V ol. 15　 N o .

3 　　　　　　　　　　　　 CHIN ES E J OU RN A L O F A ER O N A U T ICS　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 A ugust 2002

Bistatic RCS Prediction with Graphical Electromagnetic

Computing ( GRECO) Method f or Moving Targets
QIN De-hua, WANG Bao-fa
( Dep art ment of E lect ronic Engineering, Beij ing Univer si ty of A eronautics and A st ronautics,
Beij i ng 100083, China )

Abstract: 　 G ra phical Elect ro magnetic Co mput ing ( G RECO ) is reco gnized as one o f the mo st
v aluable m et hods of the RCS ( Ra dar Cr oss Sectio n) computatio n fo r the hig h-fr equency r eg ion.
T he metho d o f G RECO and M o nostatic-bistatic Equivalence T heo rem w as used t o calculate the
bistat ic RCS for mov ing tar g ets in the hig h-fr equency reg io n. Some computing ex amples ar e g iv en
t o v erify the v alidity of the method. Excellent ag reement w ith the measured data indicates that the
met ho d has practical eng ineering value.
Key words : 　 electro magnetic wav e scat tering ; GRECO ; mo ving tar gets ; bistatic r ada r cr oss sec-
tion; mo nostatic-bistatic equivalence theor em
动 目标双站 RCS 预估的图形电磁计算( GRECO) 方 法. 秦德华, 王宝发. 中国航 空学报( 英 文版) ,
2002, 15( 3) : 161- 165.
摘 　要: 图形电磁计算( G RECO ) 技术是目前分析高频区复 杂目标雷达散射截面( RCS ) 最有效方法
之一。通过应用 G RECO 方法和单- 双站等效原理, 计算动目标高频区的双站 RCS, 给出了与实验
结 果符合良好的计算实例, 具有很好的工程应用价值。
关 键词: 电磁波散射; G RECO ; 动目标; 双站 RCS ; 单- 双站等效原理
文 章编号: 1000-9361( 2002) 03-0161-05　　 　中图分类号: V 243. 2　　　文献标识码: A

　　Since J. M . Rius brought out GRECO t o bist at ic RCS prediction , and gives t he bist at ic
met ho d[ 1] , w hich is used for co mput ing t he radar r esult s, w hich sat isfies t he measured r esult s w ell
cr oss sect ion of complex t arg et s fo r high f requen- and has prov ed valid.
cy , it has been applied and st udied com prehensiv -
1　GRECO
ely and is recog nized as one of t he mo st v al uable
met ho ds to analy ze the RCS of larg e and com plex Wit h t he GRECO method t he hig h-frequency
radar t arget s. T he met ho d no t only can model t he RCS o f a t arget can be at t ribut ed t o t he combina-
t arget s w it h accuracy, but also has adv ant ages of t ion of the f ollow ing analyt ic co mponent s.
requir ing l ess mass-st orage memor y and avoiding 1. 1　Scattering field caused by target surface
t he “facet noise”. M oreover, the surf ace and line By St rat t on -Chu equat ion in a source -f ree re-
int egrals are ev aluat ed by g raphical processing of g io n, t he scat t er ing field can be expressed in term s
an image o f the t arget on t he com put er screen, t he o f int egral over t he open surface S 1 and a line inte-
elect romag net ic code is sm al l in size, and indepen- g ral t erm about t he shado w -boundary .
1
dent of t he tar get geom et ry . -
∫
[ j !( n × -
H )∀ 0 +
s T
E ( p) =
GRECO approach is mainly appl ied t o monos- 4 S
1

(n×- ∀ 0 + ( n -E ) ′ ∀ 0] ds +
T T
tat ic RCS predict io n. T he bistat ic RCS ev al uat ion E ) × ′
1
can be obt ained by using t he bist atic equivalence
∮′∀ -H dl-
T
( 1)
4 j #0
0
t heorem . T his paper applies t he GRECO m et hod

Received date: 2001-12-27; Revision recei ved dat e: 2002-03-01

Foundati on it em: Foundat ion of N at ional K ey Laborat ory of Elect romagneti c Environment al R es earch ( 00js 67. 1. 1. h k0101)
A rt icl e U R L: ht t p: / / ww w . hk xb. net. cn/ cja/ 2002/ 03/ 0161/
© 1994-2010 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. http://www.cnki.net
 ・ 162・ Q IN D e-hu a, WA N G Bao -f a CJA

