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WHOLE BRAIN LEARNING SYSTEM

OUTCOME-BASED EDUCATION

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL GRADE

Philippine Politics and
Governance
11/12

LEARNING QUARTER 3
MODULE WEEK 4

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 MODULE IN
PHILIPPINE POLITICS
AND GOVERNANCE

QUARTER 3
WEEK 4
Nature, Forms and
Consequences of Power
Development Team
Writers: Mac Alwin Z. Tacang Mylene B. Domingo
Editors/Reviewers: Rhonel S. Bandiola Richard A. Hapa
Roxy G. Gaoiran
Layout Artist: Bryll B. Atienza
Management Team: Vilma D. Eda Arnel S. Bandiola
Lourdes B. Arucan Juanito V. Labao
Imelda Fatima G. Hernaez

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 What I Need to Know

What this module is about?

This module is a SELF-PACED learning material for you to continue your studies
in the comfort and safety of your home.

This module presents an understanding of politics and political science,

governance, political ideologies, power, states, nations, and globalization – topics which
are very interesting to be learned. It contains interesting discussion that will guide you in
understanding these concepts. Activities are found in every lesson to test your
understanding and to help you retain better what you have learned.

Most Essential Learning Competency:

Analyze the nature, dimensions/types, and consequences of power

What you are expected to learn?

✓ define power;and
✓ analyze the nature, dimensions/types, and consequences of power;
✓ explain how power is exercised in different situations.

What I Know

Directions: Read carefully each item. Use a separate sheet for your answers. Write only
the letter of the best answer for each test item.

1. Which of the following phrases describe the nature of power?

A. Power is the ability to influence others to believe, behave, or to value as those
in power desire them to or to strengthen, validate, or confirm present beliefs,
behaviors, or values.
B. Power is the social force that allows select persons to mobilize others.
C. Power is the ability of the individual to fulfill his desire or to achieve his
objective.
D. All of the above
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2. Who stated that power in the government can be corrupted by the personal and
selfish goals of individuals?
A. Aristotle C. Thomas Hobbes
B. Thomas Carlyle D. Plato

3. Which action implies a positive face of power?

A. Coercing C. Forcing
B. Leading D. Crushing

4. The power that is based on what one knows, what experience one has, and/or
what special skills or talents one has.
A. Expert Power C. Reward Power
B. Coercive Power D. Referent Power

5. What power of the person receives as result of his or her formal position of the
organization?
A. Expert Power C. Legitimate Power
B. Reward Power D. Referent Power

6. A student is admitted into an honor society for excellent effort. What form of
power being used?
A. Expert Power C. Referent Power
B. Legitimate Power D. Reward Power

7. This is a classification of power created by Barnett and Duvall, where in the power
basically looks at the position and roles of various actors in relation to each other.
A. Compulsory Power C. Institutional Power
B. Structural Power D. Productive Power

8. A violinist demonstrating through audition skill with music. What bases of power in
the given situation/
A. Expert Power C. Referent Power
B. Legitimate Power D. Reward Power

9. Which of the following is considered as the result of expert and referent

power?
A. Compliance C. Commitment
B. Resistance D. All of the above

10. This power is based on the possession by an individual of desirable resources and
personal traits.
A. Expert Power C. Referent Power
B. Legitimate Power D. Coercive Power

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 What’s In

Activity 1: A Glimpse Back!

Directions: Cite three things that made them notable person in history and politics and
answer the guide questions below. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

ADOLF HITLER MAHATMA GANDHI PRES. RODRIGO ROA

DUTERTE

Processing Question:
1. What do these people have in common?
2. How do they differ from each other? Why?

