hence the same speed, but they travel in

EXAMINATION mutually perpendicular planes.

DATES ● Electromagnetic radiation is the

emission and transmission of energy in
the form of electromagnetic waves.
TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY
(march 28) (march 29) (march 30) Planck’s Quantum Theory
CHEM 002 PHYS 002 BIO 002
● When solids are heated, they emit
IT 002 ENTREP 001 UCSP 001 electromagnetic radiation over a wide
range of wavelengths.
PEH 004 IMM (work IMM (research)
immersion) 002 001
(exempted) ● The dull red glow of an electric heater
and the bright white light of a tungsten
lightbulb are examples of radiation from
heated solids.
------------oo------------ ● Planck gave the name quantum to the

CHEMISTRY 002 smallest quantity of energy that can be

emitted (or absorbed) in the form of
electromagnetic radiation.

MODULE 1 ● The energy E of a single quantum of

energy is given by E = hv, where h is
● The new era in physics started in 1900 called Planck’s constant and v is the
with a young German physicist named frequency of radiation. The value of
Max Planck. Planck’s constant is 6.63 x 10-34 J/s.

● Discovered that atoms and molecules The Photoelectric Effect

emit energy only in certain discrete
quantities, or quanta.
● German-American physicist Albert
Einstein used the theory to solve another
Waves mystery in physics, the photoelectric
effect, a phenomenon in which electrons
● A wave can be thought of as a vibrating are ejected from the surface of certain
disturbance by which energy is metals exposed to light of at least a
transmitted. certain minimum frequency, called the
threshold frequency.
● The speed of a wave depends on the type
of wave and the nature of the medium ● He suggested that a beam of light is
through which the wave is traveling (for really a stream of particles. These
example, air, water, or a vacuum). particles of light are now called photons.

● The distance between identical points on

successive waves is called the wavelength
λ (lambda). The Particle-Wave Duality of Light

● The frequency ν (nu) of the wave is the
number of waves that pass through a
particular point in one second.
● The amplitude is the vertical distance
from the midline of a wave to the peak or
trough.
● Einstein proposed that the only way to
explain the photoelectric effect was to
say that instead of being a wave, as was
generally accepted, light was actually
made up of lots of small packets of
energy called photons that behaved like
particles.

Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom

Electromagnetic Radiation
● When elements are energized by heat or
● In 1873 James Clerk Maxwell proposed
other means, they give off a
that visible light consists of
characteristic or distinctive spectrum,
electromagnetic waves.
called an emission spectrum, which can
be used to differentiate one element from
● According to Maxwell’s theory, an another.
electromagnetic wave has an electric
field component and a magnetic field
● From Rutherford’s theory, the atom was
component. These two components have
described to be mostly empty space
the same wavelength and frequency, and
having a very tiny but dense nucleus that

M.L & F.P

 contained the protons. The electrons
whirled around the nucleus in circular
orbits at high velocities.
Quantum Numbers
Principal Quantum Number (n) - This quantum
number is the one on which the energy of an
electron in an atom principally depends; it can
have any positive value: 1, 2, 3, and so on.
Basically, it is the coefficient in the electron
configuration.
Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l) (Also
Called Azimuthal Quantum Number) - This
quantum number distinguishes orbitals of given
n having different shapes; it can have any
integer value from 0 to n - 1.
letter l ●
s 0
p 1
d 2
f 3
Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) This quantum
number distinguishes orbitals of given n and
l—that is, of given energy and shape but having
a different orientation in space; the allowed
values are the integers from -l to +l.
Spin Quantum Number (ms) This quantum
number refers to the two possible orientations
of the spin axis of an electron; possible values
are +1/2 and −1/2.
MODULE 2
Electron Configuration
● It is the representation of the
arrangement of electrons distributed
among the orbital shells and subshells.
● The electron configuration is used to
describe the orbitals of an atom in its
ground state, but it can also be used to
represent an atom that has ionized into
a cation or anion by compensating with
the loss or gain of electrons in their
subsequent orbitals.
● The valence electrons, electrons in the
outermost shell, are the determining
factor for the unique chemistry of the
element.
M.L & F.P
How to Write an Electron Configuration
Note: The total number of electrons is the atomic number of
an element.
Aufbau Principle
It is also known as the building up
principle.
● It states that the electrons must first
occupy the orbitals with lower energies
than those with higher energies.
● The first two orbitals (1s and 2s) are each
occupied first with two electrons.
orbital max. no. of electrons
s 2
p 6
d 10
f 14
The orbital diagram is another
representation of how electrons (arrows occupy
the orbitals (boxes).
Pauli Exclusion Principle
● It states that in an atom or molecule, no
two electrons can have the same four
electronic quantum numbers.
● An orbital can contain a maximum of
only two electrons, the two electrons must
have opposing spins. This means if one is
assigned an up- spin (+1/2), the other
must be down spin (-1/2).
Hund's Rules
● It tells us that when electrons have more
than one equivalent orbital available,
they will half-fill each of the equivalent
orbitals before filling the second half of
each.
● Every orbital in a sublevel is singly
occupied before any orbital is doubly
occupied.
 ● All of the electrons in singly occupied
orbitals have the same spin (to maximize
total spin).

