Indian History Freedom Struggle (1857-1947) Pro

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CONTENTS
# Topics Pages
01 Great Revolt 1857 3-6
02 Charter Acts 7
03 Govt of India Acts 8-10
04 Viceroys & Governor Generals 11-18
05 Vellore Mutiny 19-20
06 Socio Religious Movements 21-24
07 Indian National Movement – Moderates Period 25-27
08 Indian National Movement – Swadeshi Period 28-30
09 Indian National Movement – Gandhian Period 31-38
10 Subhas Chandra Bose 39-40
11 Newspapers and Journals 41-44
12 Caste Movements 44
13 INC Summits 45-46

(01) THE GREAT REVOLT OF 1857

The 1857 Revolt showed the seeds of Indian nationalism, which
lay dormant in the subconscious of the Indian people. The Vellore
mutiny of 1806 is a precursor to the Great Revolt of 1857.
Causes of the Revolt:-
Political The discontent and disaffection manifested in the form of revolts

Causes against the British Government were not confined to the ruling
chiefs and royal families alone.
Anti-English feelings were particularly strong in the regions of
India.
The Doctrine of Lapse, (Lord Dalhousie) produced grave
discontent and alarm among the native princes, who were directly
affected.
Economic Huge drain wealth, destruction of its industry and increasing land
Causes revenue
The British damaged the Indian trade and manufacture by
imposing a high tariff in Britain against Indian goods
Social The British showed an arrogant attitude towards the Indians.
Causes A general alarm was raised among the Hindus and Muslims by
the activities of the Christian missionaries.
Military The Indian sepoys in the British Indian army nursed a sense of
Causes strong resentment at their low salary.
Abolish of batta when they served in foreign territories
Beginning of the revolt:-

Greased cartridges paved the immediate cause for the revolt. The
new Enfield rifle had been introduced for the first time in the Indian
army. Its cartridges had a greased paper cover whose end had to be
bitten off before the cartridge was loaded into the rifle. The grease was
composed of fat taken from beef and pig. The religious feelings of the
Hindu and Muslim sepoys were terribly wounded. The sepoys believed
that the government was deliberately trying to destroy their religious and
cultural identity.

The events that led to the Revolt began on 29-March, 1857 at

Barrackpore. Mangal Pandey (a sepoy) refused to use the greased
cartridges and single-handedly attacked and killed his officer. Mangal
Pandey was hanged. The regiment which he belonged was disbanded
and sepoys guilty of rebellion punished.
At Meerut in May 1857, some 80 sepoys of the 3rd Cavalry
regiment were sentenced to serious punishment for refusing to use the
cartridges. On May 10, 1857 the sepoys broke out in open rebellion, shot
their officers, released their fellow sepoys from prisons and headed
towards Delhi. General Hewitt. The officer commanding at Meerut was
helpless to prevent the army’s march.
The City of Delhi fell into the hands of soldiers on May 12, 1857.
Lieutenant Willtashby, the officer in charge of Delhi could not prevent
the mutineers. Soon, the mutineers proclaimed the aged nominal king,
Bahaadur Shah II of the Mughal dynasty as the Emperor of India. Very
soon the rebellion spread throughout northern and central India.
Places Lead By Suppressed By

Delhi Bahadur Shah II Combined effort of Nicholson,
(General Bakht Khan) Wilson, Baird Smith and Neville
Chamberlain
Lucknow Begum of Oudh Henry Lawrence *, Sir Colin
Campbell
Kanpur Nana Saheb Sir Hugh Wheeler#, Sir Colin
Campbell
Jhansi Lakshmi Bai Sir Hugh Rose
(joined by Tantia Tope)
Bihar Kunwar Singh
Faziabad Malauvi Ahmadullah
Note:- *  Killed in battle; #--> Surrendered

Fate of the leaders:-
Leaders Fate
Bahadur Shah II Imprisoned and deported to Rangoon where he
died naturally in 1862
Nana Saheb Fled to Nepal
Begum Hazrat Mahal Fled to Nepal
Tantia Tope Treacherously murdered in the forest of Central
India
Rani Lakshmi Bai Died in battle
Kunwar Singh Died in battle
Maulvi Ahmudallh Died in battle
The revolt came to an end with the victory of the British. Viceroy
Canning proclaimed peace throughout India.
Reasons for failure:-

Revolt failed top embrace the whole of India, it just confined to
northern and central India
Different sections of Indians (Modern Educated Indians,
moneylenders) were against the revolt
No concrete general plan
The British were aided by the new scientific inventions of the
telegraph and postal systems (thankful to Lord Dalhousie)
Significance of the Mutiny:-

Hindu-Muslim unity
Common people rose up against the British

Effect of Mutiny:-
The Indian Administration was transferred to Queen from the East
Indian Company
Viceroy came into existence instead of Governor –General. (Lord
Canning had the unique opportunity to become the Governor
General as well as the first viceroy according to the Act of 1858)
Lord Canning proclaimed the new Government at Allahabad on
01 November, 1858 (Queen’s Proclamation / Magna Carta of the
Indian people)
Disclaimed any extension of territory
Promised religious toleration
Guaranteed the rights of Indian princes
Pledged equal treatments to Indians and Europeans
Secretary of State for India in UK.
“India Council” in UK consists of 15 members + Secretary of
State for India
Viceroy was directly responsible to Secretary of State and
Secretary of State is responsible to the British Parliament.
(Secretary of State got salary from India)
What historians say about the revolt:-
“The Revolt of 1857 is a planned war of National Independence”

- V. D. Savarkar
“The Revolt of 1857 is neither a first nor National war of Independence”
- R. C. Majumudar
“The Revolt of 1857 is just a mutiny outbreak, nothing more than that”
- Sir John Lawerence
“The Revolt of 1857 was part of the struggle of Indian Independence”
- S. N. Sen
“Civil Rebellions in the Indian Mutinies”
- S. B. Chaudhry
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(02) CHARTER ACTS

There are five Charter Acts and each has its own significance.
After the revolt of 1857, form 1858, these changed into as Council of
Acts.
Charter Acts:-
# Year Noted for

I 1773 Established Supreme Court at Fort William (Calcutta)
Designated the Governor of Bengal as the Governor-General of
Bengal. Lord Warren Hastings was the first Governor-General
of Bengal.
It subordinated the Governors of Bombay and Madras to the
Governor-General of Bengal
II 1784 Pitt’s India Act 1784
Was named after the then British Prime Minister
Placed the Indian affairs under the direct control of the British
Government
Established a Board of Control over the Court of Directors
III 1793 More representatives of Indians
IV 1813 Rs. 1 lakh allotted for education
Company trade monopoly came to an end except tea and trade
with China
V 1833 It made the Governor-General of Bengal as the Governor-General
of India. Lord William Bentinck – the first Governor-General of
India.
This was the final step towards centralization in the British India
The Act ended the activities of the East India Company as
commercial body.
Complete end of company’s monopoly trade including tea and
trade with China
Abolish slavery
VI 1853 Open competitive for civil services introduced
The legislative and executive functions of the Governor-General’s
Council were separated
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(03) GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACTS

The history of constitutional development in India begins from the
passing of the Regulating Act in 1773. The Pitt’s India Act of 1784 and
the successive Charter Acts from 1793 to 1853 form part of the
constitutional changes under the East India Company’s rule.
Acts Important Provisions

East India’ Company’s rule came to an end. Indian
administration came under the direct control of the Crown
In England, the Court of Directors and Board of Control
Government of were abolished. In their place came the Secretary of State
India Act, 1858 and Indian Council. The Secretary of State would be a
member of the British Cabinet. Sir Charles Wood was
made the first Secretary of State for India. India Council
consisting of 15 members would assist him.
The Governor General of India was also made the
Viceroy of India. The first Viceroy of India was Lord
Canning.
It introduced for the first time the representative institutions
Indian Councils in India
Act, 1861 Increased the number of members in the Governor
General’s executive Council from 4 to 5.
A provision was made for the inclusion of Indians in the
Legislative Council. (Not possessed powers of
administration and finance)
Legislative councils were also established in the provinces.
Introduced the principle of elections but in an indirect
manner
Indian Councils I achievement of INC
Act, 1892 The members were allowed to discuss the budget and
criticize the financial policy of the government
Increased the number of members in the Governor
General’s executive Council- not to be less than 10 and not
to be more than 16.

