Pili Parochial School Inc

San Antonio, Pili, Camarines Sur

The First Catholic Elementary School in Pili
piliparochialschool@gmail.com

PHILIPPINE
POLITICS
AND
GOOD
GOVERNANCE
MODULE 1

Name: ___________________________________________
Grade and Section: ________________________________
Date of Submission: ________________________________

Prepared by:
RALPH ROMEO A. ARAÑO
Teacher
 PILI PAROCHIAL SCHOOL INC
(The First Catholic Elementary School in Pili)
San Antonio, Pili, Camarines Sur

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOOD GOVERNANCE

Main Points in Philippine Politics and Good Governance
Module 1

A. INTRODUCTION
This module will guide you to delve into the study of political ideologies which involves
the nature, role, and significance of political ideas in understanding the various political
phenomenon. In every dealing of humanity, people express their opinions and/or speak
their mind with the use of political ideas and concepts such as freedom, fairness, justice,
equality and rights that they are able to interpret their individual views as liberal,
conservative, socialist, communist, fascist, feminist, etc.

B. MODULE CONTENT
Module 1 has 3 lessons, to wit:
 Lesson 1 – Political Ideologies
 Lesson 2 – Concepts of Power
 Lesson 3 – States, Nations, and Globalization

C. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
1. Identify the basic tenets of the large political ideologies,
2. Analyze the impact of political ideologies on the social and political aspect,
3. Identify the types of power,
4. Explain how leaders can employ the sources of power,
5. Identify the components and origin of the State; and
6. Define and differentiate Nation from the State.

D. PRE-TEST
Instruction: Read the following instructions CAREFULLY. Avoid erasures.
Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. A political ideology which struggles to end sexist oppression.
A. Liberalism B. Conservatism C. Feminism D. Fascism
2. An extreme left-wing ideology based on the revolutionary socialist teachings of Marx.
A. Socialism B. Communism C. Social Democracy D. Liberalism
3. Concerns about the natural environment and particularly about reducing
environmental degradation.
A. Communism B. Feminism C. Conservatism D. Environmentalism
4. It is viewed as an ideology which opposed Capitalism.
A. Fascism B. Liberalism C. Socialism D. Social Democracy
5. A belief that Man is generally “good” and that his ability to reason allows him to
attain economic, political, and social progress.
A. Liberalism B. Socialism C. Social Democracy D. Fascism
6. It is the power to use force such as police or military force to demand obedience fro
the subordinate.
A. Reward power B. Coercive Power C. Legitimate Power D. Process Power
7. An extent to which a leader can use extrinsic and extrinsic rewards to control and
influence other people.
A. Reward power B. Coercive Power C. Legitimate Power D. Process Power
8. Lack of power, which may have different symptoms in managers at different levels of
the organization.
A. Symbols of Power B. Personal Power C. Powerlessness D. Social control
9. The power derived from personal characteristics that are of value to the organization.
A. Individual Power B. Organizational Power C. Referent Power D. Process Power
10. Involves the use of power to create motivation or to accomplish group goals.
A. Personal Power B. Referent Power C. Social control D. Expert Power
11 Refers to the institution or agency or instrumentalities through which the state
maintains social order, provide public services, and enforces binding decisions.
A. People B. Territory C. Sovereignty D. Government
12. The inhabitants or population living in a definite territory.
A. People B. Territory C. Sovereignty D. Government
13. Supreme and absolute power within its territorial boundaries.
A. People B. Territory C. Sovereignty D. Government
14. Portion of the Earth which is composed of aerial, fluvial, and terrestrial domains.
A. People B. Territory C. Sovereignty D. Government
15. A government based on the consent of the governed.
A. Autocracy B. Oligarchy C. Democracy D. Legitimacy
 E. LESSON PROPER/DISCUSSION
Lesson 1 – Political Ideologies
Ideology - is a set of ideas, beliefs and attitudes, consciously or unconsciously held,
which reflects or shapes understandings or misconceptions of the social and political
world. It serves to recommend, justify or endorse collective action aimed at preserving
or changing political practices and institutions. It was coined by Antoine Destutt de
Tracy (1754-1836) during the French Revolution and used in public in 1796. When
beliefs and values are put together in a coherent system, they form an ideology.

