pemecahan suatu masalah
 Penelitian
• Research:
Penyelidikan yang dilakukan secara sistematik
dalam memperoleh Informasi yang bertujuan untuk
pengambilan keputusan dalam pemecahan suatu masalah
• Chua:In summary, a research is a form of discipline to
systematically solve problems and provide answers for
uncertainties.
•A research is conducted to find answers about something
that one is “unsure of”.
•A research is conducted using systematic method to
ensure that the information obtained is reasonable and is
supported by quantitative or qualitative data.
 Penelitian
• Research is a means of verifying fact or
ascertaining the state of affairs (diagnosis),
predicting outcomes (prognosis), and
prescribing solution (recommedation).
• Research is a methodical quest in the search for
truth and the solution of problems. Where
there is no problem, there is no research.
Science is an organized body of
knowledge, a method of ordered
thinking, and a set of predictive
propositions

A method of ordered thinking

Deductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning
Sains Method of ordered thinking
(Metode berpikir yg berurutan atau secara teratur-tersusun)
Deductive reasoning
• A thinking proses going from general
principles to specific statement using
prescribed rules of logic
• Suatu proses berpikir yang dimulai dari
prinsip-prinsip umum ke pernyataan yang
khusus (spesifik) dengan menggunakan
aturan logika yg tersedia.
• Deductive reasoning provides a means for
linking theory and observation. Deductions
from theory can provide hypotheses, which
are a vital part of the scientific inquiry we
call research.
Inductive reasoning
• Induction seeks truth or facts on the basis
of observation
• Inference do not depend upon previous
knowledge
• Cara berpikir induktif mencari kebenaran
atau fakta berdasarkan pengamatan
(observasi)
• Inferensi tidak tergantung pada
pengetahuan yang telah terakumulasi
sebelumnya.
 Metode Penelitian
(Research Method)
Method Research
• “The term method denotes any • Research may be define as the application
procedure which applies some of the scientific method to the study of
rational order or systematic pattern phenomena.
to diverse objects” • Penelitian atau riset didefinisikan sebagai
penerapan metode sains (prosedur sains)
• Istilah metode menunjukan suatu untuk mempelajari phenomena.
prosedur atau cara yang
• Metode sains yang dimaksud adalah
menerapkan beberapa urutan yang integrasi dari cara berpikir deduktif dan
rasional atau pola yg sistematik induktif.
terhadap objek yang tersebar.
• Penerapan metode sains ini jelas
• Methodology is the science of method tergambar dari format atau kerangka dari
usulan penelitian maupun hasil penelitian
Methodology is the science of method
• Stress on acquiring a deeper understanding of the reasons underlying
the methods economist use.
• The study of methodology deals with the justification of methods and
with the corresponding philosopies that bear on economist claims to
knowledge.
• Disciplinary research: design to improve economic theories,
quantitative techniques, and the measurement of economic phenomena
• Subject-matter Research: subject of interest to decision maker
• Problem-solving research: design to solve a specific problem for
decision maker
 The Scientific Method
• Bagan
Dari Scientific Method ke Scientific
Research
• Thescientific method is a way of thinking about
problems dan solving them.
• It(scientific method) helps to explain the problem and
its alternative solution.
Dari Scientific Method ke Scientific
Research
• The scientific method has at least six major check points:
1. Stating the problem
2. Formulating the hypothesis or, alternatively, stating the objectives
3. Developing the method of analysis
4. Data collection and analysis
5. Intrepreting data
6. Drawing conclusions
One process of applying the scientific method in research is called
systems analysis
The inductive
method of Argumen Metode Induktif
argument
 The inductive method of argument
• We will be concerned mainly with the inductive
method of gaining knowledge, and the impact it had
on scientific methodology. The key feature here is
the recognition that all claims to scientific
knowledge must be supported by evidence from
observation and/or experiment
• ..the more general problem of scientific realism-in
other words, whether scientific statements describe
reality or just our experience of reality. A key
question in all this is whether scientific theories can
ever be proved to be “correct”, in absolute sense, by
evidence that supports them, and if not how we
judge between competing theories.
• Contoh deductive reasoning: ..given the fact that
metals expand when heated, it is possible to derived
