CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Background of Study

The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a skill Training

Programme designed to expose and prepare students of University,
polytechnics/ Colleges of Technology/ Colleges of Agriculture and Colleges of
Education for Industrial work situation they are likely to meet after graduation. IT
is a planned, supervised, occupational experience-training programme which
calls for total dedication to duty positive work attitude, honesty and self-
confidence on the part of the students who are adjudged the major beneficiaries
of the programmes. The scheme also affords Students the opportunity to
familiarize and expose themselves to the needed experience in handling
equipment and machinery that are usually not available in their institutions.

Before the establishment of the scheme, there was a growing concern among our
industrialists that graduates of our higher institutions lack adequate practical
background studies preparatory for employment in Industries. Thus, the
employers were of the opinion that the theoretical education going on in Higher
Institutions was not responsive to the needs of the employers of Labour.

It is against this background that the rationale for initiating and designing the
scheme by the Fund during its formative years 1973/74 was introduced to
acquaint students with the skills of handling Employers’ equipment and
machinery.

The ITF solely funded the scheme during its formative years. But as the financial
involvement became unbearable to the Fund, it withdrew from the scheme in

1
1978. The Federal Government handed over the scheme in 1979 to both the
National Universities Commission (NUC) and the National Board for Technical
Education (NBTE). Later the Federal Government in November 1984 reverted the
management and implementation of the scheme to ITF and it was effectively
taken over by the Industrial Training Fund in July 1985 with the funding being
solely borne by the Federal Government.

1.2 Brief history of SIWES

In recognition of the shortcomings and weakness in the formation of Science,

Engineering and Technology (SET) graduates, particularly with respect to
acquisition of relevant production skills (RPSs), the Industrial Training Fund
(which was itself established in 1971 by decree 47) initiated the Students
Industrial Work experience Scheme (SIWES) in 1973. The scheme was designed
to expose students to the industrial environment and enable them develop
occupational competencies so that they can readily contribute their quota to
national economic and technological development after graduation.
Consequently, SIWES is a planned and structured programme based on stated
and specific career objectives which are geared toward developing the
occupational competencies of participants

In spite of the challenges faced by SIWES in the four decades of its existence, the
Scheme has not only raised consciousness and increased awareness about the
need for training of SET students, but has also helped in the formation of skilled
and competent indigenous manpower which has been manning and managing
the technological resources and industrial sectors of the economy.

2
Participation in SIWES has become a necessary condition for the award of
degrees and diplomas.

1.2.1 Vision Statement

To be the prime skill training development organization in Nigeria and one of the
best in the world.

1.2.2 Mission Statement

To set and regulate standards and offer direct training intervention in industrial
and commercial skills training and development, using a corps of highly
competent professional staff, modern techniques and technology.

1.3 Objective of SIWES

Specifically, the objectives of the students industrial Work Experience Scheme

(SIWES) are to:

 Provide an avenue for students in Institutions of Higher Learning to

acquire industrial skills and experience in their course of study, which are
restricted to Engineering and Technology including Environmental
sciences and other courses that may be approved. Courses of NCE
(Technical), NCE (Agriculture), NCE (business), arts and design, Computer
and NCE (Home Economics) in colleges of Education are also included.
 Prepare students for the industrial work situation they are to meet after
graduation: expose students to work methods and techniques in handling
equipment and machinery that may not be available in their institutions.

3
  Make the transition from school to the world of work easier and enhance
students’ contact for later job placement.
 Provide students with the an opportunity to apply their knowledge in real
work situation thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice and
 Enlist and strengthen employers’ involvement in the entire educational
process and prepare students for employment in industry and commerce.

1.4 Bodies Involved in the management of SIWES programme

 The Federal Government.

 The Industrial Training Fund.
 The supervising agencies:-National University Commission (NUC), The
National Board for Technical Education (NBTE) , National Commission
for colleges of Education (NCCE),
 Employers of Labour and institutions.

1.5 Roles of the bodies involved in the management of SIWES programme

1.5.1 The Industrial Training Fund

The Fund is to:

 Formulate policies and guidelines on SIWES participating bodies,

institutions and companies involved in the scheme;
 Regularly organized orientation programmes for students prior to their
attachment;
 Receive and process Master and placement Lists from the Institution and
supervising agencies, i.e. ( NUC,NBTE,NCCE);
 Supervise students on industrial attachment;

4
  Disburse Supervisory and Students allowances;
 Organize Biennial SIWES National Conference and SIWES Review
Meeting;
 Provide insurance cover for students on attachment;
 Provide logistics and materials necessary for effective administration of
the scheme – such documents as ITF form 8, ITF form 8A the SPE 1 and SIP
a form;
 Ensure the visitation of ITF officers to the Supervising Agencies,
Institutions, Employers and Students on attachment;
 Provide information on Companies for attachment and assist in the
industrial placement of students;
 Continuously review and carry out research into the operation of the
scheme;
 Vet and process Students’ logbooks and ITF form 8.

1.5.2 Federal Government

The federal government helps:

 To provide adequate funds to the Industrial Training Fund through the

federal ministry of Industry for the Scheme.
 To make it mandatory for all Ministries, companies and parastatals to offer
places for the attachment of students in accordance with the provisions of
Decree No. 47 of 1971 as amended in 1990.

1.5.3 The Supervising Agencies (NUC, NBTE and NCCE)

These agencies are to:

5
  Ensure the establishment and accreditation of SIWES units on Institutions
under their jurisdiction;
 Direct for the appointment of the full time SIWES coordinators;
 Ensure adequate funding of the SIWES units in all Institutions;
 Vet and approve master and placement Lists of students from participating
Institutions and forward same to the ITF;
 Develop, monitor and review job-specifications in the collaboration with
the Institutions towards the maintenance of National minimum standards
for all programmes approved for SIWES;
 Liaise with ITF and participate in the Biennial SIWES National Conference
and other related SIWES seminars, conferences and workshop;
 Continuously monitor and review job-specifications of all the courses;
 Research into the development of SIWES in line with advances in
technological development;
 Regularly review courses qualified for SIWES in collaboration with other
bodies;
 Liaise with ITF, to ensure the implementation of all Federal Government
policies on the scheme.

1.5.4 The Institution

Institutions are to:

 Establish SIWES coordinating Units with separate Account, adequately

staffed and funded to ensure effective operation of the scheme;
 Appoint SIWES coordinators and supporting staff.

