LEGAZPI CITY

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan

(LDRRMP)
2020-2030
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Legazpi City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) fulfills the
requirement of RA No. 10121 of 2010, which provides the legal basis for policies, plans
and programs to deal with disasters. The NDRRMP covers four thematic areas, namely,
(1) Disaster Prevention and Mitigation; (2) Disaster Preparedness; (3) Disaster
Response; and (4) Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery, which correspond to the
structure of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC).
By law, the Office of Civil Defense formulates and implements the NDRRMP and
ensures that the physical framework, social, economic and environmental plans of
communities, cities, municipalities and provinces are consistent with such plans.

The LCDRRMP is consistent with the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Framework (NDRRMF), which serves as “the principal guide to disaster risk reduction
and management (DRRM) efforts to the country….” The Legazpi City Framework
envisions a city of (“safer, adaptive and disaster resilient Filipino communities toward
sustainable development.” It conveys a paradigm shift from reactive to proactive DRRM
wherein men and women have increased their awareness and understanding of DRRM,
with the end in view of increasing people’s resilience and decreasing their
vulnerabilities.

The Legazpi City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan 2020-2030. The
NDRRMP sets down the expected outcomes, outputs, key activities, indicators, lead
agencies, implementing partners and timelines under each of the four distinct yet
mutually reinforcing thematic areas. The goals of each thematic area lead to the
attainment of the country’s overall DRRM vision, as graphically shown below.
Index of All Concerned Agencies for the DRRMP of Legazpi City

Thematic Area 1: Disaster Prevention and Mitigation

Overall responsible agency: Department of Science and Technology (DOST)

Outcome Agencies

The DOST plays a crucial role in terms of Department of Science and Technology
providing information related to weather (DOST)
and geological hazards in the Philippines,
mainly through its agencies PAGASA and
the PHIVOLCS

DRRM mainstreamed and integrated in Department of Environment and Natural

national, sectoral, regional and local Resources (DENR)
development policies, plans and budget

Provide the logistics. The primary mission Office of Civil Defense (OCD)
is providing leadership in the continuous
development of strategic and systematic
approaches as well as measures to
reduce the vulnerabilities and risks to
hazards and manage the consequences
of disasters.

Provide warnings as necessary for Philippine Institute of Volcanology and

volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
Public advisories are also ensured.

They are responsible for enhancing and Chief Society Organization (CSO)
improving physical security and,
increasingly, IT security. They must
identify organizational protection goals
and objectives, ensuring they're
consistent with their organizations'
strategic plans.

Responsible for informing and educating Department of Education (DepEd)

students and helping them prepare for
future disasters.

The primary government agency Department of Transportation and

responsible for the development and Communications (DOTC)
regulation of transportation and
communications systems.
It acts as the top coordinator of all Disaster Risk Reduction and
disaster management and the highest Management Council (DRRMC)
allocation of resources in the Philippines.

The Philippine national institution Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and

dedicated to provide flood and typhoon Astronomical Service Administration
warnings, public weather forecasts and (PAGASA)
advisories, meteorological, astronomical,
climatological, and other specialized
information and services primarily for the
protection of life and property and in
support of economic, productivity and
sustainable development.

They are primarily responsible for National Economic and Development

formulating continuing, coordinated and Authority (NEDA)
fully integrated social and economic
policies, plans and programs.

Provide accurate, timely, and relevant Philippine Information Agency (PIA)

information to enable citizens to
participate meaningfully in the democratic
process, and technical assistance to other
government agencies regarding the
communications component of their
programs through multi- media strategies.

Provide the supervision, adjudication, and National Telecommunications

control of the country's radio Commission (NTC)
communications, telecommunications,
and broadcast, including cable television
facilities and services which will help in
broadcasting necessary and relevant
information to the public.

Engineering and construction arm of the Department of Public Works and

government, tasked to undertake the Highways (DPWH)
design, construction, and maintenance of
national roads, bridges, flood control
systems, and water-resource systems.

Responsible for promoting peace and Department of the Interior and Local
order, ensuring public safety, and Government (DILG)
strengthening the capability of local
government units to effectively deliver
basic services to the citizenry.

Thematic Area 2: Disaster Preparedness

Overall responsible agency: DILG

Outcome Agencies

Responsible for promoting peace and Department of the Interior and Local
order, ensuring public safety, and Government (DILG)
strengthening the capability of local
government units to effectively deliver
basic services to the citizenry.

Ensure the protection and welfare of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and
people during the disaster. They are Management Council (NDRRMC)
responsible in planning for the natural
disasters

Develop strategic provincial and regional Albay Public Safety and Emergency
plans while enhancing response capacity Management Office (APSEMO)

Provides accurate, timely, and relevant Philippine Information Agency (PIA)

information to enable citizens to
participate meaningfully in the democratic
process, and technical assistance to other
government agencies regarding the
communications component of their
programs through multi- media strategies.

Protect citizens in any area and make Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP)
sure they are safe while upholding their
sovereignty for the country and
responsibility to support the constitution.

Ensures the quality higher education, and Commission on Higher Education (CHED)
access to quality higher education to
further educate learners about disasters.

Ensures the health and well-being od=f Department of Health (DOH)

citizens are well and taken care of by
providing lectures, seminars and other
public services to share and inform.

Provide the public with mapmaking National Mapping and Resource

services and to act as the central Information Authority (NAMRIA)
mapping agency, depository, and
distribution facility for natural resources
data in the form of maps, charts, texts,
and statistics.

Make policies and coordinate bodies that Philippine National Police (PNP)
shall conduct disaster risk reduction and
management activities through a
three-stage approach.

Convene and represent its member Union of Local Authorities of the

leagues and local governments to Philippines (ULAP)
national and sub-national policy and
program committees in continuous pursuit
of strengthening and capacitating LGUs
for local autonomy and good governance.

Develop, implement, and coordinate The Department of Social Welfare and

social protection and poverty-reduction Development (DSWD)
solutions for and with the poor,
vulnerable, and disadvantaged. They
provide affected citizens with solutions to
cope and rebuild their lives.

Conduct and administer licensure Professional Regulation Commission

examinations to aspiring professionals, (PRC)
and to regulate and supervise the practice
of the professions to form teams,
agencies and groups with utmost
knowledge.

Provide necessary prevention and Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP)

suppression of any destructive fire in
infrastructures.
Thematic Area 3: Disaster Response
Overall responsible agency: DSWD

Outcome Agencies

Provide the necessary materials and Philippine Red Cross

attendees for people injured during the
disaster.