Also called as Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909. (Lord

Morley – Secretary State for India & Lord Minto –
Governor-General of India)
It was passed to win the support of Moderates in the
Congress; it changed the name of the Central Legislative
Council to Imperial Legislative Council
The number of “additional members” of the Central
Legislative Council was increased to a maximum of 60
Elected members were to be 27
Principle of election to the councils was legally recognized
Communal representation was introduced for first time in
the interests of Muslims (Lord Minto  Father of
Indian Councils Communal Electorates)
Act, 1909
Separate electorates were provided for Muslims
(ultimately led to the partition of India in 1947)
The number of members in provincial legislative councils of
major provinces was raised to 50
The Councils were given right to discuss and pass
resolutions on the Budget and on all matters of public
interest. However, the Governor-General has the power to
disallow discussion on the budget
An Indian member was appointed for the first time to the
Governor-General’s Executive Council. S. P. Sinha was
the first Indian to appointed.
Two Indians were also appointed to the Indian Council in
England
Never desired to set up a parliamentary form of government
in India

Also called as Montague-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919

Dyarchy was introduced in the Provinces. (Division of Powers)
A Bicameral legislature was set up at the centre. It consists of
Council of States and the Legislative Assembly. The total
member on the Legislative Assembly was to be maximum of 145
Government of (out of which 105 were to be elected and the remaining
India Act, 1919 nominated). In the Council of States, there would be a
maximum of 60 members (out of which 34 were elected and the
remaining are nominated)
The salaries of the Secretary of State for India and his assistants
were to be paid out of the British revenues
A High Commissioner for India at London was appointed
The Act introduced, for the first time, bicameralism and direct
elections in the country
Passed on the basis of the report of Simon Commission, the
outcome of the Round Table Conferences and the White paper
issued by the British government in 1933
Provision for the establishment of an All India Federation at the
centre, consisting of the Provinces of British India and the
Princely States (It did not come into existence since the Princely
States refused to give their consent for the union)
Division of powers into three lists: Federal, Provincial and
Government of Concurrent
India Act, 1935 Introduction of Dyarchy at the Centre.
Abolition of Dyarchy and the Introduction of Provincial
Autonomy in the Provinces.
Provincial Legislatures of Bengal, Madras, Bombay, United
Provinces, Bihar and Assam were made bicameral
Extension of the principles of Separate Electorates to Sikhs,
Europeans, Indian Christians and Anglo Indians
Establishment of a Federal Court at Delhi with a Chief Justice
and 6 Judges
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(04) VICEROY & GOVERNOR GENERALS

Name Year Remarkable Events
Robert Clive 1757-1760 Founded the British Empire in India
1765-1767 Capture of Arcot in 1751 (II Carnatic War)
Recapture of Caluctta (1757)
Capture of Chandernagar (1757)
Defeat of Dutch (1757)
Defeat of Prince Ali Gauhar (1759)
Treaty of Allahabad (1765)
Dual Government in Bengal (1765)
Warren 1772-1785 Five Year Settlement (1772)
Hastings Treasury was shifted from Murshidabad to
Calcutta
Introduced Civil Court and Criminal Court in
Bengal
Abolished Dual System of Government
Founded Asiatic Society of Bengal with William
Jones in 1784
I Anglo-Maratha War (1776-1782)
II Anglo-Maratha War (1780-1784)
Rohila War (1774)
Mack 1785-1786 (Acting)
Pherson
Cornwallis 1786-1793; Father of Civil Service sin India
1805 Made Britain’s first acquisition of territory in India
by right of conquest
Raised the salaries of civil servants
Introduced the judicial system in India on the lines
of Britain
Separated judicial functions from the Collector
Created the regular police force; placed English
superintendent of police in each district
Permanent Settlement (22 May, 1793)
III Anglo-Mysore War (1790-1792)
Sir John 1793-1798 Pitt’s India Act (1794)

Shore
Wellesley 1798-1805 Adopted the expansionists and overtly
interventionist policy
Subsidiary Alliance (1798); I to be annexed was
Nizam of Hyderabad
IV Anglo-Mysore War (1799)
Foundation of Fort William College (Calcutta)
Took administration of Tanjore (Oct 25, 1799)
Treaty of Lucknow (1801)
Treaty of Bassein (1802)
He converted the English East India Company
from a mere trading organisation into a great
political power
Bengal Tiger
Converted “British Empire in India” to “British
Empire of India”
Sir George 1805-1807 Vellore Mutiny (1806)
Barlow
(acting)
Lord Minto-I 1807-1813 Treaty of Amritsar (1809)
Sent a naval expedition and conquered French
islands of Bourbon and Mauritius (1810)
Conquered Java and Cape of Good Hope from
Dutch
Conquered Singapore
Charter Act (1813)
Suppressed the lawlessness in Bundelkhand
Warren 1813-1823 Treaty of Sangoli (1816) with Nepal
Hastings Completely suppressed “Pindaris” (1818) and by
1824 the existence of Pindaris came to an end.
(Sir Thomas Hislop commanded the force)
Treaty of Poona (1817)
III Anglo-Maratha war (1817-1819)
Set up several schools
Battle of Sitabaldi, Battle of Holkar
Introduced Ryotwari System
Amherst 1823-1828 Treaty of Yandabu (1826)

Barrackpur Revolt (1824)
William 1828-1833 Reduced the salaries of the Civil Servants
Bentinck Policy of non-intervention and non-aggression
with Indian states
Opium tax
Suppression of Thugs (General Sleeman)
Employed the Indians in the British companion
low salaries
Abolition of Sati (04 Dec, 1829)
New post of Commissioners were created
Indians appointed in higher posts
Introduction of local languages in the lower
courts; English in Higher courts
Introduction of western education
Freedom to Press
Appointed a committee headed by Lord Macaulay
English became the medium of higher education
instead of Persian and Sanskrit (Government
Resolution 1835)
I Indian medical college at Calcutta
Annexed Mysore (1831); Coorg (1834)
I Governor-General to visualize a Russian threat
to India
Indus Navigation Treaty
Charter Act of 1833
I Governor-General of India
Suppression of thugs (Sir William Sleeman)
Prohibited female infanticide
Bentinck acted where other had talked
Sir Charles 1835-1836 Liberator of Indian Press
Metcalfe
Lord 1836-1842 I Afghan war (1836-1842)l; due to his failure he
Auckland was recalled
Lord 1842-1844 I Afghan war came to an end; Sindh annexed
Ellenborough
Lord 1844-1848 I Anglo-Sikh War

Hardinge Treaty of Lahore
Human sacrifices among the wild tribes of Orissa
was suppressed
A railway scheme for India was drawn up
Project of Ganga Canal was taken
Lord 1848-1856 II Anglo-Sikh war (Punjab, the last independent
Dalhousie state of India was annexed to British Empire)
II Anglo-Burma War (1852)
Doctrine of Lapse
Creation of office of Lieutenant-Governor of
Bengal (1854)
I Railway line in India (30 April, 1853)
Construction of telegraph lines (1853)
Modern postal system
The Grand Truck road was laid
The Ganga Canal was finalized in 1854
Established Engineering College at Roorkee
Widow remarriage act passed (1856)
Last Governor General
Lord Canning 1856-1862 1857 Revolt
Withdrew of Doctrine of Lapse
Indian Penal Code of Criminal Procedure (1859)
was enacted
Universities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras
founded (1857)
Indigo riots in Bengal
First Viceroy
Sir John 1864-1869 Telegraphic communications opened with Europe
Lawarence High Courts established at Calcutta, Bombay
and Madras (1865)
Extended Canal works and Railway
Lord Mayo 1869-1872 Established the department of Agriculture and
Department of Commerce
He was the only Viceroy to be murdered in office
by a convict in the Andamans in 1872
Lord Lytton 1876-1880 Arranged Delhi Darbar (1879) when the country
was suffering from a severe famine
Arms Act (1878) made it mandatory for Indians to
acquire license for arms
Passed in the infamous Vernacular Press Act
(1878)
The first famine commission (1878-80) under Sir
Richard Starchey was appointed; famine code
came into existence in 1883
Introduced uniform salts throughout British India
Abolished many import duties and supported the
Free trade policy (Seriously affected the Indian
economy)
II Afghan war (1878-80)
His Afghan policy was severely criticised
Lord Rippon 1880-1884 Father of Local Self Government
Repeal of Vernacular Press Act (1882)
I Factory Act (1881) to improve labour
conditions; the act banned the appointment of
children below age of 7 years in factories.
Appointed Hunter Commission (1882) for
education reforms
Introduced census in India
He was instrumental in the foundation of Punjab
University
Ilbert Bill controversy (abolished many import
duties)
Made peace with Afghanistan without affecting
the British prestige.
The most popular Viceroy that England ever sent to India; The Indian by and
large hailed him as “Ripon the Good”, because he was the only Viceroy who
handled the Indian problems with compassion and sympathy.
Hunter Commission:- Under the chairmanship of Sir William Hunter/ The