the fact that continuous railway tracks not interrupted
by small gaps will become distorted in the hot sun
•
• ..metode induktif dalam memperoleh pengetahuan
dan dampak nya terhadap metodologi ilmiah
(sains). Kuncinya dlm hal ini adalah
pengenalan/pengakuan bhw semua tuntutan thd
pengetahuan ilmiah (scientific knowledge) harus
didukung oleh bukti (fakta-fakta) dari
pengamatan (observation) dan/atau eksperiment.
• …masalah yg umum dari realisme ilmiah-dgn
kata lain- apakah pernyataan-pernyataan ilmiah
(scientific statements) menggambarkan realitas
atau hanya pengalaman (experience) kita ttg
realitas.
• Pertanyaan kunci disini adalah apakah teori-teori
ilmiah (sains) dapat dibuktikan “benar”, dlm
artian absolut, dgn fakta-fakta yg mendukungnya,
dan –jika tidak- bgmana kita menjudment
diantara teori-teori saingannya.
 The inductive method of argument
• Observation has always
been the starting point for
scientific inquiry.
Fundamental to the
philosophy of science is the
discussion of how you move
from observations and
experimental evidence to
theories that attempt to
explain what has been
observed.
• Observasi selalu merupakan
titik awal untuk penyelidikan
ilmiah. Hal yang mendasar thd
philosofi ilmiah adalah diskusi
bagaimana kamu bergerak
dari observasi dan bukti
eksperimen ke teori-teori yg
berupaya menjelaskan apa yg
telah diobservasi (diamati)
 INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE:
INDUCTIVISM: science as knowledge derived from the facts of
experience
• Scientific knowledge is proven knowledge. Scientific theories are derived in some
rigorous way from the facts of experience acquired by observation and experiment.
Science is based on what we can see and hear and touch, etc. (senses).
• Personal opinion or preferences and speculative imaginings have no place in
science. Science is objective. Scientific knowledge is reliable knowledge because it
is objectively proven knowledge. Bacon: ..if we want to understand nature we
must consult nature not the writings of Aristoteles, also with the Bible, as the
sources of scientific knowledge.
• Naïve inductivism: science starts with observation. The scientific observer should
have normal, unimpaired sense organs and should faithfully record what he can
see, hear, etc. to be the case with respect to the situation he is observing, and he
should do this with an unprejudiced mind (pikiran tanpa prasangka)
 INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE:
INDUCTIVISM: science as knowledge derived from the facts of
experience
• Contoh Naïve inductivism:
• Pada jam 12:00 tengah malam pada 1 Januari 1975, planet Mars muncul
pada suatu posisi di langit.
• Tongkat, jika dicelupkan sebahagian dalam air, kelihatannya bengkok.
• Tuan Smith memukul isterinya.
• Kertas lakmus berubah menjadi merah ketika dicelupkan dalam cairan.
• Any observer can establish or check their truth by direct use of his or her
senses. ..called singular statements refer to a particular occurrence or state
of affairs at a particular place at a particular time. They result from an
observer’s use of his or her senses at a particular place and time.
 INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE:
INDUCTIVISM: science as knowledge derived from the facts of
experience
• Contoh Naïve inductivism: Metals expand when heated Dari Chemistry: Acids turn
litmus red
• These are general statements that make claims about the properties of behavior of some
aspect of the universe. Unlike singular statements, they refer to all events of a particular
kind at all places and at all times. ..such statements called universal statements. ..provided
certain conditions are satisfied, it is legitimate to generalized from a finite list of singular
observation statements to a universal law.
• Contoh : Litmus paper berubah menjadi merah pada waktu dicelupkan dalam cairan
menjadi “universal law”. Kondisi yang harus dipenuhi bagi generalisasi untuk
dipertimbangkan legitimate oleh inductivist dapat di list:

1. The number of observation statements forming the basis of a generalization must be

large.

2. The observation must be repeated under a wide variety of conditions

3. No accepted observation statement should conflict with the derived universal law. If a
particular sample of “metal” is observed not to expand when heated, the the universal
generalization will not be justified
 INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE:
INDUCTIVISM: science as knowledge derived from the facts of
experience
• Kondisi yang harus dipenuhi bagi generalisasi untuk dipertimbangkan legitimate
oleh inductivist dapat di list:

1. The number of observation statements forming the basis of a generalization must

be large.

