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Dr. Mahipal Singh Rathore

 ABOUT ME

Dr. MAHIPAL SINGH RATHORE

I teach History, Polity and

Current Affairs for UPSC CSE
6 Years of teaching Experience.
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MAHIPAL
1906 – A group of Muslim elites called the Shimla deputation,
led by the Agha Khan, met Lord Minto & demanded separate
electorates for the Muslims.

At this time:
Lord Morley – Secretary of State for India (in London).
Lord Minto II – Viceroy of India (in Calcutta).
4th Earl of Minto/Lord
Minto II

Viceroy of India from 1905 to

1910.

Served as Governor-General of
Canada earlier.
• John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of
Blackburn

Secretary of State for India between

1905 and 1910
 Morley-Minto Reforms of 1909
Government of India Act of 1909
Indian Councils Act 1909
• The number of “additional members” of the Central Legislative
Council was increased from 16 to 60. (Total = 60 + 9 executives).

• Elected members were to be 27.

Among the remaining 33 nominated members:

28 were to be officials and

Rest 5 non officials.

• The principle of election to the councils was legally
recognized.

• But communal representation was for the first time

introduced in the interests of Muslims.

Separate electorates were provided for the Muslims.

• The electorate was decided on the basis of CLASS AND

COMMUNITY.
What is a separate electorate?
For the provincial councils a provision of 3 categories
was made:

1. General – District Boards and municipalities.

2. Special – Bombay Corporation and Bombay University.

3. Chambers of commerce.

• For the central council, a fourth category – Muslims was

added.
The legislative councils at the centre and the provinces were
to have four categories of members as follows: (bracket
shows Central council nos.)

1. Ex-officio members: Governor General and members of the

executive council. (8+1)

2. Nominated official members: Government officials who were

nominated by the Governor-General. (28)

3. Nominated non-official members: nominated by the Governor-

General but were not government officials. (5)

4. Elected members: elected by different categories of Indians. (27)

27 elected members of CLC came from:
• 13 – General electorate = non-official members of provincial
legislatures.

• 6 – Zamindars of six provinces (class electorate).

• 6 – Muslims of six provinces (Communal electorate).

• 2 – One each from Bengal and Bombay Chamber of

commerce.
• The number of members in provincial legislative councils of
provinces was raised too (different for each).

The Councils were given:

right to discuss and pass resolutions on the Budget and on

all matters of public interest,

rights to ask supplementary questions and move

resolutions on matters related to loans to the local bodies.

• However, the Governor-General had the power to disallow

discussion on the budget.
• An Indian member, Satyendra
Sinha, was appointed for the
first time to the Governor-
General’s Executive Council.
• In Bombay and Madras, the number of members of the Executive
Councils was raised from 2 to 4.

The practice of appointing Indians to these Councils began.

Two Indians were also appointed to the India Council, which assisted
the Secretary of State for India [in England].

• First Appointees – KC Gupta and Syed Hussain Bilgrami.

(Both Civil servants)
• The elected members were elected indirectly.

• The local bodies elected an electoral college who

would elect members of the provincial legislative
councils.

These members would, in turn, elect the members

of the Central Legislative Council.
• The elected members were from the local bodies, the
chambers of commerce, landlords, universities, traders’
communities and Muslims.

• In the provincial councils, non-official members were in a

majority.

However, since some of the non-official members were

nominated, in total, a non-elected majority was still
ensured.
 Criticism of the 1909 Act
• The Minto-Morley reforms never desired to set up a
parliamentary form of government in India, but the
introduction of the electoral principle for legislative council
laid the groundwork for a parliamentary system.

• The separate electorate issue was a major problem as other

communities like Sikh and Anglo Indians also started
demanding the same.
• The 1909 Act offered no political solution to the Indian
problem.

• Non-official (=Indian) majority was nullified by keeping few

nominated members in the non-official category (who
would always side with the government, ensuring control).

• The Act did increase Indian participation in the legislative

councils especially at the provincial levels.

• The principle of separate electorates ultimately led to

widening of communal problem.
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