Paramagnetism

● It refers to the characteristics of an

element to be slightly attracted to a
magnet.

● An atom is considered to be
paramagnetic when it contains at least
one paramagnetic electron.

Diamagnetism ● The periodic table can be divided into

four regions, or blocks, of elements
according to the orbitals being filled.
● It is characterized by non- attraction, or
even a slight repulsion of an element to a
● The group 1A and 2A elements on the left
magnet.
side of the table are called the s-block
elements because they result from the
● If all of the electrons in an atom are
filling of an orbital;
paired up and share their orbital with
another electron, then the total spin in
● the group 3A–8A elements on the right
each orbital is zero and the atom is
side of the table are the p-block elements
diamagnetic.
because they result from the filling of
orbitals; the transition metal d-block
● Diamagnetic atoms are not attracted to
elements in the middle of the table result
a magnetic field, but rather are slightly
from the filling of orbitals;
repelled.

● and the lanthanide/actinide f-block

elements detached at the bottom of the
MODULE 3 table result from the filling of orbitals.

The Periodic Table

● Focusing only on the electrons in the

outermost shell, called the valence shell,
all the elements in a given group of the
periodic table have similar valence-shell
electron configurations.

● The group 1A elements, for example, all

have s1 an valence-shell configuration;
the group 2A elements have an s2
valence-shell configuration; the group 3A
elements have an s2p1 valence-shell
configuration; and so on across every
group of the periodic table (except for Electron Configurations and Orbital Diagrams
the small number of anomalies).
● An electron configuration of an atom is a
● Furthermore, because the valence-shell particular distribution of electrons
electrons are outermost and least tightly among available subshells.
held, they are the most important for
determining an element’s properties, ● The notation for a configuration lists the
thus explaining why the elements in a subshell symbols, one after the other,
given group of the periodic table have with a superscript giving the number of
similar chemical behavior. electrons in that subshell.

● The notation for a configuration gives

the number of electrons in each subshell,
but we use a diagram to show how the
orbitals of a subshell are occupied by
electrons. It is called an orbital diagram.

M.L & F.P

 ● An orbital is represented by a circle. Each
group of orbitals in a subshell is labeled
by its subshell notation. An electron in an
orbital is shown by an arrow; the arrow
1
points up when ms = + 2 and down when
1
ms = - 2

● Ionic radius is the radius of a cation or

an anion. Ionic radius affects the
physical and chemical properties of an
ionic compound.
Periodic Variations in Atomic Properties
Atomic radius versus ionic radius

● Cations are smaller than the atoms from

which they are formed. When a metal
atom loses one or more electrons to form
a positive ion, the positive nuclear
charge exceeds the negative charge of
the electrons in the resulting cation.

● For isoelectronic cations, the more

positive the ionic charge, the smaller the
● The electron configurations of the atoms
ionic charge.
display a periodic variation with
increasing atomic number. As a result,
the elements show periodic variations of
physical and chemical behavior.
Anions are larger than the atoms from which
● The periodic law states that when the
they are formed
elements are arranged by atomic
number, their physical and chemical
● When a non-metal gains one or more
properties vary periodically
electrons, it forms a negative ion termed
as anion.
Atomic Radius

● A number of physical properties,

including density, melting point, and
boiling point, are related to the sizes of
atoms, but atomic size is difficult to
define.

● We define the size of an atom in terms of

its atomic radius, which is one-half the
distance between the two nuclei in two
adjacent metal atoms.