The NDRRMC plans and leads the National Disaster Risk Reduction and
guiding activities in the field of Management Council (NDRRMC)
communication, warning signals,
emergency, transportation, evacuation,
rescue, engineering, health and
rehabilitation, public education and
auxiliary services such as fire fighting and
the police in the country.

Appears on the scene, ready to help and Philippine National Police (PNP)
guide the citizens to safety

Responsible for the overall management Provincial Disaster Management Office

while disaster is happening. Makes sure (PDMO)
that all are safe and controls how the
people evacuates out of the affected
areas.

Protect citizens in any area and make Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP)
sure they are safe while upholding their
sovereignty for the country and
responsibility to support the constitution.

Provide necessary prevention and Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP)

suppression of any destructive fire in
infrastructures.

Responsible for promoting peace and Department of the Interior and Local
order, ensuring public safety, and Government (DILG)
strengthening the capability of local
government units to effectively deliver
basic services to the citizenry.

Form and implement all plans, programs, Department of Energy (DOE)

projects, and activities of the government
related to energy exploration,
development, utilization, distribution, and
conservation.

The primary government agency Department of Transportation and

responsible for the development and Communications (DOTC)
regulation of transportation and
communications systems.

Provide leadership in strategic and Office of Civil Defense (OCD)

systematic approaches as well as
manage the consequences of disasters.
Thematic Area 4: Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery
Overall responsible agency: NEDA

Outcome Agencies

Provide shelter, housing, and relocation Provincial Social Welfare and

on affected families Development Office (PSWDO)

Responsible for public housing in the National Housing Authority (NHA)

Philippines. It is organized as a
government-owned and controlled
corporation under the Department of
Human Settlements and Urban
Development as an attached agency.

Lead the Response Cluster as the Vice Department of Social Welfare and
Chair for disaster response and Development (DSWD)
effectively lead the Philippine
Government’s Disaster Response
Operations.

An independent cabinet-level agency of National Economic and Development

the Philippine government responsible for Authority (NEDA)
economic development and planning.

Provide the logistics. The primary mission Office of Civil Defense (OCD)
is providing leadership in the continuous
development of strategic and systematic
approaches as well as measures to
reduce the vulnerabilities and risks to
hazards and manage the consequences
of disasters.

Responsible for promoting peace and Department of the Interior and Local
order, ensuring public safety, and Government (DILG)
strengthening the capability of local
government units to effectively deliver
basic services to the citizenry.

Foster a competitive and innovative Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)

industry and services sector that
contributes to job generation and
inclusive growth; and to advance the
rights and responsibilities of consumers.

Protect citizens in any area and make Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP)
sure they are safe while upholding their
sovereignty for the country and
responsibility to support the constitution.

Provide funding for rebuilding of houses Pag-iBIG

and infrastructures affected the disasters.

DRRM mainstreamed and integrated in Department of Environment and Natural

national, sectoral, regional and local Resources (DENR)
development policies, plans and budget

They are primarily responsible for National Economic and Development

formulating continuing, coordinated and Authority (NEDA)
fully integrated social and economic
policies, plans and programs.

A national government agency tasked as The Housing and Land Use Regulatory
the planning, regulatory and quasi-judicial Board (HLURB)
body for land use development and real
estate and housing regulation.

Responsible for informing and educating Department of Education (DepEd)

students and helping them prepare for
future disasters.

Provide, invent, design, analyze, build Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers

and test machines, complex systems, (PICE)
structures, gadgets and materials to fulfill
functional objectives and requirements
while considering the limitations imposed
by practicality, regulation, safety and cost.
Contents

I. The Legazpi City’s Risk Profile

II. Infectious Diseases during an Ashfall

III. Framework of Legazpi City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Plan

a. Disaster Prevention and Mitigation

b. Disaster Preparedness

c. Disaster Response

d. Disaster Rehabilitation

IV. Risk Assessment

V. Action appropriate in planning for the Risk Disaster Plan for the Sake of
Others

Annexes

A. Emergence of a Volcano
B. Types of Earthquakes caused by a Volcanic eruption
C. The relationship between the location of a volcano and an earthquake
D. Summary of the Legazpi City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Plan
 I. The Legazpi City’s Risk Profile

Information Profile
Region: Bicol Region (Region V)
Province: Albay
Barangay Count: 70
Area: 153.70 km^2 (as of 2007)
204.2 km^2 (latest update)
Population: 196,639 (as of 2015)
Density: 1,279/km^2 (as of 2015)
1,300/km^2 (latest update)

Legazpi’s Vulnerabilities:

Average Age: 15 years old and older (latest update; July 2020)
Total Population of Legazpi Albay (specifically): 1,314,826
- Male: 665,143
- Female: 649,683

Average population of People with disabilities by age group, sex:

Age Group: Both Sex: Male Female

Total 21,140 10,969 10,171

Below 15 3,660 2,040 1,620

15-64 12,429 6,828 5,601

65 and over 5,051 2,101 2,950

Disaster Risk and Vulnerability of Legazpi, Albay:

- 19-21 typhoons per year hit the Philippines with 3-5 major direct hits on Albay.
- Mayon Volcano Eruption threatens 3 cities and 5 municipalities.
- About 198,000 houses threatened by wind destruction and at least 350,000 people have
to evacuate.
- 127 villages or 11,000 to 12,000 families threatened by landslides
- About 300,000 population out of 1.2M threatened by tsunami
- Eight municipalities and two cities threatened by floods.
 Climate Change Vulnerability:

- Legazpi is very vulnerable to flooding, typhoons, as well as volcanic and seismic activity.
- Heavy rains can send mudflows of ash and debris from the volcano, known as lahar,
down the hillsides and into villages in the city.
- Earthquakes and the subsequent threat of tsunamis are additional high risks to Legazpi.
- According to the chart, it represents the Major Disaster Events in Albay Province from
1994 to 2010 with no casualties in 16 years. (Except for 2006).

How many earthquakes have hit the Bicol Region (Legazpi, Albay):

- Legazpi is part of the Bicol region, 6 earthquakes have hit the Bicol region and of course,
Legazpi, Albay is part.