6
  Apply job-specifications as prepared for the accredited courses and award
appropriate credit units in accordance with Federal Government minimum
academic standard guidelines;
 Identify placement opportunities for students’ attachment with Employers;
 Supervise students at their various places of attachment and sign their
logbooks;
 Organize orientation courses in collaboration with ITF for their students;
 Submit comprehensive reports on the scheme to ITF through their
Supervising Agencies on ITF form 8A at the end of every year’s
programme;
 Ensure payment of outstanding allowances and render all returns to the
ITF during the SIWES year.
 Submit all completed ITF form 8 to the nearest ITF Area Office.

1.5.5 The Employers

 To collaborate with institutions in the preparation of job-specifications

for approved courses for SIWES;
 To accept students for industrial attachment as stipulated in ITF Decree
No.as Amended 1990.
 To provide welfare services e. g medication and pay for hospitalization
of students while on attachment whenever the need arises;
 To participate fully in the assessment of programmes / students by
completing the necessary Instruments-e.g ITF form 8,logbook etc;
 To allow students have access to their facilities;

7
  To appoint an industry-based Supervisor for the students on
attachment.

1.5.6 The Students

 To attend Institutions‘ SIWES orientation programmes before going on

attachment;
 To be obedient to constituted authorities and adhere strictly to all rules
and regulations of the organization where a student is attached;
 To be regular and punctual at respective places of attachment;
 To avoid change of place of attachment ,except in special circumstances
which must be determined and approved by their Institutions‘ supervisor,
the Employers and ITF;
 To complete SPE-1 form and get endorsed by the employer for onward
submission to ITF;
 To record all training activities and other assignments in logbooks: They
expected to write horizontally not diagonally/vertically and complete ITF
Form 8 to ensure proper assessment;
 To be diligent, honest, conscientious, property throughout the attachment
period.

1.6 Importance of SIWES to Science Laboratory Technology

 Equip Students with Skills

SIWES as a matter of fact equip students from school with the fundamental work
condition which they will like to meet upon graduations. Students literally do not
have skills and knowledge of equipment they have been taught in school but

8
SIWES help students to become more conversant with those equipment. The
function and introduction of SIWES is to equip students with skills pertaining to
their field. SIWES makes IT students become employable after graduation from
school.

 Increase Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is a fire that is been widely spread across countries. Another

importance of SIWES is its way of igniting the entrepreneurship fire in students. It
helps them identify ways and sub-fields they can capitulate on.

For instance, as an SLT student, you could easily find opportunities that you
might still hold-on to, even after the program.

 Rethinking of Stand

While this is not an obvious importance of SIWES, it is believed to be quite

essential to talk about here.

Better late than never, SIWES gives SLT students the opportunity to reconsider
their course of choice and the future career. Students would not want to
graduate from school just to discover to have studied the wrong course. Either it
is lack of job opportunities or total distaste for the profession; it is better late
than never. With SIWES, one can experience what the work life would look like
after graduation.

1.7 Justification for choice of industry

Theoretical knowledge alone would not usually prepare an educated person for
the world of work. The worker or productive individual must not only be

9
knowledgeable but also be versatile in the application of skills to perform defined
jobs or work. Both education and training are important; there cannot be
effective education without some training input and there cannot be effective
training without some educational input. The productive individual, particularly
in this millennium, must be able to combine and utilize the outcomes from the
two forms of learning (Know-How Ability and Do-How Capability) for production
of goods and services which is crucial in pursuing careers in science, engineering
and technology (SET) disciplines.

1.8 History of the IFEMED Patent Medicine Shop

IFEMED Patent Medicine Shop was founded in the year 1999 by Pharmacist
Ifeanyi Olebuike. The company is situated at Ondo state, beside Showboy Filling
Station, along Benin-Lagos expressway, Ore Ondo State Nigeria. It is registered
with Association of Patent Drug dealers of Nigeria, Ondo state chapter (APDDN).
IFEMED Patent Medicine carries out the following: drug importation, drug
distribution, drug administration, drug retailing, quality control and quality
assurance of drugs, drug prescription and treatment of diseases.

Most of the drugs IFEMED Patent Medicine is licensed to distribute and market
include; Paracetamol, ciprofloxacin, ampiclox, laevofloxacin, antacid, ascorbic
acid, mixagrip, procold, artifect, andrews’ liver salt, gentamicin, tetracycline,
erythromycin and antimalaria drugs (Cohertem, Athemater Combination
Therapy, lumefantrine etc.) among others.

10
 IFEMED Patent Medicine assists in the treatment of patients especially those
that have serious wounds. It administers drips, intravenous, subcutaneous and
intramuscular injection.

1.9 Organogram of IFEMED Patent Medicine Shop

Director/CEO of the
Pharmacy

Consultants

Coordinator of Group matron Head of Accounts Apprentices IT

Clinical Services students

Dispensary Nursing Staff

Accounts Head of Human
/Salaries Resources and Admin

Pharmacists
Customer Care
Services

Nursing Staff Drug

Cleaner
Distributor

ICT

11
 CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Different drugs that can be seen in the IFEMED Patent Medicine Shop

 Paracetamol  Vicodin, Norco, Xodol

 Ibucap (hydrocodone,
 Ciprofloxacin acetaminophen)
 Laevofloxacin  Opioid/acetaminophen
 Antacid combinations.
 Penicillin  Synthroid, Levoxyl, Unithroid
 Vitamin C (levothyroxine)
 Andrew’s Liver salt  Thyroxines
 Procold  Delasone, Sterapred
 Mixagrip (prednisone).
 Daga  Amoxil (amoxicillin)
 Ibuprofen  Neurontin (gabapentin)
 lumefantrine  Prinivil, Zestril (lisinopril)
 Tetrax  Lipitor (atorvastatin),
 Ampiclox  Glucophage (metformin)

12
Fig 1: Cross-section of IFEMED Medicine Shop

2.2 Important drugs that can be seen in IFEMED Medicine Shop and their uses

2.2.1 Amoxicillin

Amoxicillin is a penicillin antibiotic that fights bacteria. It is used to treat many

different types of infection caused by bacteria, such as tonsillitis, bronchitis,
pneumonia, and infections of the ear, nose, throat, skin, or urinary tract.
Amoxicillin is also sometimes used together with another antibiotic called
clarithromycin (Biaxin) to treat stomach ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori
infection. This combination is sometimes used with a stomach acid reducer called
lansoprazole (Prevacid).