commission recommended for the expansion and improvement of the
elementary education. The Commission suggested two channels for the
secondary education-one was the literary education and other was vocational
education. The commission also noted the poor status of women education. It
encouraged the local bodies in villages and town to manage elementary
education. This had resulted in the extraordinary rise in the number of
educational institutions in India.
Ilbert Bill:- The Ilbert Bill controversy helped the cause of Indian nationalism.
Lord Ripon wanted to remove two kinds of law that had been prevalent in
India. According to the system of law, a European could be tried only by a
European judge or a European Magistrate. The disqualification was unjust and
it was sought to cast a needless discredit and dishonour upon the Indian-born
members of the judiciary. C.P. Ilbert, a Law member introduced a bill in 1883
to abolish this discrimination judiciary. But Europeans opposed this Bill
strongly. They even raised a fund of Rs. 1, 50, 000 and established an
organisation called the Defence Association. They also suggested it was better
to end the English rule in India than to allow the English to be subjected to the
Indian judges and Magistrates. The press in England joined the issue. Hence
Ripon amended the bill to satisfy the English in India and England. The Ilbert
Bill controversy is a high watermark in the history of Indian National
Movement. Ripon was totally disillusioned and heartbroken and he tendered
his resignation and left for England. The immediate result of this awakening
was the birth of the Indian National Congress in 1885, the very next year of
Ripon’s departure.
Lord Dufferin 1884-1888 Annexation of Upper and Lower Burma

Establishment of INC (1885)
Lord Lansdowne 1888-1894
Lord Elign 1894-1899
Lord Curzon 1899-1905 Appointed a Police Commission (1904)
under Andrew Frazer
Indian Universities Act (1904) passed
Dept of Commerce and Industry set up
Dept of Archeology and epigraphy set up
Partition of Bengal (1905)
Appointed Famine Commission
Money Order System introduced
Co-Operative Societies was established
Lord Minto II 1905-1910 Swadeshi Movement
Surat session and Split of Congress (1907)
Newspapers Act (!908)
Minto_Morley reforms
Foundation of Muslim League (!906)
Lord Hardings II 1910-1916 Transfer of capital from Calcutta to Delhi
Darbar in Delhi; coronation of George V and
Queen
Annulment of the Partition of Bengal
Lord Chelmsford 1916-1921 Lucknow pact (1916) b/w INC and Muslim
League
Arrival of Gandhi
Champaran Satyagarha (1916)
Montague’s August Declaration (1917)
Government of India Act (1919)
Repressive Rowlatt Act (!919)
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919)
Khilafat Movement
Non-Cooperation Movement
Lord Reading 1921-1926 Repeal of Press Act, Rowlatt Act

Chauri-Chaura Incident
CPI founded (1921)
Holding simulataneous exam for ICS in
England and India (1923)
Violent Moplah rebellion at Kerala (1921)
Lord Irwin 1926-1931 Simon Commission (1927)
Nehru Report (1928)
Lahore session of CongressPoorna Swaraj
Declaration
Civil Disobedience Movement (1930)
Dandi March
Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931)
I Round Table Conference
Lord Willingdon 1931-1936 II Round Table Conference
Communal Award
III Round Table Conference
Government of India Act, 1935
Burma separated from India (1935)
Lord Linlithgow 1936-1943 I General Election (1936-37)
Forward Bloc formed (1939)
Lahore resolution (1940)
August Offer (1940)
Cripps Mission (1942)
Quit India Movement (1942)
Lord Wavell 1943-1947 Wavell Plan
Shimla Conference
INA Trials
Naval Mutiny
Direction Day by Muslim League (16-Aug-
1946)
Lord 1947 Partition of India; India independence
Mountbatten
C 1948-1950 First and Last Indian Governor-General
Rajagopalachari
======================================
(05) VELLORE MUTINY

In Vellore, the native sepoys rose revolt in 1806. This
incident differs form other rebellions. The other rebellions were held by
various native rulers while that of the Vellore rebellion was organized by
the sepoys. The earlier rebellion had only regional interests. Every prince
wanted to safeguard their own kingdom at any cost. But Vellore mutiny
was the result of spontaneous outflow of the feelings of the sepoys who
served under the Company. It was a protest by the sepoys against the
Company.
Causes for the rebellion:-
The Sepoys were forced to serve under the Company since their
earlier patrons (the native chieftains) were all disappearing from
the scene.
The strict discipline, new uniforms, new weapons, practice and
new methods were all new to the sepoys.
Sir John Cradock, the commander-in-chief, with the approval of
Lord William Bentinck, the Governor of Madras introduced a
new form of turban, resembling a European hat.
Wearing ear rings and caste marks also strictly prohibited
Sepoys were asked to shave the chin and to trim the moustache.
The sepoys felt that these were designed insult them and their
religious and social traditions. There was a loss a popular belief
that this was the beginning of a process by which all of them
would be converted to Christianity
The English treated the Indian sepoys as their inferior. There was
a racial prejudice. This was the psychological base for the sepoy
mutinies in India during the company’s rule.
On June 17, 1806, a sepoy of the 1 st regiment named Mustapha Beg,

secretly informed his commanding officer, Colonel Forbes, that a plot
had been planned for the extermination of the European officers and
troops. But this was not taken seriously. On the eve of the Mutiny at
Vellore, Fettah Hyder, the first son of Tipu, tried to form an alliance
against the English and sought the help of Marathas and the French.
There was the desire to revive the old Muslim rule in the region. The
sepoys were aware of the tragic end of Puli Thevar, Kattaboman, Tipu
Sultan and others.
On July 10, 1806, in the early morning the native sepoys of 1st and
the 23rd regiments started the revolt. Colonel Fancourt who
commanded the garrison, was their fist victim. Colonel Me Kerras of
the 23rd regiment was shot down on the parade-ground. Major
Armstrong was the next officer to be killed during the mutiny. Major
Cootes, who was outside oif the fort dashed to Ranipet and informed
Colonel Gillespie.
Meantime, the rebels proclaimed Futeh Hyder, Tipu’s first son as
their new ruler and hoisted tiger-striped flag of Tipu Sultan, but the
uprising was swiftly crushed by Col. Gillespie. 800 Indian soldiers were
found dead in the fort alone. 600 soldiers were imprisoned. Tipu’s son
was sent to Calcutta.
Failure of the revolt:-

No proper leadership
Mutiny was not well organized
But this mutiny was the starting point of a new era of the resistance of he
sepoys to the British rule.
What historians say about the revolt:-
“Vellore Mutiny of 1806 is the prelude to the first war of India

Independence in 1857”
- V. D. Savarkar
“Tamils had taken the real lead in the Indian freedom struggle”
- N. Sanjivi
“Vellore Mutiny was a continuation of Marudu Brothers’ resistance
movement against the colonial rule”
- K. Rajayyan
“Vellore mutiny of 1806 not lead to 1857 revolt”
- K. K. Pillai
======================================
SOCIO-RELIGIOUS
(06)
REFORM MOVEMENTS IN
INDIA
In the 19th century India witnessed a strong wave of reformation
activities in religion and society. The Indians were inspired by the
western ideas of reason, equality, liberty and humanity. They wanted to
revive the past glory and started various social and religious reform
movements and tried to remove the social evils. These socio-religious
reform movements ware called as the Indian Renaissance movements.
Raja Rammnohan Roy:-