Earthquakes:

- 10 days ago 4.5 magnitude, 39 km depth

- About a month ago, 4.6 magnitude, 10 km depth
- About a month ago, 4.8 magnitude, 10 km depth
- About a month ago, 6.6 magnitude, 10 km depth
- 2 months ago, 4.8 magnitude, 10 km depth
- 6 months ago, 5.2 magnitude, 36 km depth

(discalimer: All were last updated September 22 2020)

Type of Major Disaster Strength Year Persons Dead Injured Missing Total Damages by Houses,
Infrastructure, Agriculture (php)
Exposure’s of Legazpi Albay:

- As represented in the picture, it shows the typhoons and tropical storms and mayon eruption
that has occurred from 2010 to 2016. In the picture it shows that more typhoons or storms have
hit Legazpi Albay than the eruption of Mayon Volcano. Observe the funds that have been spent
on these disasters, it has reached up to millions or even billions, this shows that the disasters
that Albay has faced is very destructive and there infrastructures are not built to withstand these
disasters. But the good part in this chart is that the casualties are few, it only reached up to 23
and below.
- As represented in the picture, Legazpi City is in the bottom right of the pictures.
The nearest fault line near Legazpi is named: “Legaspi Lineament”. It is 2.6 km
away from the center of the city. And according to PHIVOLCS this specific fault
line is still active and as shown in the picture, the fault line is long enough to
cause an earthquake in the whole Bicol Region. And if there were to be an
earthquake to happen in that fault, the Bicol Region but specifically Legazpi
Albay, the whole place would feel the earthquake and it would be a challenge to
evacuate the people away from the fault line.
Framework of Legazpi City Disaster Risk Reduction Management
Plan

Thematic Area I- Disaster Prevention and Mitigation

OVERALL RESPONSIBLE AGENCY: DOST

Disaster Prevention and Mitigation provides key strategic actions to activities that
revolve around hazard evaluation and mitigation, analyses of vulnerability, identification
of hazard-prone areas and mainstreaming DRRM into development plans. It
emphasizes the need for concrete and scientific analysis of different essential
vulnerability factors, disasters, and risks and exposure to hazards.

Goal: Reduce vulnerabilities and exposure, enhance the capacities of the

community, which are steps to be taken to avoid hazards and mitigate
their potential impact.

Objectives 1. Reduce the vulnerability and exposure to all hazards in Legazpi

: City
2. The community is able to reduce their own risks and cope with the
impacts of all hazards.

Outcome 1 - Develop, implement, and integrate development policies, plans, and

budget
Lead Agency: OCD
Implementing partners: CSOs, DENR, DILG, DOST, NEDA, Local DRRMC

Outputs Activities Timeline

2020- 2024- 2028-

2023 2027 2031

1. Local DRRM 1.1 Local Government forms 100%

Councils are councils responsible for
established disaster management in the
area.

2. Local DRRM 2.1 Offices are built for 70% 100%

offices are respective councils formed.
 established 2.2 People qualified are hired 100%
(facility, for the full-time operation of
manpower, and the offices.
budget)

3. Measures to 3.1 Come up with projects 100%

reduce and programs in each
vulnerability and to barangay to increase their
increase capacity resilience to disasters.
to cope with 3.2 Have semi-annual drills in 100%
disasters are barangays and improve their
integrated in escape route.
plans, programs, 3.3 Have 2 quarterly drills in 100%
and projects. school and work facilities in
both day and night.
3.4 Government should 100%
establish restrictions and limit
building properties on areas
near the volcano and
ashfall-prone areas.

4. Impacts of risk on 4.1 Budget is spread equally 100%

development and utilized to the fullest.
programs are 4.2 Development of programs 100%
recognized in are seen in government plans.
government plans
and budget.

Outcome 2- Community based and scientific DRRM assessment, mapping,

monitoring, and analysis are conducted.
Lead Agency: OCD
Implementing partners: DepEd, DILG, DOST, DSWD, LGUs, PAGASA, NAMRIA

Outputs Activities Timeline

2020- 2024- 2028-

2023 2027 2031
 1. Facilities for DRRM 1.1 Facilities are 100%
assessment, constructed and
mapping, equipped with complete
monitoring, and materials.
analysis are 1.2 Devices are fully 100%
developed and/or functioning and used to
improved. their fullest potential.
1.3 All facilities are 100%
running full time with
manpower.

2. Micro insurance to 2.1 All collected data 100%

weathering so we from the facilities are
can be alert. transferred and
communicated to other
weathering companies to
further inform and
confirm the information
gathered.

3. Provide housing 3.1 Housing support is 70% 100%

support to citizens provided to citizens that
of legazpi can withstand long
earthquake periods like
mild earthquakes with
long duration periods.
3.2 Annual house check 100%
to maintain and improve
the structure of their
residence.

Outcome 3- Increased disaster resilience of infrastructure systems

Lead Agency: DPWH
Implementing partners: AFP, BFP, CSOs, DepEd, DILG, DOH, PNP

Outputs Activities Timeline

2020- 2024- 2028-

2023 2027 2031

1. Evacuation centers 1.1 Development of new 80% 100%

are built and/or and improved evacuation
 improved. centers are built and
easily accessed to the
public.
1.2 Food, Blankets, 100%
Clothes and other
necessary products are
stored and ready to be
used in case of
emergency.
1.3 Improve old 30% 80% 100%
evacuation centers to a
stronger and a more
stable infrastructure that
can withstand any
disaster like typhoons
and earthquakes.

2. Medical facilities 2.1 More medical, state 50% 50%

are further of the art devices and
improved and equipment are provided.
equipped with 2.2 Fully equipped 60% 100%
complete tools and ambulances are bought
materials. and distributed in all
medical facilities in
Legazpi City.

3. All infrastructures 3.1 The government will 70% 100%

are equipped with provide fire detection
devices and systems, sprinklers,
systems for security standards,
exposure to natural alarms, barriers for
perils like flood, populated areas and
fire, and electricity buildings.
hazards.

Outcome 4- Scientific Labs are built and equipped with complete materials
Lead Agency: DOST
Implementing partners: DepEd

Outputs Activities Timeline

 2020- 2024- 2028-
2023 2027 2031

1. Scientific labs are 1.1 Fundraising activities 50% 50%

constructed and are conducted for the
are available to acquisition of new and
use. advanced materials.
1.2 The lab is made 100%
available for anyone
doing research for
outbreak, viruses, or
plaques that has affected
or will affect the
population

Outcome 5- Form Special Operatives for Disaster Preparedness and First

Responders
Lead Agency: OCD
Implementing partners: DepEd, DILG, DOST, Medical teams in the area, BFP

Outputs Activities Timeline

2020- 2024- 2028-

2023 2027 2031

1. Form a team of 1.1 Special and 100%

doctors that advanced training are
specializes in held to further improve
different areas. and enhance their skills.
1.2 Assignment of 100%
personnels per area in
case of emergencies
1.3 The recruitment of 100%
doctors for the team
must have the given
requirements such as; at
least 7 years of
experience and 2 years
of specialized training.
1.4 Annual training are 100%
held for members of the
specialized team.
2. A team of EMS 2.1 Special and 100%
(Emergency advanced training are
Medical Services) held to further improve
personnels are and enhance their skills.
formed 2.2 Assignment of 100%
personnels per area in
case of emergencies
2.3 The recruitment of 100%
doctors for the team
must have the given
requirements such as; at
least 7 years of
experience and 2 years
of specialized training.
2.4 Annual training are 100%
held for members of the
specialized team.