2.2.2 Important Information

Do not use this medication if you are allergic to amoxicillin or to any other
penicillin antibiotic, such as ampicillin (Omnipen, Principen), dicloxacillin (Dycill,
Dynapen), oxacillin (Bactocill), penicillin (Beepen-VK, Ledercillin VK, Pen-V, Pen-

13
Vee K, Pfizerpen, V-Cillin K, Veetids), and others. Before using amoxicillin, the
doctor should be informed if one is allergic to cephalosporins such as Omnicef,
Cefzil, Ceftin, Keflex, and others. Also the doctor should be informed if one has
asthma, liver or kidney disease, a bleeding or blood clotting disorder,
mononucleosis (also called "mono"), or any type of allergy. Amoxicillin can make
birth control pills less effective. Ask doctor about using a nonhormone method of
birth control (such as a condom, diaphragm, spermicide) to prevent pregnancy
while taking this medicine. Take this medication for the full prescribed length of
time. The symptoms may improve before the infection is completely cleared.
Amoxicillin will not treat a viral infection such as the common cold or flu. Do not
share this medication with another person, even if they have the same symptoms
you have. Antibiotic medicines can cause diarrhea. This may happen while one is
taking amoxicillin, or within a few months after ones stop taking it. This may be a
sign of a new infection. If one has diarrhea that is watery or bloody, stop taking
the medicine and call the doctor.

2.2.3 Precautions

One should not use amoxicillin if one is allergic to any penicillin antibiotic, such as
ampicillin, dicloxacillin, oxacillin, penicillin, or ticarcillin. To make sure this
medicine is safe for you, tell the doctor if you have:

 Kidney disease;
 Mononucleosis (also called "mono");
 Diarrhea caused by taking antibiotics; or
 Food or drug allergies (especially to a cephalosporin antibiotic such as
Omnicef, Cefzil, Ceftin, Keflex, and others).

14
It is not known whether this medicine will harm an unborn baby. Tell doctor if you
are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. Amoxicillin can make birth control pills
less effective. Ask doctor about using a nonhormonal birth control (condom,
diaphragm, cervical cap, or contraceptive sponge) to prevent pregnancy. It may
not be safe to breastfeed while using this medicine. Ask doctor about any risk.

2.2.4: Dosage of Amoxicillin

Table 1: Dose of amoxicillin

2.3 Antiplasmodial Drugs (Artemether/ Lumefantrine)

Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is anti-malaria medication that

interferes with the growth of parasites in the red blood cells of the human body.
Malaria is caused by parasites that enter the body through the bite of a mosquito.

15
Malaria is common in areas such as Africa, South America, and Southern Asia.
Artemether and lumefantrine is a combination medicine used to treat non-severe
malaria which is used in adults and children at least 2 months old or who weigh at
least 11 pounds (5 kilograms). This medication is used only to treat malaria. It is
not used to prevent malaria. The drug may also be used for purposes not listed in
this medication guide.

Fig 2: Anti-malaria drugs

2.3.1 Precautions

The medication should not be used if one is allergic to artemether or

lumefantrine. Many drugs can interact and cause dangerous effects. Some drugs
should not be used together with artemether and lumefantrine. The doctor may
change the treatment plan if the patient has also used:

 rifampin;
 St. John's wort;
 Seizure medicine (carbamazepine, phenytoin).

The doctor should be informed about all other anti-malaria medications one has
used within the past 30 days. The doctor should be told if one has ever had:

16
  Heart disease;
 Long QT syndrome (in you or a family member);
 Liver or kidney disease; or
 Low levels of potassium or magnesium in your blood.

It is not known whether Artemether and lumefantrine will harm an unborn baby.
The doctor should be told if one is pregnant or plan to become pregnant. Malaria
is more likely to cause death in a pregnant woman. If a patient is pregnant, the
physician should tell the patient about the risks of traveling to areas where
malaria is common. Artemether and lumefantrine can make hormonal birth
control less effective, including birth control pills, injections, implants, skin
patches, and vaginal rings. To prevent pregnancy while using Artemether and
Lumefantrine, use a barrier form of birth control: condom, diaphragm, cervical
cap, or contraceptive sponge.

2.3.2 How to use the drug and the dosage

Follow all directions on your prescription label and read all medication guides or
instruction sheets. Use the medicine exactly as directed. Take artemether and
lumefantrine with food, milk, pudding, oatmeal, or broth. The tablet may be
crushed and mixed with 1 or 2 teaspoons of water for easier swallowing. You may
also mix a crushed tablet with infant formula when giving this medication to a
child. Starts eating normally as soon as possible to help your body better absorb
the medication. Artemether and lumefantrine is usually given as a total of 6
doses over a period of 3 days. Carefully follow your doctor's instructions about
how many tablets to take per dose. Artemether and lumefantrine doses are

17
based on weight and age. The usual doses are as follows, unless the doctor tells
you otherwise. For people over 16 years old who weigh at least 77 pounds:

 Take four (4) tablets as an initial dose.

 Take 4 more tablets 8 hours later.
 Take 4 tablets in the morning and 4 tablets in the evening for the next 2
days.

For children younger than 16 years old who weigh between 55 and 77 pounds:

 Take three (3) tablets as an initial dose.

 Take 3 more tablets 8 hours later.
 Take 3 tablets in the morning and 3 tablets in the evening for the next 2
days.

For children younger than 16 years old who weigh between 33 and 55 pounds:

 Take two (2) tablets as an initial dose.

 Take 2 more tablets 8 hours later.
 Take 2 tablets in the morning and 2 tablets in the evening for the next 2
days. For children younger than 16 years old who weigh between 11 and 33
pounds:
 Take one (1) tablet as an initial dose.
 Take a second tablet 8 hours later.
 Take 1 tablet in the morning and 1 tablet in the evening for the next 2 days.
If anyone vomits within 1 hour after taking this medication, take another
dose. If the vomiting continues or one cannot eat, the doctor should be
contacted.

18
No medication is 100% effective in treating malaria. For best results, keep using
the medication as directed. The doctor should also be contacted if the symptoms
do not improve, or if there is a fever, chills, headache, or muscle pain. Store at
room temperature away from moisture and heat. Keep the bottle tightly closed
when not in use.

2.3.3 Artemether and Lumefantrine Side Effects

Get emergency medical help if one has signs of an allergic reaction: hives; fast
heart rate; difficult breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Call
the doctor if one develops fever, chills, body aches, severe headache, or flu
symptoms after one has finished taking all the doses of artemether and
lumefantrine. Other serious side effect such as:

 Worsening malaria symptoms;

 Severe vomiting, loss of appetite, or being unable to eat;
 Fast or pounding heartbeats;
 A light-headed feeling, like you might pass out; or
 First sign of any skin rash, no matter how mild.