A pioneer in the Indian renaissance movement. He was born in a
rich family in Bengal. He learned the languages of Arabic, Sanskrit,
Persian, Latin, Greek, Hebrew, English, Hindi and Bengali. He wrote
books, some of them to mention are- “Precepts of Jesus Christ”, “The
Guide to Peace and Happiness”. He joined the service of East India
Company in 1805 and continued the same up to 1814. He went to
England to the cause of the Mughal Emperor Akbar II for an enhanced
allowance. He was given the title “Raja” by Akbar II. He was called as
“Herald of New Age” in India. It was due to his effort that Lord
William Bentinck passed the Sati Prohibition Act in 1829. He also
fought against polygamy and child marriage and supported inter-caste
marriage and widow remarriage. He tried to obtain a respectable
position for women in the Indian society. He encouraged the study of
English language and the Western Science in India. He was called as
First Modern Man of India. He was died in 1833 at Bristol.
He founded Atmiya Sabha (1815). The work of Atmiya Sabha
was carried out by Maharishi Debendranath Tagore (father of
Rabindranath Tagore). He only renamed Atmiya Sabha as Brahmo
Samaj (1828). The Brahmo Samaj believed in “Universal Religion”
based on the principle of one supreme God. The Brahmo Samaj
condemned idol worship, costly rites and rituals, caste distinctions,
untouchability and the practice of Sati. In 1817, Raja Rammohan Roy
founded the Hindu College (now Presidency College, Calcutta) along
with David Hare, a missionary.
Raja Rammohan Roy started the first Bengali weekly Samvad

Kaumudi and edited a Persian weekly Mirat-ul-akhbar. He stood for the
freedom of press.
After the death of Raja Rammohan Roy, the work of the Samaj
was carried by great men like Keshab Chandra Sen and Devendranath
Tagore. Due to the efforts of Keshab Chandra Sen, an act was passed in
1872. It abolished polygamy and child marriage.
Atmaram Pandurang:-
Dr. Atmaram Pandurang founded Prarthana Samaj in 1867. It
was an off-shoot of Bramo Samaj. This samaj advocated various social
reforms. It advocated inter-dining, inter-caste marriage, widow re-
marriage, improvement of women, downtrodden classes and the
abolition of Purdha System and Child marriage. The Samaj founded
night schools and orphanages. Mahadeva Govinda Ranade and R. G.
Bhandarkar joined it in 1870. Ranade devoted his hole life to the
promotion of the Samaj and also promoted the Deccan Education
Society.
Swami Dayananda Saraswati:-

Swami Dayananda Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj in 1875.
His original name was Mul Shankar. He mastered the Sanskrit and
became the disciple of Samwi Virjananad. His motto was “Go back to
Vedas”. He started “Suddhi Movement”, a ritual to convert the Hindus
who had been converted too other religious earlier. His followers were
Lala Lajpat Rai, Lala Hansraj and Pandit Guru Dutt. His principles and
philosophy deeply influenced the great leaders like Bala Gangadhara
Tilaka and Gopala Krishna Gokhale. He was the first India who
preached the gospel of Swadeshi and India for Indians. He was often
described as Martin Luther of Hinduism. He wrote the book called
Satyartha Prakash which contains his ideas.
The Arya Samamj opposed child marriage, Polygamy, purdha
system,. Casteisma nd sati and advocated women education, inter-caste
marriage and inter-dining, The Samaj started a number of schools all
over the country to impart English and Vedic education, called
Dayananda Anglo-Vedic (DAV) schools and colleges. The first DAV
school was founded in 1886 at Lahore.
The Theosophical Society:-

The Theosophical Society was founded by Russian lady Madmae
Blavatsky and an American Colonel Henry S. Olcott in USA (New
York) to preach about God and Wisdom (“Theos” means God and
“Sophos” means wisdom). The main principles of the society were to
develop the feeling of fraternity, to study ancient religions and
philosophy and science, to find out the laws of Nature and development
of divine power in man.
Mrs. Annie Besant became the President of this society in 1893.
She founded Central Hindu College at Benaras along with Madan
Mohan Malaviya (Later developed as Benaras Hindu University; now it
is an IIT). Annie Beasant started a newspaper New India and spread the
theosophical ideas. She started Home Rule League Movement to attain
self government for Indians. The headquarters of this movement was at
Chennai (Adayar).
Ramakrishna Mission:-
It was named after Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa. His vision is
that there is only one God and the different forms of God are only but
different manifestations.
The Ramakrishna Mission was founded by Swami Vivekananda
on May 01, 1897, the chief disciple of Sri Ramakrishna. The mission
worked on health care, disaster relief, rural management, tribal welfare,
elementary and higher education and culture.
The real name of Swami Vivekananda was Narendranath Duta.
His speech “Sisters and Brothers of Universe” at Chicago in 1893 is
world famous. He proclaimed Renunciation and Service as the two fold
national ideals of modern India and Ramakrishna Mission strives to
practice and preach these ideas. He said that Service to poor is Service
to God.
Young Bengal Movement:-

Henry Vivian Derozio was the founder of the Young Bengal
Movement. He was born in Calcutta in 1809. His followers were known
as Derozians and their movement was the Young Bengal Movement.
They attacked old traditions and decadent customs. They also advocated
women’s education and their rights. Henry Vivian Derozio died in 1833
due to cholera.
Jyotiba Phule:-
Jyotiba Phule belonged to a low caste family in Maharashtra. He
waged a life-long struggle aginst upper-cste domination. In 1873 he
founded the Satyashodak Samaj to fight against the caste system. He
pioneered the widow remarriage movement in Maharashtra and worked
for the education for women. He established the first Girls school in
Poona in 1851.
Sikh Reform movements:-

Nirankari Movement: Founded by Baba Dayal Das. He insisted the
worship of God as nirankar (formless)
Namdhari Movement: Founded by Baba Ram Singh. His followers
wore white clothes and gave up meat eating.
======================================
(07) INDIAN NATIONAL

MOVEMENT
(Moderates Period 1885-1905)
Indian National Congress:- Allan Octavian Hume, a retired civil
servant of the British Government took the initiative to form an all-India
organization. Thus, the Indian National Congress was founded and its
first session was held in Bombay in 1885. W. C. Banerjee was its first
President. A. O. Hume, dominated the INC till 1892 as its General
Secretary.
According to the Safety Value Theory, the INC was created by
British Viceroy (Dufferin) acting through a British ex-civilian (Hume), to
act as a “safety valve” against popular discontent. This theory has
however been discredited.
In 1887, Dufferin said that INC is just a microscopic minority of
the people of India. During the early years of its existence, the congress
passed resolutions on broadly three types of grievances – Political,
Administrative and Economic.
Political Demand:- The principal political demand was for reform of
legislative councils – to give them greater powers (of budget discussion
and interpellation, for instance) and to make them representative. There
was also a demand for the start of a local self-government.
Administrative Demand:- Among the administrative reforms, the
principal demand was for Indianisation of services through simultaneous
ICS examinations in England and India. Apart from this, the separation
of judiciary, repeal of Arms Act, higher jobs in the army fro Indians were
some other demands
Economic Demand:- The economic issues raised were based on the
Drain Wealth Theory propounded by Dadhabhai Naoroji. The demand
was for inquiry into India’s growing poverty and famines, cuts in home
charges and military expenditure, abolition of salt tax and sugar duty.
The early nationalist, called moderates, believed that their demands
were so reasonable and just that the British government could be
persuaded to concede them. They did not want to severe the British
connection but to impart a national character to the British rule. In 1889,
a British committee of INC was formed. In 1890, this committee

started a journal called India.
Some of the moderates are:- W. C. Banerjee, Surendra Nath
Banerjee, Dadabhai Naoroji, Feroze Shah Mehta, Gopalkrishna
Gokhale, Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, Badruddin Tyabiji, Justice
Ranade and S. Subramanya Aiyar
Surendranath Banerjee was called as the Indian Bismark. He firmly
opposed the Partition of Bengal. He founded the Indian Association
(1876) to agitate for political reforms. He had convened the Indian
National Conference (1883) which merged with INC in 1886.
G. Subramanya Aiyar preached nationalism through Madras
Mahajana Sabha. He also founded The Hindu and Swadesamitram.
Dadabhai Naoroji was known as the Grand Old Man of India. He is
regarded as India’s unofficial Ambassador in England. He was the first
Indian to become a Member of the British House of Commons. In his
Drain Theory, he showed how India’s wealth was going away to
England. The British Government was forced to appoint the Welby
Commission, with him as the first Indian as its member, to enquire into
the matter.
Gopal Krishna Gokhale was regarded as the political guru of Gandhi.
In 1905, he founded the Servants Society of India to train Indians to
dedicate their lives to the cause of the country.
Summit Year Venue President