2. The observation must be repeated under a wide variety of conditions

3. No accepted observation statement should conflict with the derived universal law.
If a particular sample of “metal” is observed not to expand when heated, the the
universal generalization will not be justified

The kind of reasoning which take us from a finite list of singular statements to the
justification of a universal statement, which take us from some to all, is called
inductive reasoning and the process is called induction.

Principle of induction : if a large number of As have been observed under a variety

of conditions, and if all those observed As without exception possessed the property
of B, then all As have the property of B.
 INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE:
INDUCTIVISM: science as knowledge derived from the facts of
experience
The kind of reasoning which take us from a finite list of singular statements to the
justification of a universal statement, which take us from some to all, is called
inductive reasoning and the process is called induction.

Principle of induction : if a large number of As have been observed under a variety

of conditions, and if all those observed As without exception possessed the property
of B, then all As have the property of B.

Jika misalnya ada a particular sample of metal is observed not to expand (memuai)
when heated, then the universal generalization will not be justified

The analysis so far constitutes only a partial account of science. For surely a major
feature of science is its ability to explain and predicts
 INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE
LOGIC AND DEDUCTIVE REASONING
The analysis so far constitutes only a partial
account of science. For surely a major feature
of science is its ability to explain and predicts
Prediction and Explanation in the Inductive
account
• Contoh:

1. Fairly pure water freezes at about 0 C (if given sufficient time)

2. My car radiator contains fairly pure water

3. If the temperature falls below 0 C, the water in my car radiator will freeze (if given
sufficient time)

Menurut pengikut deduktif contoh diatas merupakan “a valid logical argument to deduce
the prediction” pada butir (3) Jika butir (1) dan (2) benar, (3) harus benar.

Bagi pengikut induktif (inductivist) sumber kebenaran (the source truth) is not logic but
experience. Berdasarkan pandangan ini maka butir (1) will be ascertain by direct
observation of freezing water. Bila butir (1) dan (2) has been establish by observation
maka prediction (3) can be deduced dari butir (1) dan (2) tersebut.
Prediction and Explanation in the Inductive
account
• Berdasarkan contoh sebelumnya maka secara umum dapat dinyatakan:

1. Laws and theories

2. Initial conditions

3. Predictions and Explanations

We have already seen how the naïve inductivist accounts for the explanatory and
predictive power of science.

The objectivity of inductivist science derives from the fact that both observation and
inductive reasoning are themselves objective.

The validity of the observation statements when correctly acquired will not depend on the
taste, opinion, hopes or expectations of the observer
Prediction and Explanation in the Inductive
account
• The reliability of science follows from the inductivist claims about observation and
induction.
• The observation statements that form the basis of science are secure and reliable
because their truth can be ascertained by direct use of the senses.
• Further, the realibility of observation statements will be transmitted to the laws and
theories derived from them, provided the conditions for legitimate inductions are
satisfied.
 The Problem of Induction
• The inductivist account of science will be criticized by casting doubt on the third of
these assumptions. Doubt (keraguan) wil cast on the validity and justifiability of the
principle of induction
• Meng “justifikasi” prinsip induksi melalui “logic” atau “experience”.
• Principle of induction : if a large number of As have been observed under a variety
of conditions, and if all those observed As without exception possessed the property
of B, then all As possess the property of B.
• Principle of induction : if a large number of As have been observed under a variety
of conditions, and if all those observed As without exception possessed the property
of B, then all As probably possess the property of B.
• “Large numbers” seberapa banyak? Untuk membuktikan api panas apakah harus
berkali-kali. Cukup sekali. It is “obvious” is not acceptable. Bumi datar.
 The Problem of Induction
• Meng “justifikasi” prinsip induksi melalui “logic” atau “experience”.
• Principle of induction : if a large number of As have been observed under a variety
of conditions, and if all those observed As without exception possessed the property
of B, then all As possess the property of B.
• Principle of induction : if a large number of As have been observed under a variety
of conditions, and if all those observed As without exception possessed the property
of B, then all As probably possess the property of B.
• “Large numbers” seberapa banyak? Untuk membuktikan api panas apakah harus
berkali-kali. Cukup sekali. It is “obvious” is not acceptable. Bumi datar.
• Induktif : SCIENCE STARTS WITH OBSERVATION, THAT OBSERVATION
YIELDS A SECURE BASIS FROM WHICH KNOWLEDGE CAN BE DERIVED.
 The Problem of Induction
• Meng “justifikasi” prinsip induksi melalui “logic” atau “experience”.
• Principle of induction : if a large number of As have been observed under a variety
of conditions, and if all those observed As without exception possessed the property
of B, then all As probably possess the property of B.
• “Large numbers” seberapa banyak? Untuk membuktikan api panas apakah harus
berkali-kali. Cukup sekali. It is “obvious” is not acceptable. Bumi datar.
• Induktif : SCIENCE STARTS WITH OBSERVATION, THAT OBSERVATION
YIELDS A SECURE BASIS FROM WHICH KNOWLEDGE CAN BE DERIVED.
• What an observer sees, that is, the visual experience that an observer has when
viewing an object, depends in part on his past experience, his knowledge and his
expectation
 The Problem of Induction
• Meng “justifikasi” prinsip induksi melalui “logic” atau “experience”.
• “Large numbers” seberapa banyak? Untuk membuktikan api panas apakah harus
berkali-kali. Cukup sekali. It is “obvious” is not acceptable. Bumi datar.
• Induktif : SCIENCE STARTS WITH OBSERVATION, THAT OBSERVATION
YIELDS A SECURE BASIS FROM WHICH KNOWLEDGE CAN BE DERIVED.
• What an observer sees, that is, the visual experience that an observer has when
viewing an object, depends in part on his past experience, his knowledge and his
expectation
• Observers viewing the same scene from the same place see the same thing but
interpret what they see differently
• PUBLIC OBSERVATION STATEMENTS RATHER THAN PRIVATE OR
SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE
Gambar induktif dan deduktif