Common side effects may include:

 Headache, dizziness;
 Fever, cough, feeling weak or tired;
 Muscle pain, tenderness, or weakness;
 Joint pain;
 Vomiting; or
 Loss of appetite.

19
2.4 Paracetamol

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is a pain reliever and a fever reducer. The exact

mechanism of action of is not known. Paracetamol is used to treat many
conditions such as headache, muscle aches, arthritis, backache, toothaches,
colds, and fevers. It relieves pain in mild arthritis but has no effect on the
underlying inflammation and swelling of the joint. It may also be used for other
purposes not listed in this medication guide.

Fig 3a: Panadol Fig 3b: Paracetamol

2.4.1 Important Information

There are many brands and forms of paracetamol available and not all brands are
listed on this leaflet. Do not use more of this medication than is recommended.
An overdose of paracetamol can cause serious harm. The maximum amount of
paracetamol for adults is 1 gram (1000 mg) per dose and 4 grams (4000 mg) per
day. Taking more paracetamol could cause damage to your liver. If you drink
more than three alcoholic beverages per day, the doctor should know before
taking paracetamol and never use more than 2 grams (2000 mg) per day. Do not
use this medication without first talking to your doctor if you drink more than

20
three alcoholic beverages per day or if you have had alcoholic liver disease
(cirrhosis). You may not be able to use paracetamol. Before using paracetamol,
tell your doctor if you have liver disease or a history of alcoholism. Do not use any
other over-the-counter cough, cold, allergy, or pain medication without first
asking the doctor or pharmacist. Paracetamol is contained in many combination
medicines. If you use certain products together you may accidentally use too
much paracetamol. Read the label of any other medicine you are using to see if it
contains paracetamol, acetaminophen or APAP. Avoid drinking alcohol while
taking this medication. Alcohol may increase your risk of liver damage while
taking paracetamol.

2.4.2 Dosage and side effects of paracetamol

This document contains side effect information about acetaminophen. Some of

the dosage forms listed on this page may not apply to the brand name
Paracetamol. Applies to acetaminophen: capsule, capsule liquid filled, elixir,
liquid, powder, solution, suppository, suspension, syrup, tablet, tablet chewable,
tablet disintegrating, tablet extended release etc. Other dosage form is
intravenous solution. Along with its needed effects, acetaminophen (the active
ingredient contained in Paracetamol) may cause some unwanted effects.
Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need
medical attention.

Check with the doctor immediately if any of the following side effects occur while
taking acetaminophen:

 Bloody or black, tarry stools

21
  bloody or cloudy urine -fever with or without chills (not present before
treatment and not caused by the condition being treated)
 pain in the lower back and/or side (severe and/or sharp)
 pinpoint red spots on the skin;
 skin rash, hives, or itching -sore throat (not present before treatment and
not caused by the condition being treated);
 sores, ulcers, or white spots on the lips or in the mouth, -sudden decrease
in the amount of urine; -
 unusual bleeding or bruising; - unusual tiredness or weakness,
 yellow eyes or skin

Emergency help immediately should be called upon if any of the following

symptoms of overdose occur while taking acetaminophen.

 Diarrhea
 increased sweating
 loss of appetite
 nausea or vomiting
 stomach cramps or pain
 Swelling, pain, or tenderness in the upper abdomen or stomach area.

2.5 Ciprofloxacin

Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections. This

includes bone and joint infections, intra-abdominal infections, certain type of
infectious diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, skin infections, typhoid fever,
and urinary tract infections, among others. For some infections it is used in

22
addition to other antibiotics. It can be taken by mouth, as eye drops, as ear drops,
or intravenously.

Fig 4: Ciprofloxacin 500mg

2.5.1 Side effects of Ciprofloxacin

Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and rash. Severe side
effects include an increased risk of tendon rupture, hallucinations, and nerve
damage. In people with myasthenia gravis, there is worsening muscle weakness.
Rates of side effects appear to be higher than some groups of antibiotics such as
cephalosporin but lower than others such as clindamycin. Studies in other
animals raise concerns regarding use in pregnancy. No problems were identified,
however, in the children of a small number of women who took the medication. It
appears to be safe during breastfeeding. It is a second-generation
fluoroquinolone with a broad spectrum of activity that usually results in the death
of the bacteria.

2.5.2 Medical Uses of Ciprofloxacin

Ciprofloxacin is used to treat a wide variety of infections, including infections of

bones and joints, endocarditis, gastroenteritis, malignant otitis external,
respiratory tract infections, cellulitis, urinary tract infections, prostatitis, anthrax,
and chancroid. Ciprofloxacin only treats bacterial infections; it does not treat viral

23
infections such as the common cold. Ciprofloxacin can also be used to treat acute
sinusitis, lower respiratory tract infections and uncomplicated gonorrhea and it is
not considered a firstline agent. Ciprofloxacin occupies an important role in
treatment guidelines issued by major medical societies for the treatment of
serious infections, especially those likely to be caused by Gram-negative
bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. For example, ciprofloxacin in
combination with metronidazole is one of several firstline antibiotic regimens
recommended by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of
community acquired abdominal infections in adults. It also features prominently
in treatment guidelines for acute pyelonephritis, complicated or hospital-
acquired urinary tract infection, acute or chronic prostatitis, certain types of
endocarditis, certain skin infections, and prosthetic joint infections. In other
cases, treatment guidelines are more restrictive, recommending in most cases
that older, narrower-spectrum drugs be used as firstline therapy for less severe
infections to minimize fluoroquinolone-resistance development. For example,
the Infectious Diseases Society of America recommends the use of ciprofloxacin
and other fluoroquinolones in urinary tract infections be reserved to cases of
proven or expected resistance to narrower-spectrum drugs such as nitrofurantoin
or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The European Association of Urology
recommends ciprofloxacin as an alternative regimen for the treatment of
uncomplicated urinary tract infections, but cautions that the potential for
"adverse events have to be considered"

24
2.5.3 Dosage of Ciprofloxacin

The dosage of ciprofloxacin depends on the age, the milligram to be

administered and the infection to be treated. For example; Usual Adult Dose for
Inhalation Bacillus anthracis

 400 mg for every 12 hours.

 Oral: 500 mg orally every 12 hours
 Duration of Therapy: 60 days

2.6 Antacid

An antacid is a substance which neutralizes stomach acidity and is used to relieve

heartburn, indigestion or an upset stomach.