w here - E is t he scat t er ing f ield; ∀ 0 is t he GREEN 's

s
t his st at io nary phase approx imat io n.
funct ion o f f ree space; -E and -
T T
H are t he t ot al elec- Acco rding t o Eqs . ( 4) and ( 5) , t he f acet s
tr ic f ield and mag net ic f iel d respect ively . scat t er ing f ield can be implement ed very ef ficient ly
If the incidence direction is - Z , t he monos- in GRECO.
tat ic f ar field and t he RCS w er e easily obt ained as 1. 2　 Scattering field for wedges
fo llow s Acco rding t o the hig h -f requency diff raction
-Es ( p ) = - jkexp( jkR ) -E ( z
i
t heory , t he far -f iel d scat t ered fro m a w edg e can be
2 R S
∫ 1
n) ex p( 2jkz ) dz
assumed as radiat ed by an equiv alent current locat -
( 2) ed on t he edge .
-Es 2
4 2 T he monostat ic far -f iel d scat t er ing f rom t he
∃ = lR→∞
im 4 R 2 -
Ei
=
%2 ∫ S
1
cos&exp( 2jkz ) ds
w edg e, r esult ing fro m the radiation of equivalent
[ 2]
current s , is
( 3)
exp( - jkr )
　 　 Discret e computat ion of t he surf ace int egr al Es = E 0
2 r ∫
EDGE
[ - D ‖ sin(ei‖ -
Eq. ( 3) l eads t o
D x cos(e i‖ - D ⊥ cos(e i⊥] ex p( 2jk z ) dl ′ ( 6)
∃ = 42
% ∫e
SCREEN
2jkz
ds′ w here t he l ine int eg ral ext ends along t he edges il-
i i
　　In general w e assum e that o ne pixel is equiv a- luminated by t he incident w ave , e‖ and e⊥ are re-
spect ively t he unit vect ors parallel and perpendicu-
lent to a rect ang ul ar aper ture wit h unifor m illum i-
lar t o t he incidence plane, and ( is t he angl e be-
nat ion, t hen it s contr ibution to t he far field can be i
t w een t he incident elect ric field and e⊥ . D ‖, D x , D ⊥
approx imat ed by a sinc f unct ion of t he ang le &, and
t he P O surface int eg ral becomes, in the discret e st and for the monostat ic incr em ent al lengt h
diff ract ion coeff icient s ( IL DC) [ 3] .
do main,
[ 4]
∃ = 42
2

% ∑ sinc( kl tan&) ex p( 2jkz ) ∋s

P IXELS
( 4) 2　M onost at ic-bist atic Equialence T heorem

w here & is t he angle bet w een t he normal direct ion In Fig . 1, t he angles &and ) define t he direc-
of t he unit squar e surface ∋ s and t he direction of t ion o f propag ation of t he incident f iel d, and t he
observat ion, l is t he size of a square pix el in t he angles &′and )′define t he direct ion o f pr opag ation
screen , and l/ cos&is t he size of t he ds projected on o f t he scat t er ed f ield o f int er est .
t his pixel. T he case w here &= &′and ) = )′is called
According to the hig h-frequency t heor y, t he m onost at ic scat t er ing or backscat t ering . T he spe-
co nt ribut ion to the monost at ic RCS fro m a curved cial case of &′
= - &, )′
= )+ is called for w ar d
surf ace com es f rom the specular ref lect ion point , scat t er .
w here the norm al t o t he surface is cl osed to t he in-
cidence direct ion. T he cont ribution f rom t he reg ion
of fast phase v ar iat ion , close t o the boundary be-
tw een illum inat ed and shadow ed regions, should
be canceled o ut , but it is not , due t o t he err or in
t he surface discret izatio n. As in t he shado w
boundary , t his spurio us cont ribut ion can be re-
mov ed f rom each pix el by a f act or cos n&
2
4 kl
∃= ∑ cos &sinc sin& ex p( 2jkz ) ∋s
n

%2 P IXELS cos&
( 5)
F ig . 1　 Bista tic scat tering
w here n is a paramet er t hat cont rols t he ef fect of
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 Bist at ic R CS Pred ict ion wit h G rap hical Elect romagnetic
A ugus t 2002 ・ 163・
Compu tin g ( G R ECO ) M et hod for ……

Bistat ic radar cross sect ion is somet imes con- ∃b is tatic = ∃m onostatic 1 + ( 10)
venient to express as
[ 5] 2
%20 w here +is t he biangle in F ig. 2.
∃( &, ); &′
, )′ F( &, ); &′
, )′
2
) = ) =