3. Police and 3.1 Special and 100%

Firefighters are advanced training are
joined to create one held to further improve
team and enhance their skills.
3.2 Assignment of 100%
personnels per area in
case of emergencies
3.3 The recruitment of 100%
doctors for the team
must have the given
requirements such as; at
least 7 years of
experience and 2 years
of specialized training.
3.4 Annual training are 100%
held for members of the
specialized team.
Thematic Area II- Disaster Preparedness
OVERALL RESPONSIBLE AGENCY: DILG

Disaster Preparedness gives key actions that give importance to community awareness
and understanding, eventuality planning: conducting local drills, and the development of
a community disaster response plan. Risk-related information from the Prevention and
Mitigation aspect is essential in order for preparedness activities to be responsive to the
needs of the people within the area and current situation on the ground. Budget, policies
and institutional mechanisms established under the Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
aspect will be enhanced further through capacity building activities, coordination
mechanisms development among others. With these, essential services will be
implemented and ensured.
Activities in this thematic area are not linear but cyclical and anticipate improvements
over time. The behavioral change is eventually tested by how people respond to the
disasters mentioned. Local government units and communities are at the frontline of
disaster preparedness. Overall, having more prepared citizens and government is a
must.

Goal: Establish and strengthen capacities of Legazpi City to cope, anticipate

and recover from the negative effects of Volcanic Eruptions and
Earthquakes

Objectives 1. Increase the level awareness of the community to threats and

: impacts of hazards present, risks and vulnerabilities.
2. Equip necessary skills to the community to cope with the negative
impacts of a disaster.
3. Capacity of institutions are increased.
4. Develop and implement a local disaster preparedness policies,
plans, and systems.

Outcome 1- Developed and implemented comprehensive preparedness and

response policies, plans, and systems.
Lead Agency: DILG and OCD
Implementing partners: DSWD, DOST, PNP, DepEd, ULAP, Local DRRM Offices, CSOs

Outputs Activities Timeline

2020- 2024- 2028-

2023 2027 2031

1. Enhanced 1.1. Develop a well-organized 100%

strategies and and comprehensive plan for
ways, including natural disasters.
coordination 1.2. Improve infrastructures 70% 100%
mechanisms and in areas that are unstable or
infrastructure are probable to destruction
when a disaster hits

2. DRRM education 2.1. Training institutions 100%

and research implements a more advanced
through and timely course appropriate
permanent for learning along with more
 training thorough research
institutions are conducted.
improved.

Outcome 2- Communities are equipped with the necessary skills and capability to
cope with the impacts of disasters.
Lead Agency: DILG and OCD
Implementing partners: BFP, CSOs, DOH, DepEd, DSWD, PNP, PRC

Outputs Activities Timeline

2020- 2024- 2028-

2023 2027 2031

1. Increased 1.1 Students and school 100%

awareness of administrators are required to
students through conduct 2 drills per quarter.
DRRM on 1.2 Schools conduct 100%
disasters. seminars for students to learn
about DRRM on disasters
and how to properly execute
actions to be done before,
during, and after disasters
happen.

3. Increased 3.1. Develop signals and 80% 100%

coordination commands for every
through enhanced barangay for easy
incident communication.
command 3.2 Educate citizens through 100%
systems seminars on comprehending
the signals sent by officials.

4. Officials are 4.1 Give barangay officials 100%

trained and valid equipment.
well-knowledgeab 4.2. Quarterly training are 100%
le in handling held for officials to be better
disasters. prepared.

5. Citizens are 2.1. Give relocation maps to 70% 100%

better prepared. each household, 72-hour
survival kits, first aid kits
2.2. Seminars are held for all 100%
 citizens for disaster
preparedness.
2.3.Semi-annual first aid 100%
training for communities to
higher the probability of zero
casualties.

6. Food, Shelter, 3.1. After initial warnings are 100%

and necessary delivered, food and other
products are essential products that can
available to be collected are brought and
citizens. distributed in different safe
locations like evacuation
centers and post offices for
easy access.

Outcome 3- Emergency Go Bags/ 72-hour Emergency Kits are distributed and

available to all households.
Lead Agency: DOH
Implementing partners: BFP, PIA, APSEMO, DILG, DSWD

Outputs Activities Timeline

2020- 2024- 2028-

2023 2027 2031

1. Basic emergency 1.1. Food, medicine, 100%

kit essentials are flashlight, whistle, extra
present and clothes and other essentials
working. are packed inside go-bags
that can be easily picked up
and seen.

2. Protective gears 2.1. Protective gear like 100%

are provided and goggles, face shields, masks,
stored inside the and camisa de chino, which
go-bag ready for are thin long-sleeved shirts,
use. are provided in case that
ashfall is observed.
Thematic Area III- Disaster Response
OVERALL RESPONSIBLE AGENCY: DSWD

Disaster Response provides for key actions that give importance to activities done
during the actual disaster response operations. Needs assessment, search and rescue,
relief operations, and early recovery activities will be done either before the response
operations or during the disaster event. Activities which need to be completed prior to
actual response operations will be linked to activities earlier identified in the
preparedness aspect. Overall, the success and realization of this priority area rely on
the completion of the activities from the prevention and mitigation and preparedness
aspects.

This aspect includes Early Recovery. This means that the multidimensional process of
recovery begins in humanitarian programmes and catalyzes sustainable development
opportunities. Early recovery surrounds the restoration of basic services, livelihoods,
governance, security and rule of law, environment and social dimensions, and social
and emotional rehabilitation of displaced populations.

Goal: Provide ife preservation and meet basic subsistence needs of affected
populations based on acceptable standards immediately after a disaster
or during the disaster.

Objectives 1. Basic needs are provided to the affected population.

: 2. Number of preventable deaths and injuries are decreased.
3. Restore basic social services immediately.

Outcome 1- Disaster response operations are well-established

Lead Agency: DSWD
Implementing partners: AFP, CSOs, DILG, DOE, DOTC, OCD, PHIVOLCS, PAGASA,
PIA, PRC

Outputs Activities Timeline

2020- 2024- 2028-

2023 2027 2031

1. Well-established 1.1 All concerned agencies 70% 100%

system of must be equipped with
gathering complete and fully-functioning
information, materials and good manpower
reporting, and to collect, report, and
dissemination. disseminate data to people in
the area.