Fig 5: Antacid for treatment of ulcer

2.6.1 Medical uses of antacid

Antacids are available over the counter and are taken by mouth to quickly relieve
occasional heartburn, the major symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease
and indigestion. Treatment with antacids alone is symptomatic and only justified

25
for minor symptoms. Antacids are distinct from acid-reducing drugs like H2-
receptor antagonists or proton pump inhibitors and they do not kill the bacteria
Helicobacter pylori, which cause most ulcers. Non-particulate antacids (sodium
citrate, magnesium trisilicate) increase gastric pH with little or no effect on
gastric volume. Sodium citrate should be given within 1 hour of surgery to be the
most effective.

2.6.2 Side Effects of Antacid

Versions with magnesium may cause diarrhea, and brands with calcium or
aluminum may cause constipation and rarely, long-term use may cause kidney
stones. Longterm use of versions with aluminum may increase the risk for getting
osteoporosis.

2.6.3 Mechanism Of Action

When excessive amounts of acids are produced in the stomach the natural
mucous barrier that protects the lining of the stomach can damage the
esophagus in people with acid reflux. Antacids contain alkaline ions that
chemically neutralize stomach gastric acid, reducing damage and relieving pain.

2.6.4 Formulations and Brands

Antacids may be formulated with other active ingredients such as simethicone to

control gas or alginic acid to act as a physical barrier to acid.

2.7 Ampiclox

Ampiclox (Beecham) is a mixture of ampicillin and cloxacillin for infections during

the first weeks of life. It is available in conveniently small doses as oral drops or as
an injection. It belongs to a group of drugs known Penicillin antibiotics and used

26
to treat various bacterial infections. It is manufactured by Smithkline Beecham
Pharmaceutical. Ampiclox is a combination of penicillin antibiotics, which is
commonly prescribed to provide a broader spectrum of activity, especially
against penicillin-resistant infections. It is available in oral tablets and capsule,
injectable, syrup and neonatal drops.

 Ampiclox 500 (capsules)

 Ampiclox 500 I (injection)
 Ampiclox S (syrup)
 Ampiclox D (neonatal drops)
 Ampiclox 75 I (neonatal injection)

Fig 6: Ampiclox Beecham

2.7.1 Ampiclox uses

It is used in the treatment of a wide range of bacterial infections caused by

susceptible organisms including: Upper and lower respiratory tract infections,
Urinary tract infection, Middle ear infections, Gastro-intestinal infections, Bone

27
and joint infection, Skin and soft-tissue infections such as boils or infections as a
result of spider bites, Endocarditis (inflammation of the lining of the heart and its
valves), impetigo (a bacterial skin infection characterized by small pus-filled
blisters).

2.7.2 Mechanism of Ampiclox

Ampicillin exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall.
Cloxacillin inhibits the third and final stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Cell
lysis is then mediated by autolytic enzymes of the bacterial cell wall, such as
autolysins; ampiclox may interfere with an autolysin inhibitor.

2.7.3 Ampiclox side effects

Common side effects include:

 Minor stomach upsets,

 blotchy skin rash,
 Nausea,
 Inflammation of blood vessels,
 pink or dark urine,
 gastrointestinal discomfort,
 Vomiting
 Diarrhea.
 Allergic reaction.
 Hypersensitivity reactions.
 Anemia.
 Thrombocytopenia
 Gas.

28
  Blood in stool.
 Swelling of the mouth and tongue,
 itching.
 Breathing difficulties.
 Joint pain.
 Enlargement of the lymph nodes.
 Hives and itchiness in private parts.

2.7.4 Precautions

Avoid taking this drug if you are allergic to Penicillin or any any other component
of this medicine.

 Ampiclox is not suitable for infants.

 It should not be used for prolonged time.
 Avoid taking this medication if one has Kidney or Liver ailments, dosage of
this medicine should be lower.
 Contraindicated in glandular fever,
 Not suitable if you have leukemia,
 Do not take if you are on Sodium restrictive diet,
 Avoid taking this medication in case of diabetes, arthritis, psoriasis and
cancer patients,
 Use with cautious If you have Gout and taking allopurinol and probenecid.

2.7.5 Dosage

Usual dose for adults for susceptible infections is one capsule four times a day.
For serious infections, the dose can be increased up to 12 capsules per day. The
usual childhood dose for susceptible infection is one dose four times a day. The

29
upper dose contains 125 mg of ampicillin and 125 mg of cloxacillin. In acute
osteomyelitis, parenteral therapy for the first three weeks for another three
weeks in chronic osteomyelitis parenteral therapy for one or two months,
followed by oral therapy in the episode.

Intravenous: Usual dose for adults for septicemia, meningitis, endocarditis

caused by sensitive organisms 500mg (ampicillin 250 mg and cloxacillin 250 mg)
in ten ml or 1 g (ampicillin 500 mg and 500 mg) cloxacillinin 20 ml of water for
injections. Given slowly for three or four minutes, repeated every six hours. Doses
of more than 500 mg should be administered in two different locations of no
more than 500 mg in 3 ml. The doctor can suggest the dose depending on your
medical history and other medical conditions, physical health and current
medications. The dosage also depends on the patient’s response.

30
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 DIFFERENT DISEASES AND DRUGS USE IN THEIR TREATMENTS

3.1 DERMATITIS

Dermatitis is a common condition that has many causes and occurs in many
forms. It usually involves itchy, dry skin or a rash on swollen, reddened skin. Or it
may cause the skin to blister, ooze, crust or flake off. Examples of this condition
are atopic dermatitis (eczema), dandruff and contact dermatitis

Fig 7: Skin affected by nummular dermatitis

3.1.1 SYMPTOMS OF DERMATITIS

There are many types of dermatitis or inflamed skin disorders. They include:

 Seborrheic dermatitis
 Atopic dermatitis
 Nummular dermatitis
 Irritant contact dermatitis

31
  Allergic contact dermatitis
 Stasis dermatitis

Most types of dermatitis can be diagnosed by a doctor's observation of the

irritation and its location on the body. Sometimes a skin scraping will be taken for
microscopic analysis. To identify causes of allergic contact dermatitis, a doctor
may use patch tests, which involves the application of suspected allergens to
areas of skin on the back.

3.1.2 DRUGS USE TO TREAT DERMATITIS

Examples of oral medications for severe eczema symptoms include:

 azathioprine (Imuran)
 cyclosporine.
 methotrexate.
 mycophenolate mofetil.
 oral steroids, such as prednisolone or prednisone.

In severe forms of perioral dermatitis, systemic treatments with antirosacea

drugs are required. The drugs of choice are doxycycline (or tetracycline) and
minocycline. In unresponsive and granulomatous forms, oral isotretinoin may be
considered.