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 What is It

Power in the natural sciences can be easily

established through a single equation, which
signifies the quantifiable nature of physical
power. Power in society, and by extension, the
social sciences, on the other hand, is more
complicated because it is continuously being
molded by the dynamic nature of society and the
https://images.app.goo.gl/Bwzv7usbkbVqxXQm6
objective and subjective capacity of man. (R.A.
Pawilen and Reidan M. Pawilen 2017) Dahl
(1950) defined power in society as the ability of person A or institution A to make person
B or institution B do something that person B or institution B, on his/her its own, would not
do.
In addition, in society, there are different forms of power-from authoritative power
to economic power. There are also many ways in which power can be expressed by
individuals or institutions. Likewise, expressing power may range from simplest of human
interaction, such as when parents tell their children what they should and should not do,
to the grandest, such as when the government imposes policies for the welfare of its
constituents. (R.A. Pawilen and Reidan M. Pawilen 2017)
Barnett and Duvall (Pallaver 2011) created the taxonomy of power with four major
types:
1. Compulsory power – the direct control of one actor of the conditions and actions
of another.
2. Institutional power – the indirect ways in which an actor affects another. An
example is the use of rules or the law to impose order.
3. Structural power – basically looks at the position and the roles of various actors
in relation to each other. Examples are coach to player, boss to worker, or captain
to crew relationships wherein the position of each player toward another
provides them roles and responsibilities that they play even without one coercing
the other.
4. Productive power – similar to structural power that looks into the relative position
of the actors, the social production of their role, and how the roles affect the actors’
perceptions and actions. However, productive power focuses not on the direct
structures provided and accepted by each actor, but on the discourse between
the actors in which power is negotiated.

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 The way a leader behaves toward you and how effectively you work as a result
can both depend on the source of her power. And her power need not come from her
official status or title. Social psychologists John French and Bertram Raven studied this
phenomenon more than half a century ago.
Understanding Power
In 1959, French and Raven described five bases of power:
1.Legitimate - This comes from the belief that a person has the formal right to make
demands, and to expect others to be compliant and obedient.
2. Reward – This result from one person's ability to compensate another for
compliance.
3. Expert – this is based on a person's high levels of skill and knowledge.
4. Referent – this is the result of a person's perceived attractiveness, worthiness and
right to others' respect.
5. Coercive – this come from the belief that a person can punish others for
noncompliance.

Six years later, Raven added an extra power base:

6. Informational – this result from a person's ability to control the information
that others need to accomplish something.

By understanding these different forms of power, you can learn to use the positive
ones to full effect, while avoiding the negative power bases that managers can
instinctively rely on.

The Bases of Power

Let's explore French and Raven's bases of power in two groups – positional and
personal.
A. Positional Power Sources
1. Legitimate Power
A president, prime minister or monarch has legitimate power. So does a CEO, a
religious minister, or a fire chief. Electoral mandates, social hierarchies, cultural norms,
and organizational structure all provide the basis for legitimate power.
This type of power, however, can be unpredictable and unstable. If you lose the
title or position, your legitimate power can instantly disappear, because people were
influenced by the position you held rather than you.

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2. Reward Power
People in power are often able to give out rewards. Raises, promotions, desirable
assignments, training opportunities, and simple compliments – these are all examples of
rewards controlled by people "in power." If others expect that you'll reward them for doing
what you want, there's a high probability that they'll do it.
3. Coercive Power
This source of power is also problematic, and can be abused. What's more, it can
cause dissatisfaction or resentment among the people it's applied to.
Threats and punishment are common coercive tools. You use coercive power
when you imply or threaten that someone will be fired, demoted or denied privileges.
While your position may allow you to do this, though, it doesn't mean that you have the
will or the justification to do so.
4. Informational Power
Having control over information that others need or want puts you in a powerful
position. Having access to confidential financial reports, being aware of who's due to be
laid off, and knowing where your team is going for its annual “away day” are all examples
of informational power.
In the modern economy, information is a particularly potent form of power. The
power derives not from the information itself but from having access to it, and from being
in a position to share, withhold, manipulate, distort, or conceal it. With this type of power,
you can use information to help others, or as a weapon or a bargaining tool against them.
Relying on these positional forms of power alone can result in a cold, technocratic,
impoverished style of leadership. To be a true leader, you need a more robust source of
power than a title, an ability to reward or punish, or access to information.
B. Personal Power Sources
1. Expert Power
When you have knowledge and skills that enable you to understand a situation,
suggest solutions, use solid judgment, and generally outperform others, people will listen
to you, trust you, and respect what you say. As a subject matter expert, your ideas will
have value, and others will look to you for leadership in that area.
2. Referent Power
Referent power comes from one person liking and respecting another, and
identifying with her in some way. Celebrities have referent power, which is why they can
influence everything from what people buy to which politician they elect. In a workplace,
a person with referent power often makes everyone feel good, so he tends to have a lot
of influence.
(Retrieved fromhttps://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_56.html)