BELIEFS
-people’s assessment of reality and what
they hold to be true
it affects morals and values
related to day to day life
VALUES
are people’s ideas about right and wrong or
one’s judgment of what is important in life.
it affects behavior and character
mostly related to religion

Political Ideology - is a certain set of ethical ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or

symbols of a social movement, institution, class or large group that explains how society
should work and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order.

Characteristics of Ideology Features of Ideology

1. Have their levels end in -ism
2. Provide an explanation for problems that
confronts modern societies by providing
futuristic vision
3. Ideology is action-oriented
4. Ideologies mobilize a large number of
people
1. It offers an account of the existing order,
usually in the form of a “world view”.
2. It advances a model of the desired
future, a vision of the good society.
3. It explains how political change can and
should be brought about – how to get from
the two other features.

F. ACTIVITY 1.1 – Political Ideologies for Living

Complete the table by supplying the characteristics of the different ideologies.

Significance/
Political Ideologies Definition Proponent Tenets
Impacts to Society
1. Liberalism

2. Conservatism

3. Socialism

4. Social Democracy

5. Communism

6. Fascism

7. Religious
Fundamentalism
8. Feminism

9. Environmentalism
 Lesson 2 – Concepts of Power
Power – is the ability to get someone to do something he/she wants to accomplish, thus,
making things happen in the way he/she wants. It is one of the important concepts and
plays a huge role in Politics, from governing how decisions are made to how political
actors interact with one another.

Sources of Power:
ORGANIZATIONAL POWER – derived INDIVIDUAL POWER – derived from
from a person’s position in n organization personal characteristics that are of value to
and from control over valuable resources the organization.
afforded by that position.
a. Reward Power – extent to which a. Expert Power - ability to to
a leader can use extrinsic and intrinsic control person’s behavior through the
rewards to control and influence other possession of knowledge, experience, or
people. judgment that the other person nees but
does not have.

b. Coercive Power – a leader can

deny desired rewards or administer b. Rational Persuasion – ability
punishments to control other people and let to control another person’s behavior by
them follow his wants. convincing the other person of the
desirability of a goal and a reasonable way
of achieving it.
c. Legitimate Power – a leader can
use subordinates’ internalized values or
beliefs that the boss has a right of c. Referent Power – ability to
command to control his subordinates’ control another person’s behavior because
behavior. the person wants to identify with the power
source.

d. Information Power – a leader

can access to and control of information.

e. Process Power – a leader has full

control over the methods of production and
analysis.

f. Representative Power – the legal

right to speak by the firm as a
representative of a potentially significant
group composed of individuals from
departments or outside the firm.

Powerlessness – a lack of power, which may have different symptoms in

managers at various levels of the organization.

Two Faces of Power:

1. Personal Power – used for personal gain, and result in a win-lose approach
2. Social control – involves the use of power to create motivation or to accomplish
group goals.
Types of Authority
1. Charismatic Authority – an influenced possessed by a person by virtue of their
personal magnetism.
2. Rational – Legal Authority – leadership based on established law.
3. Traditional Authority – based from culture that is people often give allegiance to the
one who occupy the institutional positions.
4. Coercive Authority – power to use force such as police or military force to demand
obedience from the subordinate.

F. ACTIVITY 1.2 – Types of Power

Identify the types of power being applied in each situation. Write your answers in the
blank spaces provided.

_____________1. The Teacher told the students that if the students study well and get
high grades in all of their subjects, he or she will allow the students to have an excursion
at the Malabsay Falls.
_____________2. The Manager is aware of who slacks off during the working period.
_____________ 3. Your boss threatens you that if do not submit your work on time, he
will be subjected to fire you.
_____________ 4. The President appoints his Secretary to report on the growing issues
of kidnappings and killings in Pili, Camarines Sur on his meeting tomorrow at the Police
Station.
_____________ 5. CEO of Unilever Inc. made a policy to reduce the use of plastic in his
companies when producing shampoos and beauty soaps.
_____________ 6. Atty. Alexander G. Gesmundo was appointed as the new Chief
Justice of the Supreme Court because of his term of service in the Philippine
government.
_____________ 7. Ms. Eljean Q. Trillanes was elected as the new SCO President of Pili
Parochial School Inc. because majority of the students voted for her.
_____________ 8. Since the School Director cannot attend the meeting, he assigned the
School Principal to represent him in behalf of the PPSI.
_____________ 9. The Secretary of Health convinced the President and the people that
they should still wear a facemask when going out in public to ensure their safety from
the COVID19.
_____________ 10. Disabled people lost their freedom to control their own lives.