3.2 MALARIA

Malaria is a life-threatening disease. It is typically transmitted through the bite of

an infected Anopheles mosquito. Infected mosquitoes carry the Plasmodium
parasite. When this mosquito bites you, the parasite is released into your
bloodstream. The severity of malaria varies based on the species of plasmodium.

32
3.2.1 SYMPTOMS

A malaria infection is generally characterized by the following signs and

symptoms:

 Fever
 Chills
 Headache
 Nausea and vomiting
 Muscle pain and fatigue.

Other signs and symptoms may include:

 Sweating
 Chest or abdominal pain
 Cough

3.2.2 DRUGS ASSOCIATED WITH TREATMENT OF MALARIA

Currently available antimalarials fall into three broad categories according to

their chemical structure and mode of action namely:

 Aryl aminoalcohol compounds: quinine, quinidine, chloroquine,

amodiaquine, mefloquine, halofantrine, lumefantrine, piperaquine,
tafenoquine - Antifolate compounds (“antifols”): pyrimethamine,
proguanil, chlorproguanil, trimethoprim
 Artemisinin compounds: artemisinin, dihydroartemisinin, artemether,
artesunate
 Atovaquone is an antimalarial in its own class with a unique mode of
action; combined with proguanil it is sold under the trade name Malarone.

33
  Several antibacterial drugs (e.g., tetracycline, clindamycin) also have
antiplasmodial activity, although in general their action is slow for malaria
treatment (as opposed to prophylaxis); they are recommended only in
combination with other antimalarial drugs. Drugs active against
Plasmodium falciparum also are active against the other three malaria
species that affect human’s P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale with the
exception of antifols, which work poorly against P. vivax.
 Other common antimalarial drugs include: Combination of atovaquone
and proguanil (Malarone), Quinine sulfate (Qualaquin) with doxycycline
(Vibramycin, Monodox, others), Mefloquine and Primaquine phosphate.

3.2.3 MALARIA VACCINE:

The World Health Organization in 2020 announced and approved the discovery
and use of RTS, S/AS01 malaria vaccine in children. It is pertinent to know that
the vaccine is not used in Nigeria currently but have been approved in Kenya,
Malawi and Ghana due to high incidence of Malaria infection. Information
recorded that the vaccine is still undergoing clinical trials. If the trials which the
vaccine is currently been subjected to proves positive, the vaccine will be
administered among Nigerian children. The use of vaccine can help to prevent
malaria infection in Africa.

3.3 SALMONELLOSIS

Salmonellosis is a symptomatic infection caused by bacteria of the Salmonella

type. The most common symptoms are diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps, and
vomiting. Symptoms typically occur between 12 hours and 36 hours after
exposure, and last from two to seven days. Occasionally more significant disease

34
can result in dehydration. The old, young, and others with a weakened immune
system are more likely to develop severe disease. Specific types of Salmonella
can result in typhoid fever or paratyphoid fever. There are two species of
Salmonella: Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enterica with many subspecies.
Infection is usually spread by eating contaminated meat, eggs, or milk. Other
foods may spread the disease if they have come into contact with manure. A
number of pets including cats, dogs, and reptiles can also carry and spread the
infection. Diagnosis is by a stool test or blood tests. Efforts to prevent the disease
include the proper washing, preparation, and cooking of food. Mild disease
typically does not require specific treatment. More significant cases may require
treatment of electrolyte problems and intravenous fluid replacement. In those at
high risk or in whom the disease has spread outside the intestines, antibiotics are
recommended. Salmonellosis is one of the most common causes of diarrhea
globally. In 2015, 90,300 deaths occurred from nontyphoidal salmonellosis, and
178,000 deaths from typhoidal salmonellosis. In the United States, about 1.2
million cases and 450 deaths occur from nontyphoidal salmonellosis a year. In
Europe, it is the second most common foodborne disease after
campylobacteriosis. After a short incubation period of a few hours to one day,
the bacteria multiply in the small intestine, causing an intestinal inflammation
(enteritis). Most people with salmonellosis develop diarrhea, fever, vomiting, and
abdominal cramps 12 to 72 hours after infection. Diarrhea is often watery and
non-bloody but may be mucoid and bloody. In most cases, the illness lasts four to
seven days, and does not require treatment. In some cases, though, the diarrhea
may be so severe that the patient becomes dangerously dehydrated and must be
hospitalized. At the hospital, the patient may receive fluids intravenously to treat
the dehydration, and may be given medications to provide symptomatic relief,

35
such as fever reduction. In severe cases, the Salmonella infection may spread
from the intestines to the blood stream, and then to other body sites and can
cause death, unless the person is treated promptly with antibiotics. In otherwise
healthy adults, the symptoms can be mild. Normally, no sepsis occurs, but it can
occur exceptionally as a complication in the immunocompromised. However, in
people at risk such as infants, small children, and the elderly, Salmonella
infections can become very serious, leading to complications. In infants,
dehydration can cause a state of severe toxicity. Extra intestinal localizations are
possible, especially Salmonella meningitis in children, otitis, etc. Children with
sickle-cell anemia who are infected with Salmonella may develop osteomyelitis.
Treatment of osteomyelitis, in this case, will be to use fluoroquinolones
(ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, etc., and nalidixic acid). Those whose only symptom
is diarrhea usually completely recover, but their bowel habits may not return to
normal for several months.

3.3.1 TYPHOID FEVER

Typhoid fever occurs when Salmonella bacteria enter the lymphatic system and
cause a systemic form of salmonellosis. Endotoxins first act on the vascular and
nervous apparatus, resulting in increased permeability and decreased tone of the
vessels, upset thermal regulation, vomiting, and diarrhea. In severe forms of the
disease, enough liquid and electrolytes are lost to upset the fluid balance, cause
an electrolyte imbalance, decrease the circulating blood volume and arterial
pressure, and cause hypovolemic shock. Septic shock may also develop. Shock of
mixed character (with signs of both hypovolemic and septic shock) are more
common in severe salmonellosis. Oliguria and azotemia develop in severe cases
as a result of renal involvement due to hypoxia and toxemia.

36
3.3.2 CAUSES OF SALMONELLASIS
 Contaminated food, often having no unusual look or smell.
 Poor kitchen hygiene, especially problematic in institutional kitchens and
restaurants because this can lead to a significant outbreak.
 Excretions from both sick or infected but apparently clinically healthy
people and animals (especially dangerous are caregivers and animals).
 Polluted surface water and standing water (such as in shower hoses or
unused water dispensers).
 Unhygienically thawed poultry (the melt water contains many bacteria),
 Eating of reptiles (pet tortoises, snakes, iguanas, and aquatic turtles) can
cause typhoid.