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 What’s New

Activity 2: POWER-Search

Power is the ability to influence others to believe, behave, or to value as those in

power desire them to or to strengthen, validate, or confirm present beliefs, behaviors, or
values.

Direction:
1. Complete the diagram below.
2. In box 1, identify a person who has a power over you; in box 2, a person
whom you have power over.
3. Describe what would happen if one does not respect power or misuses it.
Write it on the lines.
4. Use separate sheet of paper for your answer.

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 What’s More

Activity 3: Show the Power!

The consequence of power is dependent upon the different ways, degree, and
the aims by which power is expressed in society.

Directions:
1. Study and analyze the diagram. Which of the five sources of power have you
experienced? Do you acquire the same consequences as what the
diagram shows?
2. Share your experience on a separate sheet of paper.

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 What I Have Learned

Activity 4: Sources of Power

Directions: Identify the different sources or bases of power being described in the
sentence. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.

Referent Coercive Reward Expert Legitimate

1. Conveyed through fear of losing one’s job, being demoted, receiving a poor
performance review, having prime projects taken away. This power is gotten through
threatening others.
2. This may be done through giving bonuses, raises, a promotion, extra time off from
work.
3. Comes from having a position of power in an organization, such as being the boss or
a key member of a leadership team. This power comes when employees in the
organization recognize the authority of the individual.
4. Comes from one’s experiences, skills or knowledge.
5. Comes from being trusted and respected

Assessment

Post-test
WRITTEN TEST: CREATIVE CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE TEST ITEM

LEARNING COMPETENCY: Analyze the nature, dimensions/types, and consequences

of power

Directions:
1. Read the article and reflect.

‘Covid-19 paved way for corruption at PhilHealth’

Javier Joe Ismael
July 26, 2020

SEN. Panfilo Lacson said on Saturday that the 24-member Senate convening as a Committee of the
Whole would show that even the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic has further paved
the way for systemic corruption at the Philippine Health Insurance Corp. (PhilHealth).

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Senate President Vicente Sotto 3rd, Lacson and other senators agreed to file a resolution to dig
deeper into what ails PhilHealth, following the recent resignation of its anti-fraud officer, Thorsson
Montes Keith, who revealed widespread corruption at the state agency.
Lacson said the resolution he and Sotto would be filing on July 27, 2020 would show a “mind-
blowing” incident of corruption at PhilHealth Regions 5 (Bicol) and 8 (Eastern Visayas), and other
cases of corruption.

Dr. Shirley Domingo, PhilHealth vice president for corporate affairs, said in a text message to The
Manila Times that “we welcome any investigation to be conducted and will fully cooperate with it
and we have nothing to hide.” Domingo added that they want the issue of corruption to be put to
rest, as it is “not fair to the hardworking employees and officers of PhilHealth.”She also added that
the Commission on Audit has come out with a report that the P154 billion that the state insurer
allegedly lost was not found in any of the corporate books that they audited.Corruption in PhilHealth
seems to have become the rule rather than the exception, Lacson said.

He said the recipients of PhilHealth largesse are non-accredited hospitals in Catarman, Samar and
another province in Region 8. The ones in Bicol are accredited but the release of the Interim
Reimbursement Mechanism (IRM) was done in a record time of one or two weeks.

Interviewed over DWIZ radio, Lacson cited as an example the newly instituted IRM purportedly to
support the national government’s response to the Covid-19 threat by giving the PhilHealth the
authority to provide special privilege in the form of substantial aid to “eligible” Health Care
Institutions (HCIs).