2. Established and 2.1. Good coordination is 60% 100%

functioning system established between different
for coordinated offices to come up with the
and efficient relief most accurate prediction by
operations. providing them with direct
communication with
concerned agencies and
offices.

Outcome 2- Integrated and coordinated Search, Rescue and Retrieval (SRR)

capacity
Lead Agency: DILG and DOH
Implementing partners: AFP, BFP, CSOs, DILG, DSWD, Philippine Red Cross,
NDRRMC, PNP, PDMO, DOTC, OCD

Outputs Activities Timeline

2020- 2024- 2028-

2023 2027 2031

1. Communities 1.1. Develop and implement a 100%

found, retrieved & system for SRR and proper
reconnected with disposal with concerned
their families. agencies.

Outcome 3- Special Operative Team comes to action

Lead Agency: OCD
Implementing partners: DepEd, DILG, DOST, Medical teams in the area, BFP

Outputs Activities Timeline

2020- 2024- 2028-

2023 2027 2031

1. The special 1.1. Trained doctors are 100%

operations team is incharge to handling on-site
the 1st to come to injuries with available medical
the site of the equipment and fully-equipped
disaster to carry ambulances.
out a smooth 1.2 EMS personnels are 100%
evacuation and tasked to roam and search
respond to on-site people who are trapped
situations and and/or need help.
problems. 1.3 The Police and 100%
Firefighters are tasked to
monitor the evacuation and
on-site activities including
fires, crimes, etc.
Thematic Area IV- Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery
OVERALL RESPONSIBLE AGENCY: NEDA

Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery aspect covers concerns related to the

employment and livelihoods, infrastructures and medical facilities, and housing and
resettlement. Recovery efforts like these are done when people are already outside of
the evacuation centers.

Operational timelines are used to give an overall guidance on the fast time element in
providing humanitarian activities for the two priority areas. Operational timeline are as
follows:

Immediate Term (IT) - Within 1 year after the occurrence of the disaster
Short Term (ST) - Within 1 to 3 years after the occurrence of the disaster
Medium Term (MT) - Within 3 to 6 years after the occurrence of the disaster.
Long Term (LT) - Beyond 6 years after the occurrence of the disaster

Goal: Restore and improve facilities, living conditions, livelihood and

 organizational capacities of affected communities, and reduce disaster
risks.

Objectives 1. To restore the people’s livelihood and continuity of economic

: activities and business.
2. To restore shelter and other buildings/infrastructures
3. Reconstruct other public utilities
4. Assist in the physical and psychological rehabilitation of persons
who were affected by the disaster.

Outcome 1- Damages, losses, and needs assessed

Lead Agency: OCD
Implementing partners: National government agencies, local offices

Outputs Activities Operational

Timeline

IT, ST, MT, LT

1. Strategic Action 1.1 Develop a plan that looks over IT

Plan the missed

2. Post Disaster Needs 2.1 The governments assess IT

Assessment

Outcome 2- Economic activities restored and strengthened

Lead Agency: OCD
Implementing partners: DILG, DTI, AFP, PICE, NEDA, DENR, Pag-iBIG, PSWDO,
DSWD

Outputs Activities Timeline

IT, ST, ML, LT

1. Livelihood 1.1 Communities affected by the MT

programs and disaster are put through livelihood
projects programs and projects that help build
back their community.
1.2 All affected houses and public MT
infrastructure are reconstructed and
improved to withstand future disasters.
 1.3 Sources of food are prioritized to IT
provide for the communities affected.
1.4 The local government will distribute IT
food and supplies right after the
citizens are settled in a safe place.

2. Credit facilities for 1.1 The government must cover all LT

affected sectors. affected sectors of the community and
restore to its original or improved state.

Outcome 3- Ashes from volcanic ashes are turned into livelihood and industrial
programs and products
Lead Agency: OCD
Implementing partners: DSWD, NEDA, DTI, DILG, DENR, PICE, DepEd

Outputs Activities Timeline

IT, ST, ML, LT

1. Livelihood 1.1 Collected ashes are used in IT

programs and creating pots and vases to restore
projects using economic activity.
ashes 1.2 Broken infrastructures are rebuilt ST
using ashes mixed in cement and/or
halo blocks.
1.3 Dikes are built, in case of dams ST
being broken, using cement and ashes
for the control of water coming/flooding
in.
IV. Risk Assessment

Assessment of a risk involves two factors. First is the probability which is the measure of
certainty that an event, or risk, will occur. The Legazpi City Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Plan project will be assigned a probability as defined in the table below.

Probability of Occurrences
Definition Meaning Value

Frequent ● Occurs frequently 5

● Will be continuously experienced
unless action is taken to change
events

Likely ● Occur less frequently if process is 4

 corrected
● Issues identified with minimal audit
activity
● Process performance failures evident
to trained auditors or regulators

Occasional ● Occurs sporadically 3

● Potential issues discovered during
focused review.

Seldom ● Unlikely to occur 2

● Minimal issue identification during
focused review

Improbable ● Highly unlikely to occur 1

Risk Impact

Catastrophic (A)
● Regulatory/Compliance violations/issues
● Inability to validate data
● Materials/resources breach
● Material delays
● Technical miscommunications
● Security/confidentiality breaches

Critical (B)
● A non-compliance finding resulting in process, or operational degradation
● A security finding requiring immediate corrective action prior to continued operation
● Reoccurring violation of any safety regulation resulting in serious injury
● Regulatory violations that pose direct consequence to the operation

Moderate (C)
● Security finding/requiring a Corrective Action Plan
● Production element errors that may pose indirect consequences to the operation
 Minor (D)
● No regulatory action anticipated
● No compliance impact anticipated
● No evident security threat affected
● Minor errors in completed project procedures
● Production errors containing quality system and / or opportunities for improvement

Negligible (E)
● No regulatory/compliance violation
● No security/confidentiality element affected
● Validated experiments
● Properly executed communications

Risk Assessment Matrix

Probability of Occurrences Catastrophi Critical Moderat Minor Negligibl

c e e

Definition Meaning Value (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

Frequent •Occurs frequently 5 5A 5B 5C 5D 5E
• Will be continuously
experienced unless
action is taken to
change events

Likely •Occur less frequently 4 4A 4B 4C 4D 4E

if process is corrected
•Issues identified with
minimal audit activity
•Process performance
failures evident to
trained auditors or
regulators

Occasion •Occurs sporadically 3 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E

 al •Potential issues
discovered during
focused review.