Fig 8: Source of Typhoid fever

37
3.3.3 DIAGNOSIS OF SALMONELLOSIS

Typhoid fever can be diagnosed using Widal test. The test can be done via slide
or rapid diagnostic test (RDT) kit. If the patient is positive, treatment will start.

3.3.4 TREATMENT OF SALMONELLOSIS

Electrolytes may be replenished with oral rehydration supplements (typically

containing salts sodium chloride and potassium chloride). Appropriate
antibiotics, such as ceftriaxone, may be given to kill the bacteria, but are not
necessary in most cases. Azithromycin has been suggested to be better at
treating typhoid in resistant populations than both fluoroquinolone drugs and
ceftriaxone. There are recommendations on choice of antibiotic to avoid
promoting antibiotic resistance. The recommended antibiotics for individuals at
high risk for invasive disease include ampicillin, amoxicillin, and trimethoprim-
sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ). In areas with multidrug resistance, cefotaxime or
ceftriaxone are recommended.

3.4 LISTEROSIS

Listeriosis is a serious infection caused by the germ Listeria monocytogenes.

People usually become ill with listeriosis after eating contaminated food. The
disease primarily affects pregnant women, newborns, older adults, and people
with weakened immune systems. Listeria is ubiquitous and is primarily
transmitted via the oral route after ingestion of contaminated food products,
after which the bacteria penetrates the intestinal tract to cause systemic
infections. The diagnosis of listeriosis requires the isolation of the causative
bacteria from the blood and/or the cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment includes

38
prolonged administration of antibiotics, primarily ampicillin and gentamicin, to
which the organism is usually susceptible.

Fig 9: Listeriosis patients

3.4.1 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

The disease primarily affects older adults, persons with weakened immune
systems, pregnant women, and newborns. Rarely, people without these risk
factors can also be affected. A person with listeriosis usually has fever and muscle
aches, often preceded by diarrhea or other gastrointestinal symptoms. Almost
everyone who is diagnosed with listeriosis has invasive infection (meaning that
the bsacteria spread from their intestines to their bloodstream or other body
sites). Disease may occur as much as two months after eating contaminated
food. The symptoms vary with the infected person: High-risk people other than
pregnant women: Symptoms can include fever, muscle aches, headache, stiff
neck, confusion, loss of balance, and convulsions. Pregnant women: Pregnant
women typically experience only a mild, flu-like illness. However, infections
during pregnancy can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, premature delivery, or life-
threatening infection of the newborn. Previously healthy people: People who
were previously healthy but were exposed to a very large dose of Listeria can

39
develop a non-invasive illness (meaning that the bacteria have not spread into
their blood stream or other body sites). Symptoms can include diarrhea and
fever. If an animal has eaten food contaminated with Listeria and does not have
any symptoms, most experts believe that no tests or treatment are needed, even
for people at high risk for listeriosis.

3.4.2 CAUSES

Listeria monocytogenes is ubiquitous in the environment. The main route of

acquisition of Listeria is through the ingestion of contaminated food products.
Listeria has been isolated from raw meat, dairy products, vegetables, fruit and
seafood. Soft cheeses, unpasteurized milk and unpasteurised pâté are potential
dangers; however, some outbreaks involving post-pasteurized milk have been
reported. Rarely listeriosis may present as cutaneous listeriosis. This infection
occurs after direct exposure to L. monocytogenes by intact skin and is largely
confined to veterinarians who are handling diseased animals, most often after a
listerial abortion. It can be more common in patients with hemochromatosis

3.4.3 DRUGS ASSOCIATED WITH THE TREATMENT OF LISTEROSIS

Penicillin and ampicillin are effective for the therapy of listeriosis. Amoxicillin has
only a minor advantage over ampicillin. Acylureidopenicillins such as azlocillin,
mezlocillin, and piperacillin are less active as are carbenicillin and ticarcillin.

3.5 PEPTIC ULCER

A sore that develops on the lining of the oesophagus, stomach or small intestine
is called peptic ulcer. Ulcers occur when stomach acid damages the lining of the
digestive tract. Common causes include the bacteria H. Pylori and anti-

40
inflammatory pain relievers including aspirin. Peptic ulcers are open sores that
develop on the inside lining of the stomach and the upper portion of the small
intestine. The most common symptom of a peptic ulcer is stomach pain. Peptic
ulcers include: Gastric ulcers that occur on the inside of the stomach, Duodenal
ulcers that occur on the inside of the upper portion of the small intestine
(duodenum).

3.5.1 SYMPTOMS

 Burning stomach pain

 Feeling of fullness, bloating or belching
 Fatty food intolerance
 Heartburn
 Nausea

The most common peptic ulcer symptom is burning stomach pain. Stomach acid
makes the pain worse, as does having an empty stomach. The pain can often be
relieved by eating certain foods that buffer stomach acid or by taking an acid
reducing medication, but then it may come back. The pain may be worse
between meals and at night. Nearly three-quarters of people with peptic ulcers
do not have symptoms. Less often, ulcers may cause severe signs or symptoms
such as:

 Vomiting or vomiting blood which may appear red or black

 Dark blood in stools, or stools that are black or tarry
 Trouble breathing
 Feeling faint
 Nausea or vomiting

41
  Unexplained weight loss
 Appetite changes

3.5.2 COMPLICATIONS

Left untreated, peptic ulcers can result in:

 Internal bleeding: Bleeding can occur as slow blood loss that leads to
anemia or as severe blood loss that may require hospitalization or a blood
transfusion. Severe blood loss may cause black or bloody vomit or black or
bloody stools.
 Infection: Peptic ulcers can eat a hole through (perforate) the wall of the
stomach or small intestine, putting at risk of serious infection of the
abdominal cavity (peritonitis).
 Obstruction: Peptic ulcers can block passage of food through the digestive
tract, causing you to become full easily, to vomit and to lose weight
through either swelling from inflammation or scarring.

3.6 TREATMENT OF WOUNDS

A wound is a break in the skin. Cuts, scrapes, and scratches are all wounds. One
could wound oneself when cooking, cleaning, or gardening. Children could
wound themselves during a bad fall at home or while playing.

A wound can happen at any time, night or day, and it pays to know how to care
for a wound. Proper wound care is important to prevent infection and other
complications. In fact, it is an essential part of recovery.