“This new malevolent scheme led to the release of hundreds of millions of pesos in record time of
one or two weeks, to a few non-accredited hospitals that register only one Covid-19 patient,” Lacson
said.

Lacson, chairman of the Senate national defense and security committee, said these anomalous
incidents took place at Region 5 and Region 8 where some of the hospitals are not even accredited
or are under investigation.

During the radio interview, Lacson said PhilHealth released P207 million to Region 5 in a matter of
two weeks while it released P196 million to Region 8 in a matter of one week.
He said one of the regions had only one Covid-19 patient.

What is appalling is that there are many hospitals with many Covid-19 patients in other regions
begging for reimbursements from PhilHealth, he added.

Under the law, PhilHealth undertakes to pay a certain of the hospital fee of a patient.
“That and other mind-blowing controversies will be the focus of the Senate inquiry in the coming
days when Congress resumes our second regular session. As long as the responsible officials are not
made accountable for their misdeeds, PhilHealth will continue to bleed dry thus running the risk of
becoming bankrupt sooner than we think,” he said.
Source: https://www.manilatimes.net

QUESTION AND CREATIVE WRITTEN OUTPUT:

1. Write an essay on the following questions;
a. If given a chance to assume government position, what position would it be?
b. How are you going to exercise the power vested in you in order to help solve
corruption in the country?
2. Use a separate sheet of paper for the activity.
3. Your output will be evaluated through a rubric which can be found at the latter part
of the modul
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STUDENT’S WRITTEN OUTPUT:
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Rubric for both Online and Modular

Criteria 4 3 2 1
Focus and There is one There is one There is one The topic and
Details clear, well- clear, well- topic. Main main ideas are
focused topic. focused topic. ideas are not clear
Main ideas are Main ideas are somewhat
clear and are clear but are clear.
well supported not well
by detailed and supported by
accurate detailed
information. information
Organization The The The There is no
introduction is introduction introduction clear
inviting, states states the main states the main introduction,
the main topic, topic and topic. A structure, or
and provides provides an conclusion is conclusion
an overview of overview of the included.
the paper. paper. A
Information is conclusion is
relevant and included.
presented in a
logical order.
The conclusion
is strong.
Sentence All sentences Most Most Sentences
Structure, are well sentences are sentences are sound
Grammar, constructed well well awkward, are
Mechanics and and have constructed constructed, distractingly
Spelling varied structure and have but they have repetitive, or
and length. The varied structure similar are difficult to
author makes and length. The structure understand.
no errors in author makes a and/or length. The author
grammar, few errors in The author makes
mechanics, grammar, makes several numerous
and/or spelling mechanics. errors in errors in
And/or spelling, grammar, grammar,
but they do not mechanics, mechanics,
interfere with and/or spelling and/or spelling
understanding. that interfere that interfere
with with
understanding. understanding.
Now that you are through with the module, CONGRATULATIONS!!! You are ready for the posttest. Answer
the posttest and find out how well you have gone through the module. Compare your score with that of the
pretest. If you got higher, that means that you have learned something. GOOD LUCK!

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Edition. Manila Philippines: Rex Bookstore Inc.
R.A Pawilen and Reidan M.Pawilen. (2017). Philippine politics and governance. First
Manila, Philippines: Mutya Publishing House Inc.
Ligan, Victoria O. et.al. Philippine Politics and Governance for Senior High School.
References
What I Know
(Pre-test)
1. D
2. A
3. B
4. A
5. C
6. D
7. B
8. A
What I Have Learned 9. C
(Activity 4) 10. C
1. Coercive What’s In
2. Reward (Activity 1)
3. Legitimate Answers may vary
4. Expert
What’s New
5. Referent
(Activity 2)
Answers may vary
Assessment
(Post-test) What’s More
Answers may vary (Activity 3)
Answers may vary
Answer Key
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Schools Division of Laoag City

Curriculum Implementation Division
Brgy. 23 San Matias, Laoag City, 2900
Contact Number: (077)-771-3678
Email Address: laoag.city@deped.gov.ph

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