Seldom •Unlikely to occur 2 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E

•Minimal issue
identification during
focused review

Improbabl •Highly unlikely to 1 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E

e occur

Risk Levels:

• Risk is High for codes 5A, 5B, 5C, 4A, 4B, 3A

• Risk is Medium High for codes 5D, 5E, 4C, 3B, 3C, 2A, 2B
• Risk is Medium Low for codes 4D, 4E, 3D, 2C, 1A, 1B
• Risk is Low for codes 3E, 2D, 2E, 1C, 1D, 1E

Risk Register

The source of the risk should not be ignored however, we shall only address problems that are
presented at a grantee level and shall be conditioned to the status of Legazpi’s Risk Profile.

The following risk registers shall be classified into 3 categories:

1. Risk to General Operations

2. Risk to Program Beneficiaries
3. Risk to Building and Equipment

Risk Register to General Operations

Risk Overall Impact Mitigation

Occasional + Moderate = 3C 1. Create alternative operations

for evacuation routes
2. Provide back-up
communication devices that
can cope with strong
weathering conditions
3. Produce necessary
resources and supplies for
 program beneficiaries
Unexpected weathering (blankets, water supplies,
conditions non-perishable foods, etc.)

Occasional + Moderate = 3C 1. Multiple checkpoints with

end users and client project
manager, delivery of early
drafts.
2. Open discussion with client
about issues raised, prepare
Misunderstood requirements for change request, may
during bid, unambiguous, can’t need to absorb some cost
recover money for this from client impact

Occasional + Moderate = 3C 1. The Project Sponsor will

cooperate with the team
managers on the importance
of the project.
2. Soft book resources as early
as possible and
communicate final booking
dates after the scheduling
workshops.
3. Identify back ups for each
human resource on the
No control over staff priorities project.

Occasional + Catastrophic = 1. Include late penalties in

4A contracts.
2. Schedule shall be
communicated early
3. Check in with suppliers
Consultant or contractor delays regularly. Query ‘100% done’

Likely + Critical = 4B 1. Include penalties for

absentees during major
operations
2. Hire supplementary human
resources and back ups
before any procedures
3. Produce a responsibility flow
from supervisors to their
successors, M.I.A
staffs/personnel shall be
Insufficient/M.I.A staffs and taken over by their
personnels successors
 Likely + Critical = 4B 1. Periodic security alerts
issued to staffs/personnels
Injury to staffs/personnels 2. Health Insurance

Death of Likely + Catastrophic = 4A 1. Set up a compassionate

operatives/staffs/personnels fund

Risk Register to Program Beneficiaries

Risk Overall Impact Mitigation

Likely + Critical = 4B 1. Form patrol teams in charge

of clearing areas after
Missing family members/relatives evacuation

Likely + Catastrophic = 4A 1. Set up a compassionate

Unanticipated casualties fund

Likely + Moderate = 4C 1. Situate local foodstuffs to

safe and protected storages
2. Reduction of spending in
wasteful areas and
reallocate money to
Insufficient food and essentials for purchase more efficient
evacuees resources.

Risk Register to Buildings/Property and Equipment

Risk Overall Impact Mitigation

Occasional + Critical = 3B 1. Reinforce On-site

Emergency Generators for
certain facilities that require
electrical power (Hospitals,
Communication Stations,
etc.)
2. Provide UPS
(Uninterruptible Power
 Supply) to hardware (data
centers, telecommunication
Electricity loss due to critical and other electrical
damage on Energy Cell equipments necessary for
Site/Storages of the city operations

Improbable + Moderate = 1C 1. Insure all properties

2. Patrol of areas for
potentially lost and
uninformed evacuees
3. Restriction of certain zones
Looting of Property after evacuation

Likely + Critical = 4B 1. Prepare substitute

equipments
2. Schedule regular
inspection of inventory and
Damage/Loss of Equipment equipments

Occasional + Catastrophic = 1. Implement base isolation at

3A building foundations
2. Implement shock
absorbers via vibrational
control devices and
Collapsing buildings pendulum dampers.
V. Action appropriate in planning for the Risk Disaster Plan for the Sake of Others

Our plan is to mobilize communities and individuals alike to practice appropriate

actions before, during and after a natural disaster specifically from a volcanic
eruption.

Teamwork Feedback

● Creating a meet-up with anyone who could be involved in this project during this
stage is mandatory. Before narrowing things down, we should be sure to speak
with any employees who will be involved in this project. Seeing things from their
perspective is very beneficial for the overall work output as you will have
everything in order when it comes time to introduce the plan to your
stakeholders.

Attentiveness
 ● Attention to detail is most important to generate better outcomes. Being detail
oriented is being less likely to make minute errors or mistakes in their works. The
project managers should be able to present an error-free work by not letting
mistakes slip.
● By frequently speaking to the city's barangay officials and townspeople, the
organization is supplemented with further underlying possible viral/infectious
diseases, other health threats and risk hazards exclusively in the city.

Setting Clear Goals

*The organization will only examine possible procedures for effective planning
essentials towards the sake of others at a grantee level

● It is necessary to set specific, measurable goals. These goals serve as the

foundation of the project management plan so it’s crucial to spend enough time
figuring them out before moving on to other procedures

● For Setting Clear Goals answering these questions are recommended:

✓ Why are you creating this project?

✓ What’s the goal of it?
✓ How will this affect your stakeholders?
✓ What about your team?
✓ What are you hoping to achieve here?
✓ How will you measure that?
✓ What’s considered a success?
Defining The Project Scope

● As with setting goals, it’s important to stretch your project to the right limits. It is
not constructive to go so far that your team can’t reach its targets, such is
creating a project that doesn’t accomplish much.
● To help strike the right balance, create a project scope that is crystal clear and
outlines all of the details — both big and small.
● The project scope should also include deliverables and the deliverable schedule.

Finalization of Plans
 ● Using the feedback from your team, you’re ready to finalize your plan. This
official plan will be the one you’ll send to stakeholders so it’s important to take
time here.
● Add a section about any issues that may come up, including how you plan to
handle them. The project manager shall keep in mind that he is taking a
proactive, instead of reactive, approach. This foresight is always appreciated.
● It’s also ideal to assign roles during this phase of the project plan so the team
may work more efficiently and orderly

With the safety and health of people living in Legazpi in mind, we focus on achieving
zero casualties. As the Disaster Risk Reduction Management Organization of the
Philippines says The Disaster Risk Reduction Management Plan envisions a "safer,
adaptive and disaster resilient Filipino communities toward sustainable development.” It
conveys a paradigm shift from reactive to proactive DRRM wherein men and women
have increased their awareness and understanding of DRRM, with the end in view of
increasing people’s resilience and decreasing their vulnerabilities.