I 1885 Bombay W. C. Banerjee
II* 1886 Calcutta Dadhabhai Naoroji
III 1887 Madras Badruddin Tyabji (I Muslim)
IV 1888 Allahabad George Yule (I Englishmen)
Note:- *  All India National Conference founded in 1883 merged with
INC
Some other societies / associations:-
Associations/ Societies Year Founded by

Landholders Society, Calcutta 1838
Bengal British Indian Society 1843
British Indian Association 1851
Madras Native Association 1852
Bombay Native Association 1852
East India Association, London 1866 Dadhabhai Naoroji
Poona Sarvajanik Sabha 1870 Justice M. G. Ranade,
S H Chiplunkar, Ganesh Vasudev Josti
Madras Mahajana Sabha 1884 Veeraragavachari, G. Subaramyan
Iyer, Ananda Charlu
Bombay Presidency Association 1885 Badruddin Tyabji, K. T. Telang
Indian Association of Calcutta 1876 Anand Mohan Bose, Surendranath
Banerjee
Partition of Bengal (1905) by Lord Curzon

Proposed in 1903
Executed in 1905 (October 16)
Annulled in 1911
Why Curzon partitioned Bengal? There are three main reasons for
this.
 To break the growing strength of Bengali nationalism since Bengal
was the base of Indian nationalism
 To divide the Hindus and Muslims in Bengal
 To show the enormous power of the British government in doing
whatever it liked
On 15 Aug 1906, a National Council of Education was set up. A
National College with Aurobindo Ghose as Prinipal was started in
Calcutta.
1905 INC Summit was presided over by Gopalkrishna Gokhale
1906 INC Summit was presided over by Dadhabhai Naoroji
======================================

MOVEMENT
(Swadeshi Period 1906-1916)
The period from 1905 is known as the era of extremism. The
extremists or the aggressive nationalist believed the success could be
achieved through bold means. The important extremist leaders were
Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and
Aurobindo Ghosh. The main objective of Extremists was to attain
Swaraj or complete independence and not just self-government.
Cause for the rise of extremism:-

The failure of the moderates to win any notable success other than
the expansion of the legislative councils by the Indian Councils
Act (1862)
The famine and plague of 1896-97 which affected the whole
country and the suffering of the masses
The economic conditions of the people became worse
The ill-treatment of Indians in South Africa on the basis of colour
skin
The Russia-Japanese war of 1904-05 in which Japan defeated the
European power Russia. This encouraged Indians to fight against
the European nation, Britain.
The immediate cause for the rise of extremism was the reactionary
rule of Lord Curzon
The methods used by the extremists were:-
Not cooperating with the British governments by boycotting
government courts, schools and colleges
Promotion of Swadeshi and boycott of foreign goods
Introduction and promotion of national education
Bal Gangadhar Tilak is regarded as the real founder of the popular

anti-British movement in India. He was known as “Lokmanya”. He
attacked the British through his weeklies The Mahratta and The Kesari.
He was jailed twice by the British for his nationalist activities and in
1908 deported to Mandalay for six years. He set up the Home Rule
League in 1916 at Poona and declared “Swaraj is my birth-right and I

will have it”
Lala Lajpat Rai is popularly known as the “Lion of Punjab”. He
played an important role in Swadeshi movement. He founded the
Indian Home Rule League in USA in 1916. He was deported to
Mandalay on the ground of sedition. He received fatal injuries while
leading a processing against the Simon Commission and died in 1928.
Bipin Chandra Pal began his career as a moderate and turned an
extremist. He preached nationalism through the nook and corner of
India by his powerful speeches and writings.
The aggressive nationalist forced Dadabhai Naoroji to speak of

Swaraj (which was not a demand of moderates) in the Calcutta session
of Congress. The adopted the resolutions of Boycott and Swadeshi. The
Moderate congressmen were unhappy. They wanted Swaraj to be
achieved through the constitutional methods. The difference led to the
split of congress in Surat session of Congress in 1907 (Surat Split). The
extremists came out of the Congress led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
Moderates failure and Extremists success:- The Swadeshi movement

was a great success. In Bengal, even the landlord’s joined the movement.
The women and students took to picketing. Students refused using books
made of foreign papers. The government adopted several tough
measures to crush the spreading of extremists success but ended in
failure.
Achievement of Extremists:-
They were the first to demand Swaraj as a matter of birth right
They involved the masses in the freedom struggle and broadened
the social base of the National movement
They were the firt to organize an all-India political movement
Formation of Muslim League: In December 1906, Muslim delegates

from all over India met at Dacca for the Muslim Educational
Conference. Taking advantage of this occasion, Nawab Salimullah of
Dacca proposed the setting up of an organisation to look after the
Muslim interests. Thus, All-India Muslim League was finally set up on
December 30, 1906. Like INC, they conducted annual sessions and put
their demands to the British government. Their first achievement was

the separate electorates for the Muslims in the Minto-Morley reforms.
Lucknow Pact: Lucknow Pact (1916) is the major turning point in the
Indian freedom struggle. The divided congress became united. An
understanding for joint action against the British was reached between
the Congress and the Muslim league and it was called the Lucknow
Pact. Thus it marked the important step in the Hindu-Muslim unity.
Home Rule Movement: Two Home Rule Leagues were established, one
by Tilak at Poona in April 1916 and the other by Mrs. Annie Besant at
Madras in September 1916. The aim of the movement was to get self-
government for India within the British Empire. It believed freedom was
the natural right of all nations. On Aug 20, 1917, Montague, the
Secretary of State in England, made a declaration in the Parliament of
England on British Government’s policy towards future political reforms
in India. He promised the gradual development of self-governing
institutions in India. This August Declaration led to the end of the
Home Rule Movement.
Revolutionary Organisations:
Anusilan and Jugantar (Bengal)
Abhinava Bharat (Maharashtra) by Savarkar brothers
Bharathmatha Association (Madras) by Nilakanta Bramachari
Ghadar Party (USA) by Lala Hardyal
In Punjab Ajit Singh set up a secret society to spread revolutionary ideas
among the youth. In Londo, at India House, Shyamji Krishna Verma
gathered young Indian nationalists like Madan Lal Dhingra, Savarkar,
V. V. S. Iyer and T. S. S. Rajan.
======================================

MOVEMENT
(Gandhian Period 1917-1947)
The third and final phase of the Nationalist movement (1917-1947)
is known as the Gandhian era. During this period, Mahatma Gandhi
became the undisputed leader of the National movement. His principles
of non-violence and Satyagraha were employed against the British
government. Gandhi made the nationalist movement a mass movement.
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on October 02, 1869 at
Porbandar, Gujarat. He studied his law degree in England. He returned
to India in 1891. In April 1913, he went to South Africa and involved
himself in the struggle against apartheid for twenty years. Finally, he
came to India in Jan 09, 1915 (this day now being celebrated as NRI
Day in India).
Gandhi’s initial protests:-
Champaran, Bihar (1917)  against the oppressive European
indigo planters
Kheda, Gujarat (1918)  in support of peasants who were not
able to pay land tax due to failure of crops. {Sardar Vallabhai Patel
emerged as one of the trusted followers of Gandhi in this event}
Ahmedabad Mill workers (1918)  fast unto death
Rowlatt Act (1919): This act made Gandhi popular throughout the
country.
What is Rowlatt Act? As per this act, any person could be arrested on
the basis of suspicion. No appeal or petition could be filed against such
arrests. This act was called as the black Act and it was widely opposed.
An all-India hartal was organized on 06 Apr, 1919. Meetings were held
all over the country. Gandhi was arrested.
Khilafat Movement:- The chief cause of the Khilafat movement was

the defeat of Turkey in the I World War. The harsh terms of the Treaty
of Serves (19120) was felt by the Muslims as a great insult to them. The
whole movement was based on the Muslim belief that the Caliph (the
Sultan of Turkey) was the religious head of the Muslims all over the
world. The Muslims in India were upset over the British attitude against
Turkey and launched the Khilafat Movement.
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, M. A. Ansari, Saifuddin Kitchlew
and the Ali Borthers were the prominent leaders of this movement. A
Khilafat Committee had been formed and on Oct 19, 191 the whole
country had observed the Khilafat Day (Oct 19). On Nov 23, 1919 a
joint conference of the Hindus and the Muslims had also been held
under the chairmanship of Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi was particularly
interested in bringing the Hindus and the Muslims together to achieve
the country’s independence. Subsequently, the Khilafat movement
merged with the Non-Cooperation movement launched by Gandhi in
1920.
Non-Cooperation Movement:- Gandhi announced his plan to begin