Teori

Hipotesis

Pengama Pengama
tan tan
Contoh bagan
Bagan Proses Penelitian
Scientific Research
Proses Ilmiah
Contoh kerangka penelitian: Bisnis
Contoh kerangka penelitian: Bisnis
 Jenis-jenis Penelitian (Research)
1. Disciplinary research: design to improve a discipline (economic theories, quantitave
techniques, measurements, etc.

2. Subject-matter research: a multidisciplinary research on a subject of interest to a set of

decision makers facing a set of practical problem.

3. Problem-solving research: design to solve a specific problem for a specific decision maker.
 Basic research
 Applied research has application to solving real problem

a. Tujuan : Eksploratif, Deskriptif, Analitik, dan Prediktif

b. Proses : Kuantitatif dan Kualitatif

c. Logika : Deduktif dan Induktif

d. Hasil : Applied Research dan Basic/Pure Research

 Scientific Research Process

I II III IV V

Research
Conceptual Hypotheses Hypotheses Research
Problem
Framework Development Testing Conclusions
Formulation
 KERANGKA USULAN DAN LAPORAN HASIL PENELITIAN
Usulan Penelitian
• DAFTAR ISI
• DAFTAR TABEL
• DAFTAR GAMBAR
BAB I : PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang (Penelitian)
1.2 Identifikasi dan Rumusan Masalah
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian
1.4 Kegunaan Penelitian
BAB II : KAJIAN PUSTAKA, KERANGKA PEMIKIRAN DAN HIPOTESIS
2.1 Kajian Pustaka
2.2 Kerangka Pemikiran
2.3 Hipotesis
BAB III : METODE PENELITIAN
3.1 Metode yang digunakan
3.2 Operasionalisasi Variabel
3.3 Sumber dan Cara Penentuan Data / Informasi
3.4 Teknik Pengumpulan Data
3.5 Rancangan Analisis dan Uji Hipotesis
BAB IV : HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN
BAB V : KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN/IMPLIKASI KEBIJAKAN
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
LAMPIRAN
LAPORAN HASIL PENELITIAN
(RESEARCH REPORT)
BAB I BAB II BAB III BAB IV BAB V
PENDAHULUAN KP. KPEM, HIP MET, PEN HP & PEMB KES & SARAN

Lat Bel Kajian Kesimpulan

Penelitian Pustaka
Metode yg
Digunakan
Identifikasi Kerangka
Hasil
Masalah Pemikiran Op Variabel
Penelitian
Sumber &
Rumusan Hipotesis Cara Pen
Masalah Penelitian Data
Dan
Teknik Peng
Data
Tujuan
Penelitian Pembahasan
Ranc. Analisis
Uji Hipotesis
Kegunaan
Penelitian Saran