42
3.6.1 TOOLS FOR WOUND TREATMENT

 Pair of scissor
 Cotton wool
 Methylated spirit
 Bandage
 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2 )
 Antibacterial Ointment e.g. Penicillin
 Medical Tape.
 Non-Woven Sponges
 Earloop Face Masks
 Suture Removal Kits
 Medical Gloves
 Gauze Rolls. ...
 Medical Drapes

Fig 10: Tools for treating wound

3.6.2 SEVEN STEPS TO TAKE CARE OF WOUND

 Wash Hands Clean

Preventing infection is critical in wound care; therefore hands must be

appropriately washed while taking care of wound to avoid inoculating the wound
with germs. Washing with soap and water and applying hand sanitizer afterward
is sufficient. In the shop, it is usually the first step taken before dressing wound.

43
  Stop the Bleeding

A freshly sustained injury sometime bleeds. To stop bleeding, pressure should be

applied to the wound. This is done using a clean cloth or bandage. The wound
should also be raised to an area above heart level if possible. This can help to use
gravity to slow blood flow to the wound area. In the shop, the pressure is usually
applied until the bleeding stops.

 Clean the Wound

Running water is used to clean the wound. This is done for at least five minutes.
Soap can be used around the wound but not inside. If the wound is from a fall
outside, there could be debris that can cause an infection. If big debris is
embedded in the wound, it is best to seek a medical professional for wound care.
The wound should be treated very gentle so as not to irritate. The purpose of this
step is to create an ideal environment for healing.

Alternatively, we usually use a saline solution to clean the wound by dipping

gauze in a saline solution and use it to clean the wound. Saline solution does not
further damage tissues, unlike antiseptics. As a final step of cleaning, the area
patted dry with a clean towel or wad of tissues.

44
Fig 11: cleaning of the wound
  Apply Antibacterial Ointment

If the wound is minor, antibacterial ointment like Neosporin is usually applied to

prevent an infection.

Fig 12: Application of Antibacterial Ointment

 Protect the Wound

The next step is to protect the wound by covering it with a sterile dressing and
secure it in place with a bandage, preferably with a non-adhesive pad. This
protects the skin surrounding the wound and also prevents the wound from
increasing in size and applies pressure to it for healing.

 Change the Dressing

The dressing is usually changed at least once a day. When changing the dressing,
we usually sure to wash hands ahead of time, clean the wound carefully, and
secure the sterile bandage in place. While changing the dressing, we evaluate the
healing process and administers appropriate drug either injection or capsule if
the wound bleeds on contact, has a yellowish discharge, or appears dark red in
colour. These are signs of abnormal wound healing.

45
Fig 13: Change of dressing

 Observe Symptoms

While we treat the wound, there is a lookout for signs of infection, severe pain,
bad odour, thick and yellowish discharge, and a darkening of the skin around the
wound are all signs of abnormal wound healing and should be evaluated. If the
abnormal healing symptoms continue, we usually refer such patients to the
hospital.

46
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED DURING THE INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

The major challenge l had during the industrial training was mainly lack of light.
Although, the problem of light seemed to be the general issue in Nigeria but it
was worse during the period of the Industrial Training. The ill-occurrence made
my trainer to spend a lot of money buying Premium Motor Spirit to running
generator daily. The use of generator on daily basis results to unnecessary
expenses at low return. There was a discrepancy between Science Laboratory
Technology and Pharmaceutical technology/ Pharmacy initially. The trainer
accepts my placement letter when I agreed to work as an apprentice.

The office was far from my place of residence so l would always pay
transportation up to a tune of 400 naira before l could get to the office and come
back. This posed a lot of hindrance to me during the period of the industrial
training.

47
4.2 SUMMARY

Drug selling is a segment of medical science/business which deals with the sale of
natural, synthetic and semi- synthetic substances that can be used to destroy,
inhibit or kill micro-organisms in the body that are pathogenic causing more or
minor harm. The substance are thoroughly manipulated such that their effects
are completely non-toxic even the metabolites. The substance is called drug and
the clinical scientists use the substance for medical curation, treatment and
prevention of diseases.

The booklet contains some important drugs that are most commonly used, the
uses, their dosages and the side effects.

It is obvious that the primary purpose of SIWES is to provide students of Tertiary

Institutions the enabling environment to learn and practice those things they are
not exposed to during their theoretical works in schools. It also bridges the gap
between employers and the students who will become workers on future.
Therefore, the employers use the medium to harvest the potentials which may
be of immense importance to them during job recruitment since they also know
some of the students who are resourceful. Moreso, during the course of the
training, the productivity of establishments are boasted. The students on their
own learn crafts and some certain skills that enable them to be self-reliant after
schools.

48
4.3 RECOMMENDATIONS

This extract exhumes facts about some drugs, their activities, metabolism,
dosages, side effect and disease they can be used to treat. To this effect, the
material can be useful for students of Microbiology, Public Health Science,
Science Laboratory Technology, pharmaceutical technology, pharmacy and
other related courses. I recommend that Industrial Training Fund, the institution
saddled with the responsibility of providing stipend for the IT students should be
paying the students during the Industrial training. This is because most
establishments find it difficult to pay their employees especially the IT students
during the training. This in no small measure hampers the activities of the
students participating actively in trainings which are supposed to widen their
practical orientations. Most students sometimes resort to use the period to work
and make some money which can take them during the school period because
the ITF does not pay money to support the students. The welfare of the IT
students will be better if ITF should provide stipends for IT students.

4.4 ADVICE FOR FUTURE PARTICIPANTS

 Future participants in the programme need to attend institution SIWES
orientation programme before going for the Industrial Training.
 To be regular and punctual at respective places of appointments. Also, to
adhere to the rules and regulations governing the programme.
 To keep proper records of training activities and other assignment in the
log book.

49
4.5 ADVICE FOR THE SIWES BODY
My suggestion to the SIWES Director is to organize Industrial Training
Orientation regularly for students and also enjoin SIWES coordinating bodies to
supervise and visit students during the industrial attachment training. The
supervisor should encourage the students and advise the task ahead after school.

Finally, adequate information about the programme should be provided to

companies for students’ attachments, so that they will not resist industrial
placement. The Industrial Training Fund should always pay students during their
Industrial Training period to enable them cushion the effect of financial difficulty.

The Institutions should always align with some the companies so that students
will not always find it difficult to secure IT places.

4.6 GENERAL APPRAISAL OF THE PROGRAMME

SIWES programme is a very interesting programme because it exposes students

to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and machineries that are
not available in schools. SIWES programme has actually helped to the
interrelationship between school and real work experiences. It should not be
taken for granted by 400 level students of Universities and Polytechnics.

50