Non-Cooperation with the government as a sequel to the Rowlatt
Act, Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the Khilafat Movement. It was
approved by the INC at the Nagpur session in Dec 1920.
The movement began with Mahatma Gandhi renouncing the
titles, which were given by the British. No leader of the Congress came
forward to contest the elections for the legislatures. In 1921,
demonstrations were held against the Princess of Wales during his tour
of India. But the whole movement was abruptly called off on Feb 11,
1922 by Gandhi following the Chauri Chaura incident in the
Gorakhpur district of U.P. 22 policemen were burnt to death.
Significance of the Non-Cooperation movement:-
It was the real mass movement with the participation of different
sections of Indian society such as peasants, workers, students,
teachers and women
It witnessed the spread of nationalism to the remote corners of
India
It also marked the height of Hindu-Muslim unity as a result of the
merger of Khilafat movement
It demonstrated the willingness and ability of the masses to endure
hardships and make sacrifices
The suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement led to a split

within Congress in the Gaya session of the Congress in Dec 1922.
Leaders like Motilal Nehru and Chittranjan Das formed a separate
group within the Congress known as the Swaraj Party on Jan 01, 1923.
Motilalal Nehru became the leader of the party.
Nehru Report (1928):- The Secretary of the State Lord Birkenhead,

challenged the Indians to produce a Constitution that would be
acceptable to all. The challenge was accepted by the Congress, which
convened an all party meeting on Feb 28, 1928. A committee consisting
of 8 was constituted to draw up a blueprint for the future Constitution of
India. It was headed by Motilal Nehru. This is known as Nehru report.
Salient features of the Nehru Report:-
Dominion status as the next immediate step
A bicameral legislature at the centre
Clear cut division of power b/w the Centre and the
provinces (States)
Full responsible government at the centre
Autonomy to the provinces
The leader of the Muslim League, Mohammad Ali Jinnah
regarded it as detrimental to the interest of the Muslims. Jinnah
convened an All India Conference of the Muslims where he drew up a
list of Fourteen Points as Muslim league demand.
As the government failed to accept the Nehru Report, the INC
gave a call to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934):- The INC session at

Lohore (1929) headed by Jawaharlal Nehru passed the Poorna Swaraj
resolution. The INC has observed Jan 26, 1930 as the Independence
Day (Hence only, India’s republic came into effect on Jan 26, 1950
though all works was finished on Jan 26, 1949 itself). Since then, Jan 26
had been observed as a day of independence every year.
As January 26 is an important day in the freedom movement of

India.
Dandi March (1930):- On Mar 12, 1930 Gandhi began his famous
march to Dandi with his chosen 79 followers to break the salt laws. He
reached the coast of Dandi on Apr 05, 1930 after marching a distance of
200 miles and on Apr 06, 1930 formally launched the Civil
Disobedience movement by breaking the salt laws.
The Civil Disobedience Movement was launched on April 06,

1930.
The movement spread to all parts of the country. Students,

workers, women, farmers and all participated in this movement with
great enthusiasm. British government arrested all the important leaders
of the INC.
Round Table Conference:- British came with the concept of Round

Table of Conference to suppress the movement. The First Round Table
Conference was held in Nov 1930 at London and it was boycotted by
INC. In Jan 1931, in order to create a conductive atmosphere for talks,
the government lifted the ban on INC and released its leaders from
prison. On Mar 08, 1931 the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed. As per this
pact, Gandhi agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience movement and
participate in the second Round Table conference. Gandhi returned to
India with disappointment as no agreement could be reached ion the
demand of complete independence and on the communal question. The
Civil Disobedience movement was resumed in 1932.
As per the Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931), Gandhi agreed to suspend
the Civil Disobedience Movement and participate in the Second
Round Table Conference.
Poona Pact (1932):- By 1930, Dr. Ambedkar had become a leader of

national stature championing the cause of the depressed people of the
country. While presenting the real picture of the condition of these
people in the first Round Table Conference, he had demanded separate
electorates for them.
B. R. Ambedkar is the only person to attend all the three Round
Table Conferences.
On Aug 16, 1932, the British Prime Minister Mr. Ramsay

MacDonald made an announcement, which came to be as the
Communal Award. As per this, the depressed classes were considered as
a separate community and as such provisions were made for separate
electorates for them. Gandhi protested against this and went on fast unto
death in the Yeravada jail on Sep 20, 1932.
Mahatma Gandhi opposed the Communal Award.
Lastly, an agreement was reached between Dr. Ambedkar and

Mahatma Gandhi. This agreement is called as Poona Act. The British
Government also approved it. As per this, 148 seats in different
provincial legislatures were reserved for the depressed classes in place of
71 as provided in the communal award.
The third Round Table Conference came to an end in 1932.
The Congress once more did not take part in it. Nonetheless, in March
1931, the British government issued a white paper, which became the
basis for the enactment of the Government of India Act, 1935.
Second World War & India’s freedom movement:- In 1936 elections

were held under the provisions f the Government of India Act, 1935.
Congress ministries were formed in seven states of India. The Second
World War broke out on Sep 01, 1939. The British government without
consulting the people of India involved in the country in the war. The
INC vehemently opposed it and as a mark of protest the Congress
ministries in the Provinces resigned on Dec 12, 1939. The Muslim league
celebrated that day as the Deliverance Day. On Mar, 1940, the Muslim
league demanded the creation of Pakistan.
During the course of the Second World War in order to secure the
cooperation of the Indians, the British government made an
announcement on Aug 08, 1940. This is called as August Offer. This
offer envisaged that after the war a representative body of Indians would
be set up to frame the new Constitution. Gandhi was not satisfied with
this offer and decided to launch Individual Satyagraha. Individual
Satyagraha was limited, symbolic and non-violent in nature and it was
left to Mahatma Gandhi to choose the Satyagrahis. Acharya Vinoba
Bhave was the first to offer Satyagraha and he was sentenced to three
months imprisonment. Jawaharlal Nehru was the second Satyagrahi
and imprisoned for four months. The individual Satyagraha continued

for nearly 15 months.
Cripps Mission (1942):- Viceroy Lord Linlithgow expanded his

Executive Council by including five more Indians into it in July 1941.
However, in the midst of worsening wartime international situation, the
British Government in its continued effort to secure Indian cooperation
sent Sir Stafford Cripps to India on Mar 23, 1942. This is known as
Cripps Mission.
Recommendations of the Cripps Commission:-
Protection of minorities
Promise of dominion status to India
Setting up of a Constituent Assembly in which there would
be representatives from the Princely States along with those
of the British Provinces
There would be provision for any Province of British India
not prepared to accept this Constitution, whether to retain is
present constitutional position or frame a constitution of its
own
Mahatma Gandhi called Cripps Mission as “post-dated cheque”
The major political parties rejected the Cripps proposals. Gandhi

called Cripp’s proposals as a “Post-dated Cheque”. The Muslim League
was also dissatisfied as its demand for Pakistan had not been conceded
in the proposal.
Quit India Movement (1942-1944):- The failure of the Cripps Mission

and the fear of an impending Japanese invasion of India led Mahatma
Gandhi to begin his campaign for the British to quit India. Gandhi
believed that tan interim government could be formed only after the
British left India and the Hindu-Muslim problem sorted out.
The INC met at Bombay on Aug 08, 1940 and passed the most
famous Quit India Resolution. On the same day, Gandhi gave his call
of “Do or Die”. Almost all the leaders of the INC arrested. For once,
this pre-planned action of the government left the Indian people without
leadership. At this time, leadership was provided by Ram Manohar
Lohia, Achyuta and S. M. Joshi. The role of Jayaprakash Nararin in
this movement was important. Large number of students also left their
schools and colleges to join the movement. The youth of the nation
participated in this movement with patriotism. Strikes, demonstrations
and public meetings were organised in various towns and cities. Slowly
the movement reached the rural areas. In 1943, the movement gained
further momentum as such there were armed attacks on government
buildings in Madras and Bengal. Mahatma Gandhi was released in 1944.
Quit India Movement paved the way for India’s freedom.
Cabinet Mission (1946):- After the Second World War, Lord Atlee
became the Prime Minister of England. On Mar 15, 1946 Lord Atlee
made a historic announcement in which the right to self-determination
and the framing of a Constitution for India was conceded. Consequently,
three members of the British Cabinet – Pathick Lawerence, Sir Stafford
Cripps and A. V. Alexander- were sent to India.
Recommendations of the Cabinet Mission:-
Provision was made for the three groups of provinces to
possess their separate constitutions
Proposed the formation of a Union of India, comprising
both the British India and Princely States
Union would remain in charge of only foreign powers,
defence and communications leaving the residuary powers o
be vested in the provinces.
Proposed for an interim government, which would remain
in office till a government was elected on the basis of the
new Constitution framed by the Constituent Assembly.
Both the INC and the Muslim League accepted the plan.
Consequently, elections were held in Jul 1946 for the formation of a
Constituent Assembly. The Congress secured 205 out of 214 General
seats. The Muslim league got 73 out of 78 Muslims eats. An Interim
Government was formed under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru on
Sep 02, 1946.
Mountbatten Plan (1947):- On Feb 20, 1947, Prime Minister Atlee