F. ACTIVITY 1.3 – Sources of Power

Explain and provide examples on how leaders, especially in Politics, can employ the
Sources of Power.

Sources of Power Explanation Examples

1. Reward Power

2. Coercive Power

3. Process Power

4. Expert Power
5. Referent Power

Lesson 2 – States, Nations, and Globalization

State – a political community that occupies a definite territory; having an organized

government with the authority to make and enforce laws without the consent of a higher
authority.

ELEMENTS OF A STATE
1. People Population or inhabitants
2. Territory Portion of the Earth which is composed of aerial, fluvial, and
terrestrial domains.

A. Territorial Sea
-coastal states have sovereignty
-12 nautical miles

B. Contiguous Zone
-coastal state can enforce its customs, immigration, and sanitation
laws and exercise “hot pursuit” out of its territorial waters
-24 nautical miles

C. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

-State has recognized rights to explore, exploit, conserve, and
manage the natural resources
-200 nautical miles

D. Continental Shelf
-countries have exclusive rights to natural resources up to 350
nautical miles

E. High Seas
-beyond EEZ (“common heritage of humankind”)
3. Sovereignty Supreme and absolute power within its territorial boundaries

A. Internal
-power of the State to rule within its territory

B. External
-freedom of the State to carry out its activities without subjection to
or control by other states.
4. Government Institution or agency or instrumentalities through which the state
maintains social order, provide public services, and enforces
binding decisions.

FORMS:

1. As to Distribution of Power
A. Unitary Government
-held by one central authority.

B. Confederation
- voluntary association of independent states that often only
delegate a few powers to the central government.

C. Federal Government
-divide by one central and several regional authorities

2. As to Citizen’s Participation

A. Autocracy
-one person possesses unlimited power
-leader may be from a family or social class or a strong party.

I. Absolute or Totalitarian
-government tries to control all aspects of social and
economic life
-people lack power to limit their rulers

II. Absolute Monarchy

-King or Queen exercises the supreme and unlimited
powers of Government

B. Oligarchy
-government ruled by the few
-group get its power from military power, social power,
wealth, religion, or a combination.

C. Democracy
-government based on the consent of the governed
-people hold the highest political authority

I. Direct Democracy
-people will convene in a mass assembly and directly
formulate and express the will of the state.

II. Indirect Democracy

-people directly elect their leaders who will govern
them and perform governmental functions.

3. Legitimacy

A. De Jure
-a legitimate government wherein it has the people’s support
and possesses constitutional mandate.

B. De Facto
-government supported by the people but no constitutional
mandate or legal support.

4. Executive and Legislative Relationship

A. Presidential
 -Executive Branch exists separately from the Legislative

B. Parliamentary
-members of the Executive branch are nominated to their
positions by a legislature or parliament and are directly responsible
to it.
-Executive branch are also member of the parliament and
can be dissolved at will by parliament by means of a no confidence
vote.

Origins of the State

1. Evolutionary Theory
-evolved from family units
-families grew into a large extended family that heads of the family served as a
government.

2. Force Theory
-governments emerged when people were brought under the control of some power.

3. Divine Right
-a belief that Kings are chosen to rule the Ancient state by a deity.

4. Social Contract
-existed during the 17th Century & The Age of Enlightenment
-people begin to challenge the monarchy and the idea of Divine Right

NATION
– is the social construction of a collective identity.
- defined as a group of people who share the same history, geography, language,
customs, and sometimes, religion.

F. ACTIVITY 1.4 – Components and Origins of State

Identify the components and Origin of State in the picture below. Write your
answers on the blank spaces provided.