Annex A. Emergence of a Volcano

A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that

allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below
the surface. Earth's volcanoes occur because its crust is broken into 17 major,
rigid tectonic plates that float on a hotter, softer layer in its mantle.

General Formation

● Volcanoes are formed when magma from within the Earth's upper mantle works
its way to the surface. At the surface, it erupts to form lava flows and ash
deposits then the molten material hardens into rock shaping a new landform.
Over time as the volcano continues to erupt, it will get bigger and bigger.

Convergent Boundaries: Oceanic-Continental Convergent Plate Boundary

 ● When oceanic crust converges with continental crust, the denser oceanic plate
plunges beneath the continental plate. This process, called subduction, occurs at
the oceanic trenches. The entire region is known as a subduction zone.

● Subduction zones have a lot of intense earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The
subducting plate causes melting in the mantle above the plate. The magma rises
and erupts, creating volcanoes. These coastal volcanic mountains are found in a
line above the subducting plate. The volcanoes are known as a continental arc.

Convergent Boundaries: Oceanic-Oceanic Convergent Plate Boundary

● The features of a subduction zone where an oceanic plate subducts beneath

another oceanic plate are the same as a continent-ocean subduction zone. An
ocean trench marks the location where the plate is pushed down into the mantle.
In this case, the line of volcanoes that grows on the upper oceanic plate is an
island arc.
Divergent Boundaries: Continental-Continental Convergent Plate Boundary

● This occurs when the plates move apart to produce gaps that molten lava rises to
fill. Current research indicates that complex convection within the Earth's mantle
allows material to rise to the base of the lithosphere beneath each divergent plate
boundary.

Divergent Boundaries: Oceanic-Oceanic

 ● At divergent plate boundaries hot mantle rock rises into the space where the
plates are moving apart. As the hot mantle rock convects upward it rises higher
in the mantle. The rock is under lower pressure; this lowers the melting
temperature of the rock and so it melts. Lava erupts through long cracks in the
ground, or fissures.

Hot Spot

● The places known as hotspots or hot spots are volcanic regions thought to be fed
by an underlying mantle that is anomalously hot compared with the surrounding
mantle.

● Hot spot volcanoes occur far from plate boundaries. Because the hot spot is
caused by mantle plumes that exist below the tectonic plates, as the plates
move, the hot spot does not, and may create a chain of volcanoes on the Earth's
surface.

Island Arcs

● Island arcs are long chains of active volcanoes with intense seismic activity found
along convergent tectonic plate boundaries (such as the Ring of Fire). Most
island arcs originate on oceanic crust and have resulted from the descent of the
lithosphere into the mantle along the subduction zone.

Continental Arcs
 ● A continental arc is a type of volcanic arc occurring as an "arc-shape"
topographic high region along a continental margin. The continental arc is formed
at an active continental margin where two tectonic plates meet, and where one
plate has continental crust and the other oceanic crust along the line of plate
convergence, and a subduction zone develops.

Annex B. Types of Earthquakes caused by a Volcanic eruption

Volcanically triggered earthquakes have the potential to cause cracks, ground

deformation, and damage to manmade structures. They typically are much
smaller than earthquakes caused by non-volcanic sources. Two types of
volcanically generated earthquakes are volcano-tectonic (VTs) earthquakes and
long period earthquakes (LPs).

Volcanic-tectonic Earthquakes

● Volcanic-tectonic earthquakes (VTs) are, simply put, caused by slip on a fault

near a volcano. Volcanoes are often found in areas of crustal weakness and the
mass of the volcano its self adds to the regional strain. Most VT earthquakes
have nothing to do with the magmatic system of the volcano but occur in
response to regional strain exerted in an area of weak faults.

● VTs can also be generated from changes of pressure under the volcano caused
by the injection or removal of magma (molten rock) from the volcanic system.
 After the withdrawal of magma from a system, an empty space is left to be filled.
The result is a collapse of surrounding rock to fill the void, also creating
earthquakes. VT earthquakes can result in land deformation, collapse and/or
ground failure but they are usually small and leave no trace on the surface. While
these earthquakes may cause damage, they usually don't due to their small size
which produces weak shaking.

Long Period Earthquakes

● Volcanically-caused long period earthquakes (LPs) are produced by vibrations

generated by the movement of magma or other fluids within the volcano.
Pressure within the system increases and the surrounding rock fails, creating
small earthquakes.

● These earthquakes are an indication of magmatic activity and may be a

precursor to an eruption. When these earthquakes occur continuously the result
is volcanic or harmonic tremor. The volcanic tremor can be used to warn of an
impending eruption allowing people living near the volcano to be evacuated to
safer areas. This method of prediction has been used successfully to predict the
eruption in the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines.
Annex C. The Relationship between the location of a Volcano and an Earthquake

Earthquakes are caused through friction and moving of tectonic plates together,
against, and slide past each other. On the other hand Volcanoes may originate
from Hot spots, Divergent plate boundaries (such as rifts and mid-ocean ridges),
and Convergent plate boundaries (subduction zones) which erupts and causes
magma.
Moreover, since earthquakes and volcanoes usually occur near the edges of
tectonic plates, it is known that these 2 natural activities of the Earth may as well
be the cause and effect of each other.

1. Location

● A superimposed map of active volcanoes in the world on a map of earthquakes

during the past thirty years, you will see that they match perfectly. That is
because most of the volcanism and most of the seismic activity on Earth are
localised on the boundaries between tectonic plates. However, some, but not all,
earthquakes are related to volcanoes. For example, most earthquakes are along
the edges of tectonic plates. This is where most volcanoes are too. However,
most earthquakes are caused by the interaction of the plates, not the movement
of magma.

(Figure 1.1 Map of Volcanic Distributions)

 (Figure 1.2 Map of Earthquake Distributions)

● Most earthquakes directly beneath a volcano are caused by the movement of

magma. The magma exerts pressure on the rocks until it cracks the rock. Then
the magma squirts into the crack and starts building pressure again. Every time
the rock cracks it makes a small earthquake. These earthquakes are usually too
weak to be felt but can be detected and recorded by sensitive instruments. Once
the plumbing system of the volcano is open and magma is flowing through it,
constant earthquake waves, called harmonic tremor, are recorded (but not felt).