announced in the House of Commons the definite intention of the
British government to transfer power to responsible Indian hands by a
date not later than June 1948. For this, Lord Mountbatten came to India
as the Viceroy of India.
After extensive consultations, Lord Mountbatten put forth the
plan of partition of India on June 03, 1947. The Congress and the
Muslim league ultimately approved the Mountbatten Plan. The British

government accorded formal approval to the Mountbatten Plan by
enacting the Indian Independence Act on 18 Jul, 1947.
Salient features of the Mountbatten Plan:-

Two new dominions were to be emerged form the Union of
India (India and Pakistan); British government would
transfer all powers to these two Dominions
15 Aug, 1947 was declared as the appointed date for the
partition
Radcliffe Boundary Commission drew the boundary line of
separating India and Pakistan. Pakistan came into existence on 14 Aug,
1947 and Indian came into existence on 15 Aug, 1947. Lord
Mountbatten was made the first Governor General of Independent
India, whereas Mohmmad Ali Jinnah became the first Governor
General of Pakistan and Liaquat Ali Khan became the Prime Minister of
Pakistan.
Aftermath:-
Jawaharlal Nehru became the Prime Minister and Sardar
VallabhaiPatel became the Deputy Prime Minister of India. Over 560
Princely States acceded to India. The State of Kashmir which was
expected to accede Pakistan on account of 77% Muslim majority and its
cultural and commercial links to West Punjab (Pakistan)., but whose
Hindu ruler chose to accede to India, became a disputed territory. The
States of Junagadh and Hyderabad, with majority Hindu populations but
with Muslim rulers, were annexed to India after military actions by
Indian Army soon after Lord Mountbatten left India in 1948.
======================================
(10) SUBHAS CHANDRA BOSE

Subhas Chandra Bose (also known as “Netaji” / “Respected
Leader”) was one of the most prominent Indian nationalist leaders who
attempted to liberate India from British rule during the waning years of
World War II.
He was born in Cuttack, Orissa on Jan 23, 1897. Bose’s parents:
Janakinath Bose (an advocate) and Prabhavati Devi. Bose was the ninth
child of a total fourteen siblings. Bose left India in 1919 for Great Britain
with a promise to his father that he would appear in ICS exam. He went
to study in Fitzwillaim College, Cambridge, and matriculated. He
became fourth in the ICS examination and was selected but he did not
want to work under an alien government which would mean serving
the British. He returned to India. He started the newspaper Swaraj and
took charge of publicity for the Bengal provincial congress committee.
His mentor was Chittaranjan Das who was a spokesman for aggressive
nationalism in Bengal. In 1923, Bose was elected the President of All
India Youth Congress and also the Secretary of Bengal State Congress.
He was also editor of the newspaper Forward, founded by Chittaranjan
Das. Bose worked as the CEO of the Calcutta Municipal Corporation for
Das when the latter was elected mayor of Calcutta in 1924.
In 1927, Bose became the general secretary of the Congress Party
and worked with Nehru for independence. Again Bose was arrested and
jailed of civil disobedience; this time he emerged to become the Mayor
of Calcutta in 1930. He stood for qualified Swaraj including the use of
force against the British. This meant a confrontation with Gandhi, who
opposed Bose’s presidency, splitting the INC party. Bose attempted to
maintain unity, but Gandhi advised Bose to form his own cabinet. The
rift also divided Bose and Nehru. Bose was elected as the President of
INC again over Gandhi’s preferred candidate Pattabhi Sitaramayya. U.
Muthuramamalingam Thevar strongly supported Bose in the intra-
Congress dispute. Thevar mobilised all South India votes for Bose. But
Bose resigned form the Congress presidency.
On Jun 22, 1939, Bose organised the Forward Bloc, aimed at
consolidating the political left, but its main strength was in his home
state Bengal. Muthuramalingam Thevar was disillusioned by the official
Congress leadership, and later he joined the Forward Bloc. When Bose
visited Madurai on Sep 06, 1939, Thevar organised a massive rally as his
reception.
On Jul 02, 1943, Bose reached Singapore and gave the rousing
war cry of “Dili Chalo”. He was made the President of Indian
Independence League and soon became the supreme commander of the
Indian National Army (INA). He gave the country the slogan of Jai
Hind. The name of INA’s three Brigades were,
o Subhas Brigade
o Gandhi Brigade
o Nehru Brigade
o Rani Laxmibai (Women’s wing of army)
The INA marched towards Imphal after registering its victory over
Kohima. After Japan’s surrender in 1945, the INA failed in its efforts.
Under such circumstances, Subhas went to Taiwan. Then on his way to
Tokyo he died on Aug 18, 1945 in a plane crash. The trial of the soldiers
of INA was held at Red Fort in Delhi. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru,
Bhulabhai Desai and Tej Bahadur Sapru fought the case on behalf of the
soldiers.
======================================
(11) NEWSPAPERS &

JOURNALS
# Name Year Place Founder/Editor
1 Bengal Gazette (also called 1780 Calcutta James Augustus Hickly
as Calcutta General
Advertiser) – weekly
2 India Gazette 1787 Calccutta Henry Louis Vivian Derozio
3 Indian Herald 1795 Madras R. Williams
4 Calcutta Journal 1818 Calcutta J. S. Buckingham
5 Bengal Gazette (I Bengali 1818 Calcutta Harischandra Roy
Newspaper)
6 Sambad Kaumdi – weekly 1821 Calcutta Raja Rammohan Roy
in Bengali
7 Mirat-ul-Akbar – I journal 1822 Calcutta Raja Rammohan Roy
in Persian
8 Jam-i-Jahan Numah – I 1822 Calcutta Lal Sadasukhal
paper in Urdu
9 Banga-Dutta (a weekly in 4 1822 Calcutta Raja Rammohan Roy,
langs – English, Bengali, Dwarkannath Tagore and
Persian, Hindi) others
10 Bombay Samachar (I Paper 1822 Bombay Fardoonji Murazbon
in Gujarati)
11 East Indian Henry Louis Vivian Derozio
12 Bombay Times 1838 Bombay Robert Knight, Thomas
(from 1861 onwards, The Bennett
Times of India)
13 Rast Goftar (I Political 1851 Bombay Dadabhai Naoroji
paper)
14 Hindu Patriot 1853 Calcutta Girishcndra Gosh
15 Somaprakasha (I Bengali 1858 Calcutta Dwarkanath Vidyabhushan
political paper)
16 Indian Mirror (I Indian 1862 Calcutta Devendranath Tagore
daily paper in English)
17 Bengalee 1862 Calcutta Girishcndra Gosh
18 National Ppaer 1865 Calcutta Devendranath
19 Madras Mail (I evening 1868 Madras Charles Lawson & Henry