1. _______________ 4. _______________

2. _____________ 5. _____________

3. ________________ 6. _____________
G. POST TEST/ASSESSMENT

Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. A political ideology which struggles to end sexist oppression.

A. Liberalism B. Conservatism C. Feminism D. Fascism

2. An extreme left-wing ideology based on the revolutionary socialist teachings of Marx.

A. Socialism B. Communism C. Social Democracy D. Liberalism

3. Concerns about the natural environment and particularly about reducing

environmental degradation.
A. Communism B. Feminism C. Conservatism D. Environmentalism

4. It is viewed as an ideology which opposed Capitalism.

A. Fascism B. Liberalism C. Socialism D. Social Democracy

5. A belief that Man is generally “good” and that his ability to reason allows him to
attain economic, political, and social progress.
A. Liberalism B. Socialism C. Social Democracy D. Fascism

6. This ideology supports full balance between Market Capitalism and State Intervention
A. Communism B. Socialism C. Social Democracy D. Liberalism

7. It is associated with inflexibility, dogmatism, authoritarianism, or worst violence.

A. Religious Fundamentalism B. Liberalism C. Fascism D. Socialism

8. Derived from a Latin word which means, “free men”.

A. Socialism B. Liberalism C. Fascism D. Feminism

9. He coined the word “Ideology” during the French Revolution.

A. Roskins B. Shievely C. Heywood D. de Tracy

10. The people’s assessment of reality and what they hold to be true.
A. Values B. Beliefs C. Ideology D. Attitudes

11. It is the power to use force such as police or military force to demand obedience fro
the subordinate.
A. Reward power B. Coercive Power C. Legitimate Power D. Process Power

12. An extent to which a leader can use extrinsic and extrinsic rewards to control and
influence other people.
A. Reward power B. Coercive Power C. Legitimate Power D. Process Power

13. Lack of power, which may have different symptoms in managers at different levels
of the organization.
A. Symbols of Power B. Personal Power C. Powerlessness D. Social control.

14. The power derived from personal characteristics that are of value to the organization.
A. Individual Power B. Organizational Power C. Referent Power D. Process Power

15. Involves the use of power to create motivation or to accomplish group goals.
A. Personal Power B. Referent Power C. Social control D. Expert Power
16. A Leadership based from the culture.
A. Coercive B. Traditional C. Rational-Legal D. Charismatic

17. The ability to control one’s behavior by convincing the other person a reasonable
way of achieving it.
A. Expert Power B. Referent Power C. Rational Persuasion D. Coercive Power

18. It is used for personal gain and results in a win-lose approach.

A. Social Control B. Expert Power C. Personal Power D. Reward Power

19. Derived from a person’s position in an organization and from control over valuable
resources afforded by that position.
A. Individual Power B. Representative Power C. Legitimate Power D. Organizational
Power

20. Power that may have different symptoms at various levels of organization.
A. Organizational Power B. Individual Power C. Powerlessness D. Rational Persuasion

21 Refers to the institution or agency or instrumentalities through which the state

maintains social order, provide public services, and enforces binding decisions.
A. People B. Territory C. Sovereignty D. Government

22. The inhabitants or population living in a definite territory.

A. People B. Territory C. Sovereignty D. Government

23. Supreme and absolute power within its territorial boundaries.

A. People B. Territory C. Sovereignty D. Government

24. Portion of the Earth which is composed of aerial, fluvial, and terrestrial domains.
A. People B. Territory C. Sovereignty D. Government

25. A government based on the consent of the governed.

A. Autocracy B. Oligarchy C. Democracy D. Legitimacy

26. A form of government where Executive Branch exists separately from legislature.
A. Unitary B. Federal C. Parliamentary D. Presidential

27. People began to challenge the Monarchy and the idea of Divine Right.
A. Divine Right B. Force Theory C. Social Contract D. Evolution Theory

28. Governments emerged when people were brought under the control of some power.
A. Divine Right B. Force Theory C. Social Contract D. Evolution Theory

29. A belief that Kings are chosen to rule the Ancient state by a deity.
A. Divine Right B. Force Theory C. Social Contract D. Evolution Theory

30. The form of government supported by the people but no constitutional mandate.
A. Presidential B. Parliamentary C. De Jure D. De Facto