4
2 F( &, ); &′
, )′
2
) ( 7)
k0
w here F ( &, ); &′
, )′
) is called t he scat tering ampli-
tude f unct io n and k 0 is the fr ee space w av e num ber.
T o the large and complex t arget , t he t ot al cro ss
sect ion is obt ained by int egrat ing ∃ over al l solid Fig . 2　 Biangle
ang les. T he t ot al r esul t ∃T is Based on t he GRECO m et hod , t he t ransmit -
1
∃T =
4 ∫
∃( &′, )′
) d∗ ( 8) t ing direct io n i and scat t er ing direct ion s are set on
t he x oz plane as show n in F ig . 3. In or der t o com-
　　Fo r a perfectly conduction or lo ssl ess dielect ric
put e t he bist at ic cr oss sectio n of a t arget , t he z di-
t arget , t he f orw ard scatt ering sect ion is
rection has to be recog nized as an equiv al ence
4
∃T = 2 I m F ( &, ); - &, ) + ) ( 9) bist at ic direct ion.
k0
　　Crispin, Goodr ich and Sieg el[ 4] have consid-
er ed bist atic scat tering at angles less t han , and
hav e dev elo ped t he “mo nost atic -bist at ic equiv a-
lence t heorem”.
T he t heor em st ates: “
Fo r perf ect ly co nduct ing
bodies which are suff icient ly sm oot h , in t he limit
of v anishing w av elengt h, the bist at ic cro ss sect ion
Fig . 3　 Bistatic radar co or dinat es
is equal t o t he mo nost atic cr oss sect io n at the bi-
sect or of t he bist at ic angle betw een t he directions
t o t he t ransmit t er and receiv er . ” A corol lar y of 3　Bist atic GRECO for M oving T argets
t his t heo rem is t hat t he cro ss sect io n is unchanged
By using t he met hod discussed above, t he
if t he posit ions o f t he t ransm it t er and receiver are
m oving dir ection and at tit ude of the targ et relat ed
int erchanged.
t o t he r adar sy st em have t o be t aken int o acco unt .
Crispin et al . show w it h t he physical opt ics
It is assumed t hat a mo ving co mpl ex t arget in a
approx imat io n t hat t he t heo rem is approx im ately
r adar system is fly ing in a co nst ant velocit y v along
t rue if the bist at ic angle is consider ably less t han
a given rout e as show n in F ig . 4. One can t ake t he
radians. In GRECO m et hod each pix el is recog -
nized as o ne scatt ering cent er. All t he am plit ude
and phase cont ribut ion o f each cent er can be ob-
tained fr om t he info rmat ion o f pix els o n t he
screen, w hile the inf ormat ion is f orm ed by hard-
w ar e and does not occupy t he CP U time .
In t he case of small biangle, t he cr oss sect ion
is alm ost unchanged by changing t he fr equency.
So , in order t o simplify t he co mput at io n in eng i-
neering application , t he ef f ect of frequency is gen-
er all y neglected and the bist at ic cr oss sect ion ex -
F ig . 4　T ar get a nd ra dar system
pression is
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 ・ 164・ Q IN D e-hu a, WA N G Bao -f a CJA

co ordinat e ( X , Y , Z) as a based r adar syst em , and 4　Com puting Exam ples

t he ( x , y , z ) is t he t ar get sub -coor dinat e syst em .
4. 1　Bistatic RCS of a static aeropl ane model
S 1 and S 2 ar e t he locations of bist at ic radars . ) is
F ig. 5 is a st at ic aero plane mo del bistat ic RCS
M oving ang le . R is t he distance bet w een based computing co nf iguratio n. T he biang le is +, and t he
radar orig inal point O and t arget sub-coordinat e
t ransm it t ing st ation and receiver stat ion are S 1 and
sy st em. H is the hig h alt it ude of the mov ing t ar - S 2 respect iv ely , in o rder t o sat isfy t he bistat ic m ea-
get . P is the dist ance f rom t he point O of based
surement condit ions of a scat t ering laborat ory .
radar co ordinat e ( 0, 0, H ) t o t he targ et air way . T he com put ing result s are g iv en by defining t he
In o rder t o comput e bist atic RCS of a cert ain t arg et and t he radars ( S 1 , S 2) lie in the same plane
mov ing t arget at any tim e, t he biang le relat ed t o ( H = 0) .
t he r adar sy st em and t he t arget has t o be obt ained,
and then put t he bisect or direct ion of biang le nor -
mal t o t he scr een of the co mput er , and f inally
bist at ic RCS can be easily solv ed .
T aking int o account t he ef fect of ear th radius
R e , t he original point O of the t arg et sub-coordi-
nat e is F ig . 5　Bist atic RCS computing config ur ation

x 0 = Psin) + R 2 - z 20 - P 2 cos) Fig . 6 ( a ) and ( b) are bist at ic com put ed and