● The best example of the correlation between volcanism and seismically active
zones is the “Ring of Fire” skirting the Pacific Ocean around Philippines, Japan,
Aleutian Islands, Alaska, South America. In subduction zones, the dense and
hydrated oceanic lithosphere sinks in the mantle. The water contained in the
oceanic crust lowers the melting point of the surrounding rocks, which creates
magma. This hotter and less dense magma moves toward the surface, where it
generates the intense volcanism that gave its name to the “Ring of Fire”.
 (Figure 1.3 Circum-Pacific belt via Pacific Ring of Fire)

● But in the case of the “Ring of Fire”, earthquakes and volcanoes are not directly
related. Of course earthquakes happen in these subduction zones, but they do
not really cause eruptions.

● Nonetheless, in very specific conditions, earthquakes and volcanic activity are

indeed connected. Volcanic eruptions are observed sometimes after a big
earthquake, and big earthquakes can sometimes shake up the magma inside the
volcano.

2. Events

Earthquake—>Volcano

● A few large regional earthquakes (greater than magnitude 6) are considered to

be related to a subsequent eruption or to some type of unrest at a nearby
volcano. However, volcanoes can only be triggered into eruption by nearby
tectonic earthquakes if they are already poised to erupt.
This requires two conditions to be met:
 ✓ Enough "eruptible" magma within the volcanic system.
✓ Significant pressure within the magma storage region.
If those conditions exist, it's possible that large tectonic earthquakes might cause
dissolved gases to come out of the magma, increasing the pressure and possibly
leading to an eruption.

In very specific conditions, volcanic eruptions are observed sometimes after a big
earthquake. Scientists have three plausible explanations:

✓ Seismic waves could weaken the top of the magma chamber and
cause an eruption;
✓ Seismic waves could perturb the gases inside the magma chamber
and cause an explosive eruption;
✓ The strain around the magma chamber could evolve after an
earthquake, and cause an eruption.

Volcano—>Earthquake

● A volcano tectonic earthquake is an earthquake caused by the movement of

magma beneath the surface of the Earth. The movement results in pressure
changes where the rock around the magma has experienced stress. At some
point, this stress can cause the rock to break or move.

Volcanic Ash

Small jagged pieces of rocks, minerals, and volcanic glass the size of sand and silt
which is less than 2 millimeters in diameter erupted by a volcano are called volcanic
ash. Very small ash particles can be less than 0.001 millimeters across.

Though called "ash" volcanic ash is not the product of combustion, unlike the soft fluffy
material created by burning wood, leaves, or paper. Volcanic ash is hard, it does not
dissolve in water, is extremely abrasive and mildly corrosive, and conducts electricity
when wet.

Volcanic ash is formed during explosive volcanic eruptions. Explosive eruptions occur
when gases dissolved in magma expand and escape violently into the air, and also
when water is heated by magma and abruptly flashes into steam. The force of the
escaping gas violently shatters solid rocks. Expanding gas also shreds magma and
blasts it into the air, where it solidifies into fragments of volcanic rock and glass.

Once in the air, hot ash and gas rise quickly to form a towering eruption column, often
more than 30,000 feet high. Larger rock fragments more than 2 inches across ejected
by the explosion typically fall within a few miles of the eruption site. However, wind can
quickly blow fine ash away from the volcano to form an eruption cloud. As the cloud
drifts downwind from the erupting volcano, the ash that falls from the cloud typically
becomes smaller in size and forms a thinner layer. Ash clouds can travel thousands of
miles, and some even circle the Earth.

Health Effects of Volcanic Ash

- Respiratory effects
In some eruptions, ash particles can be so fine that they are breathed deep into the

lungs. With high exposure, even healthy individuals will experience chest discomfort

with increased coughing and irritation. Common acute (short-term) symptoms include:

● Nasal irritation and discharge (runny nose).

● Throat irritation and sore throat, sometimes accompanied by dry coughing.

● People with pre-existing chest complaints may develop severe bronchitis

symptoms which last some days beyond exposure to ash (for example, hacking

cough, production of sputum, wheezing, or shortness of breath).

● Airway irritation for people with asthma or bronchitis; common complaints of

people with asthma include shortness of breath, wheezing and coughing.

● Breathing becomes uncomfortable.

In rare circumstances, long-term exposure to fine volcanic ash may lead to serious lung

diseases. For these diseases to occur, the ash must be very fine, contain crystalline

silica (for the disease silicosis to occur) and the people must be exposed to the ash in
high concentrations over many years. Exposure to crystalline silica in volcanic ash is

typically of short duration (days to weeks), and studies suggest that the recommended

exposure limits (similar in most countries) can be exceeded for short periods of time for

the general population. People suffering from asthma or other lung problems such as

bronchitis and emphysema, and severe heart problems are most at risk.

- Skin Irritation
While not common, volcanic ash can cause skin irritation for some people, especially if

the ash is acidic.

Symptoms include:

● Irritation and reddening of the skin.

● Secondary infections due to scratching.

Effects of Ashfall in an Urban Area

When volcanic ash accumulates on buildings, its weight can cause roofs to collapse,
killing, and injuring people. A dry layer of ash 4 inches thick weighs 120 - 200 pounds
per square yard, and wet ash can weigh twice as much. The load of ash that different
roofs can withstand before collapsing varies, flat roofs are more likely to collapse than
steeply pitched ones. Because wet ash conducts electricity, it can cause short circuits
and failure of electronic components, especially high-voltage circuits and transformers.
Power outages are common in ashfall areas, making backup power systems important
for critical facilities, such as hospitals.

Eruption clouds and ashfall commonly interrupt or prevent telephone and radio
communications in several ways, including physical damage to equipment, frequent
lightning, and either scattering or absorbing radio signals by the heated and electrically
charged ash particles. Volcanic ash can also cause internal-combustion engines to stall
by clogging air filters and also damage the moving parts of vehicles and machinery,
including bearings and gears. Roads, highways, and airport runways can be made
treacherous or impassable because ash is slippery and may reduce visibility to near
blindness.

Ash can also clog filters used in air-ventilation systems to the point that airflow often
stops completely, causing equipment to overheat. Such filters may even collapse from
the added weight of ash, allowing ash to invade buildings and damage computers and
other equipment cooled by circulating outside air. Agriculture can also be affected by
volcanic ashfall. Crop damage can range from negligible to severe, depending on the
thickness of ash, type and maturity of plants, and timing of subsequent rainfall. For farm
animals, especially grazing livestock, ashfall can lead to health effects, including
dehydration, starvation, and poisoning. Like airborne particles from dust storms, forest
fires, and air pollution, volcanic ash poses a health risk, especially to children, the
elderly, and people with cardiac or respiratory conditions, such as asthma, chronic
bronchitis, and emphysema.
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●
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