paper in India) Cornish
20 Amrita Bazar Parika 1868 Caccutta Sisirkumar Ghosh and
(Bengali in the beginning, Motilal Ghosh
later English)
21 National Paper 1865 Calcutta Devendranath
22 Bangaadarshana 1873 Calcutta Bankimchandra Chatterji
23 Indian Statesman (later, Robert Knight
The Statesman)
24 The Hindu (started as 1878 Madras G. S. Aiyar, Viraragavachari
weekly) and Subba Rao Pandit
25 Kesari (Marathi daily) 1881 Bombay Tilak
26 Maratha (English daily) Tilak
27 Swadeshamitran Madras G. S. Aiyar
28 Paridasak (a weekly) 1886 Bipin Chandra Pal
29 Yugantar 1906 Bengal Barindra Kumar Ghosh and
Bhupendranath Dutta
30 Sandhya 1906 Bengal Brahmabandandhab
Upadhyay
31 Kal 1906 Bombay ---
32 Indian Sociologist London Shyamji Krishnavarma
33 Bande Mataram Paris Madam Bhikaji Cama
34 Talvar Berlin Virendranath Chatropadhyay
35 Free Hindustan Vancouver Taraknath Das
36 Ghadr San Ghadr Party
Francisco
37 Reshwa 1908 Ajit Singh
38 Bombay Chronicle 1908 Bombay Pherozeshah Mehta
39 The Hindustan Times 1920 Delhi K. M. Panikkar
40 The Milap 1923 Lahore M. K. Chand
41 Leader Madan Mohan Malaviya
42 Bahishkrit Bharat (Marathi 1927 B.R. Ambedkar
fortnightly)
43 Kudiarasu 1910 Periyar
44 Langal and Ganabani 1927 Bengal Gopu Chakravarti and
Dharani Goswami
45 Bandi Jivan Bengal Sachindranath Sanyal
46 National Herald 1938 Jawaharlal Nehru
47 Harijan (weekly) 1933 Mahatma Gandhi
48 Harijan Sevak Mahatma Gandhi

49 New India Annie Beasant
50 Common Wheel Annie Beasant
51 Al-Hilal Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
52 The Comrade Mohamed Ali Jinnah
53 Nation Gokhale
54 The Punjabi Lala Lajpat Rai
55 The Pupil (English) Lala Lajpat Rai
======================================
(11) CASTE MOVEMENTS

# Movement Year Place Led By
1 Satyashodak Movement 1873 Maharashtra Jyotibha Phule
2 Aravippuram Movement 1888 Kerala Shri Narayana Guru
3 Nair Movement 1891 Kerala C. V. Raman Pillai and
others
4 Kaivarta’ Movement 1897 Bengal Mahishyas
5 Justice Party Movement 1916 Madras Dr. T. M. Nair and others
6 Congress’ Harijan 1917-
Movement
7 The Depressed Classes 1924 Maharashtra B. R. Ambedkar
Movement (Mahars)
8 Self-Respect Movement 1925 TN / Kerala Periyar
9 Nadar Movement TN
======================================
(12) INC SUMMITS

# Year Place President Other Trivias
1 1885 Bombay W. C. Banerjee
2 1886 Calcutta Dadabhai Naoroji
3 1887 Madras Badruddin Tyabji I Muslim
4 1888 Allahabad George Yule I Englishmen
5 1889 Bombay Sir William Wedderburn
6 1890 Calcutta Sir Pherozeshah Mehta
7 1891 Nagpur P. Anandacharlu
8 1892 Allahabad W. C. Bannerjee
9 1893 Lahore Dadabhai Naoroji
10 1894 Madras Alfred Webb
11 1895 Pune Surendranath Banerjee
12 1896 Calcutta Rahimtulla M. Sayani
13 1897 Amraoti Sir C.Sankaran Nair
14 1898 Madras Ananda Mohan Bose
15 1899 Lucknow Romesh Chunder Dutt
16 1900 Lahore Sir Narayan Ganesh
Chandravarkar
17 1901 Calcutta Sir Dinshaw Edulji Wacha
18 1902 Ahmedabad Surendranath Banerjee
19 1903 Madras Lalmohan Ghosh
20 1904 Bombay Sir Henry Cotton
21 1905 Benaras Gopal Krishna Gokhale
22 1906 Calcutta Dadabhai Naoroji
23 1907 Surat Rashbihari Ghosh
24 1908 Madras Rashbihari Ghosh
25 1909 Lahore Madan Mohan Malaviya
26 1910 Allahabad Sir William Wedderburn
27 1911 Calcutta Bishan Narayan Dar
28 1912 Bankipur Rao Bahadur Raghunath
Narasinha Mudholkar
29 1913 Karachi Nawab Syed Muhammad
Bahadur
30 1914 Madras Bhupendra Nath Bose
31 1915 Bombay Satyendra Prasanna Sinha
32 1916 Lucknow Ambica Charan Mazumdar

33 1917 Calcutta Annie Beasant I woman
34 1918 Delhi Madan Mohan Malaviya
35 1918 Bombay Syed Hasan Imam
(spl session)
36 1919 Amritsar Motilal Nehru
37 1920 Calcutta Lala Lajpat Rai
(spl session)
38 1920 Nagpur C. Vijayaraghavachariar
39 1921 Ahmedabad Hakim Ajmal Khan
40 1922 Gaya Chittaranjan Das
41 1923 Kakinada Maulana Mohammad Ali
42 1923 Delhi Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad
(spl session)
43 1924 Belgaum Mahatma Gandhi
44 1925 Kanpur Sarojini Naidu I Indian woman
45 1926 Gawhati S. Srinivasa Iyengar
46 1927 Madras M A Ansari
47 1928 Calcutta Motilal Nehru
48 1929 Lahore Jawaharlal Nehru
49 1930 Lahore Jawaharlal Nehru
50 1931 Karachi Sardar Vallabhai Patel
51 1932 Delhi Madan Mohan Malaviya
52 1933 Calcutta Madan Mohan Malaviya
53 1933 Calcutta Nellie Sengupta
54 1934 Bombay Rajendra Prasad
55 1935 Bombay Rajendra Prasad
56 1936 Lucknow Jawaharlal Nehru
57 1937 Faizpur Jawaharlal Nehru
58 1938 Haripura Subhas Chandra Bose
59 1939 Jabalpur Subhas Chandra Bose
60 1940-46 Ramgarh Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad
61 1947 Delhi J. B. Kriplani
62 1948-49 Jaipur Pattabhi Sitaraimayya
63 1950 Nasik Purushottam Das Tandon
======================================

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www.tnpsctamil.in 1 of 46.

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(01) THE GREAT REVOLT OF 1857

Causes of the Revolt:-

Political The discontent and disaffection manifested in the form of revolts

Beginning of the revolt:-

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The events that led to the Revolt began on 29-March, 1857 at

Places Lead By Suppressed By

Note:- *  Killed in battle; #--> Surrendered

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Fate of the leaders:-

Reasons for failure:-

Significance of the Mutiny:-

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What historians say about the revolt:-

“The Revolt of 1857 is a planned war of National Independence”

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(02) CHARTER ACTS

# Year Noted for

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(03) GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACTS

Acts Important Provisions

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Also called as Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909. (Lord

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Also called as Montague-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919

(04) VICEROY & GOVERNOR GENERALS

Sir John 1793-1798 Pitt’s India Act (1794)

Amherst 1823-1828 Treaty of Yandabu (1826)

Lord 1844-1848 I Anglo-Sikh War

Hunter Commission:- Under the chairmanship of Sir William Hunter/ The

Lord Dufferin 1884-1888 Annexation of Upper and Lower Burma

Lord Reading 1921-1926 Repeal of Press Act, Rowlatt Act

(05) VELLORE MUTINY

Causes for the rebellion:-

On June 17, 1806, a sepoy of the 1 st regiment named Mustapha Beg,

Failure of the revolt:-

What historians say about the revolt:-

“Vellore Mutiny of 1806 is the prelude to the first war of India

Raja Rammnohan Roy:-

Raja Rammohan Roy started the first Bengali weekly Samvad

Swami Dayananda Saraswati:-

The Theosophical Society:-

Young Bengal Movement:-

Sikh Reform movements:-

(07) INDIAN NATIONAL

a British committee of INC was formed. In 1890, this committee

Summit Year Venue President

Some other societies / associations:-

Associations/ Societies Year Founded by

Partition of Bengal (1905) by Lord Curzon

(08) INDIAN NATIONAL

Cause for the rise of extremism:-

Bal Gangadhar Tilak is regarded as the real founder of the popular

League in 1916 at Poona and declared “Swaraj is my birth-right and I

The aggressive nationalist forced Dadabhai Naoroji to speak of

Moderates failure and Extremists success:- The Swadeshi movement

Formation of Muslim League: In December 1906, Muslim delegates

their demands to the British government. Their first achievement was

(09) INDIAN NATIONAL

Khilafat Movement:- The chief cause of the Khilafat movement was