m easur ed result s r espect ively . T hey ar e in accor d
y 0 = - Pcos) + R 2 - z 20 - P 2sin) w it h each o ther and the m et hod is prov ed t o be re-
2 2 2
(Re + H ) - R - R e liable and accurat e.
z0= ( 11)
2R e
　　T he lo cat ion of t he t arget at any time t is
x t = x 0 = vt cos)
y t = y 0 - v tsin)
2 2 2
zt = ( Re + H ) - x t - y t - Re ( 12)
　　Based o n the g eom et ric relat io n show n in F ig .
4, t he biang le +and t he equiv al ence m onost at ic di-
rect ion , can be easily given
S1 = ( x 1 - x t , y 1 - y t , z 1 - z t )
S2 = ( x 2 - x t , y 2 - y t , z 2 - z t )
S1 S2 Fig. 6　Computed result a nd measured result
+= arccos ( 13) ( a ) Computed r esult ; ( b ) M easur ed result
S1 S2
S1 + S2 4. 2　Bistatic RCS of a movi ng target
,= S1 + S2 ( 14)
Assuming an ex ample of a moving t ar get w ith
w here ( x 1, y 1, z 1 ) and ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) are t he po sit ion a co nst ant v elo cit y fly ing along a st raight line as
co ordinat es of S 1 st at ic and S 2 st at ic respect ivel y. show n in Fig. 4, and the paramet ers are g iven as
At any t ime, one can com put e t he biang le by f ollo w
t he relative po sit io ns o f t he radar and targ et . And P = 10km , R = 20km, H = 10km, )= 60°
, t he
t hen o ne can obt ain t he equivalence mo nost at ic di- posit ion of S 1 is ( 2km, 2km , 0) and S 2 is ( 1km , -
rect ion by t he mo nost atic-bistat ic equivalence t heo - 2km , 0) , R e = 6380km , v= 50m/ s.
rem . T he RCS of t he mov ing t ar get can be ob- T aken int o acco unt t he ef fect of eart h r adius ,
tained in real tim e by GRECO . it is no t diff icult t o obt ain t he biang le of t he bistat -
© 1994-2010 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. http://www.cnki.net
 Bist at ic R CS Pred ict ion wit h G rap hical Elect romagnetic
A ugus t 2002
Compu tin g ( G R ECO ) M et hod for ……
ic radar syst em and t he at tit ude of t he targ et at any
t ime t.
T hen t he plane's geomet ry mo del is displayed
on t he screen according t o t he at t it ude o f t he t ar -
get , and t he RCS is solv ed w it h GRECO , w e can
obt ain t he t arget RCS value at any t ime .
Fig . 7 is t he computing bist at ic RCS cur ve
w ith the flig ht t ime for an air craf t . ( com put ing
t ime rang e is 0～10000s , f requency = 10GHz, VV
po larizat io n)
F ig . 7　Bista tic computed R CS cur ve
5　Conclusions
By using t he most at ic -bist at ic equivalence t he-
orem and GRECO met ho d t o comput e t he RCS of
mov ing targ ets in high frequency region, t his paper
enlarg e the GRECO method applicat ion to co mput e
bist at ic RCS f ield . It has been proved valid and ac-
curat e by co mput ing stat ic Bist at ic RCS curv e,
w hich agr ee w it h the m easur ed r esult w ell. M ore-
over it g ives t he co mput ing results of a pract ical
fl ig ht t ar get f or a mult i-r adar m onit or syst em,
w hich is import ant t o st ealth and ant i-st ealt h re-
search and has pract ical eng ineer ing value .
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・ 165・
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Biographies:
Qin De-hua　Bo rn in 1975, he is a Ph. D .
candidat e at the Dept. of Elect ro nic Engi-
neering , Beijing U niver sity o f A er onau-
tics and Astr onautics. His r esearch inter -
ests include Co mputa tio nal Electro mag -
netics and R adar T arg et Recog nitio n. E-
mail: qdhweb@ sohu. co m.
Wang Bao-fa　Bor n in A ug . 1938, he r e-
ceiv ed B. S. deg r ee in 1961 fr om Beijing
A er onautics and A str onautics Instit ut e.
F ro m 1961 to 1983 he w as a lectur er w ith
the BA A I. F ro m 1983 to 1985 he was a
v isiting scholar o f the EM L ab. at the U -
niv ersity o f I llinois. He is cur rently a
P ro fesso r o f the Beijing U niver sity of A ero naut ics and A s-
tr onautics. His resear ches include EM w av e pro pagat ion and
scatter ing , micr ow av e and antenna application, electro mag -
netic co mpat ibility .