The illustration below shows the following

general trends in size of atomic radii:

● Within each period (horizontal row), the

atomic radius tends to decrease with
increasing atomic number (nuclear
charge). The largest atom in a period is a
Group IA atom and the smallest is a
noble-gas atom. Ionization Energy

● Within each group (vertical column), the ● The first ionization energy of an atom is
atomic radius tends to increase with the the minimum energy needed to remove
period number. the highest-energy (that is, the
outermost) electron from the neutral
atom in the gaseous state.

M.L & F.P

Electron Affinity
● When a neutral atom in the gaseous
state picks up an electron to form a
stable negative ion, energy is released.
● The electron affinity is the energy change
for the process of adding an electron to
a neutral atom in the gaseous state to
form a negative ion. If the negative ion is
stable (does not spontaneously
disintegrate into the neutral atom and
free electron), the energy change for its
formation is a negative number.
● Large negative numbers indicate that a
very stable negative ion is formed. Small
negative numbers indicate that a less
stable ion is formed. The table below
gives the electron affinities of the
main-group elements.
MODULE 4
Electronegativity
Noble Gases
● A covalent bond involves the sharing of
at least one pair of electrons between
two atoms. When the atoms are alike, as
in the case of the H
● H bond of H2, the bonding electrons are
shared equally. That is, the electrons
spend the same amount of time in the
vicinity of each atom. But when the two
atoms are of different elements, the
bonding electrons need not be shared
equally.
● A polar covalent bond (or simply polar
bond) is a covalent bond in which the
bonding electrons spend more time near
one atom than the other.
Lewis electron- dot structures or Lewis structures
M.L & F.P
● Electronegativity is a measure of the
ability of an atom in a molecule to draw
bonding electrons to itself. Elements with
high electronegativity have a greater
tendency to attract electrons than do
elements with low electronegativity. As we
might expect, electronegativity is related
to electron affinity and ionization energy.
● Electronegativity and electron affinity are
related but different concepts. Both
indicate the tendency of an atom to
attract electrons.
● However, electron affinity refers to an
isolated atom’s attraction for an
additional electron, whereas
electronegativity signifi es the ability of
an atom in a chemical bond (with
another atom) to attract the shared
electrons.
● Furthermore, electron affinity is an
experimentally measurable quantity,
whereas electronegativity is an estimated
number that cannot be measured.
● They are the most stable elements in the
periodic table and are nonreactive under
ordinary conditions. They are also known
as inert gas.
● Octet (from the Greek word "okto" means
eight) configuration is the most stable
arrangement an atom can have. Because
of this stability, noble gases have no
tendency to lose, gain or share of
electrons, which happens during
chemical reactions.
● The tendency of atoms to prefer to have
eight electrons in the valence shell. When
atoms have fewer than eight electrons,
they tend to react and form more stable
compounds. This principle is referred to
as the octet rule.
 ● It was developed by an American chemist
Gilbert Lewis.
● It is a system of representing the valence
electrons of an atom using diagrams.
● Lewis structure consists of symbol of an
element surrounded by one or more dots;
each dot corresponds to the number of
valence electron of an atom of the
element.
● Only two dots are placed in each of four
sides of an element.
● The paired dots in the structures called
as lone electron pairs or simply lone
pairs; a single dot called as unpaired
electron.
Lewis Structures of Ions
● Ions may be represented using Lewis
structures by simply removing (or adding)
the number of dots that corresponds to
the electrons lost (or gained) by the
neutral atom.
● For instance, losing the single valence
electron in the neutral atom of sodium
leaves a Lewis structure with no dot but
with a +1 charge.
● For anions, gained electrons are
represented as additional dots in the
configuration of the neutral atom,
basically forming an octet enclosed in
brackets. The charge of the ion is added
at the upper right-hand corner of the
configuration.
Formation of Ionic Compounds
● Atoms with low ionization energies tend
to form cations while atoms with high
electron affinities tend to form anions.
These cations and anions combine to
form ionic compounds.
M.L & F.P
● An ionic bond is “the electrostatic force
that holds ions together in an ionic
bond.”
MODULE 5
● A bond formed by the sharing of
electrons is called a covalent bond, and
the unit of matter held together by one
or more covalent bonds is called a
molecule.
Formation of Covalent Compound
● The two positively charged nuclei repel
each other, and the two negatively
charged electrons repel each other, but
each nucleus attracts both electrons.
● If the attractive forces are stronger than
the repulsive forces, a covalent bond is
formed.
● In essence, the shared electrons act as a
kind of “glue” to bind the two atoms into
an H2 molecule.
● There is an optimum distance between
nuclei called the bond length where net
attractive forces are maximized and the
molecule is most stable.
Types of Covalent Bond
● In a single bond, two atoms are held
together by one electron pair.
● Many compounds are held together by
multiple bonds, that is, bonds formed
when two atoms share two or more pairs
of electrons.
● If two atoms share two pairs of electrons,
the covalent bond is called a double
bond.
 ● A triple bond arises when two atoms
share three pairs of electrons.

Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonding

● Group 4A elements, such as carbon,
● When two atoms equally share the have four valence electrons and form
bonding electrons, a nonpolar covalent four bonds, as in methane, CH4. The
bond is formed. carbon atom in the resultant
molecule has four bonding pairs of
● Whenever two atoms of the same element electrons.
bond together, a nonpolar bond is
formed.

● A polar covalent bond is formed when

electrons are unequally shared between
two atoms.

● A property that helps us distinguish a

nonpolar covalent bond from a polar
covalent bond is electronegativity, the
ability of an atom to attract toward itself
the electrons in a chemical bond.
● The American chemist Linus Pauling
devised a method for calculating relative
electronegativities of most elements.
Molecular Compounds and their Properties
● Group 5A elements, such as nitrogen,
have five valence electrons and form
three bonds, as in ammonia, NH3. The
nitrogen atom in the resultant
molecule has three bonding pairs of
electrons and one lone pair.

01. Have low melting points.

02. Have low boiling points.

03. Have widely varying solubilities in water.

04. Do not conduct electricity.

● Group 6A elements, such as oxygen,
05. Are usually soft in the solid form. have six valence electrons and form
two bonds, as in water, H2O. The
06. Have low enthalpies of fusion. oxygen atom in the resultant
molecule has two bonding pairs of
07. Have high enthalpies of vaporization. electrons and two lone pairs.

Lewis Structure Molecules

● An electron-dot structure represents an

atom’s valence electrons by dots and
indicates by the placement of the dots
how the valence electrons are distributed
in a molecule.
● Group 7A elements (halogens), such
as fluorine, have seven valence
electrons and form one bond, as in
hydrogen fluoride, HF. The fluorine
atom in the resultant molecule has
one bonding pair of electrons and
three lone pairs.

● Group 3A elements, such as boron, have

three valence electrons and can
therefore form three electron-pair bonds
in neutral molecules such as borane,
BH3. The boron atom in the resultant
molecule has only three bonding pairs of
electrons, however, and can’t reach an
electron octet.
● Group 8A elements (noble gases),
such as neon, rarely form covalent

M.L & F.P

 bonds because they already have
valence-shell octets.

Formal Charge

● Formal charges result from a kind of

electron “bookkeeping.”

● If the atom in a molecule has more

electrons than the isolated atom, it has a
negative formal charge; if it has fewer
electrons, it has a positive formal charge.

Molecular Shapes: The VSEPR Model

● The shape of a molecule is determined by

the electronic structure of its atoms. That
shape can often be predicted using what
is called the valence-shell electron-pair
repulsion (VSEPR) model.

Electronegativity and Bond Polarity

● Electronegativities can be used to

predict the nature of the bond in a
compound. The larger the
electronegativity difference between two
atoms, the more polar the bond will be.

Polarity of Molecule

● The electrons in polar covalent bonds

are not equally shared by the bonding
atoms. Instead, there is a shift in electron
density towards the move electronegative
atom.

● Diatomic molecules containing atoms of

different elements (for example, HCl, CO,
and NO) have dipole moments and are
called polar molecules.

● The bond moment is a vector quantity,

which means that it has both magnitude
and direction. The measured dipole
moment is equal to the vector sum of the
bond moments.

M.L & F.P

MIL 002
NEW MEDIA – Computer, mobile phones and
other digital gadgets

MODULE 1 Information
Communication and the Media
● The message conveyed by the sender to
its recipient through various channels.
Communication

● It is not always textual in form. As a

● The process of sharing ideas and
message, it may also be in video, sound,
opinions about issues, people, events
image, graphics, animation and other
and places between or among persons
non-verbal forms.
through various channels with the intent
to gain common understanding.

Multimedia – combining multiple forms of media.

● The process of transmitting information
and common understanding from one
person to another. It is derived from the
MEDIA AS AN INFORMATION INDUSTRY -
Latin word “communis” means “common.
Viewing media in this manner, the concern of
being a channel is to disseminate information
● The channels through which messages
to a wide audience.
are conveyed.

MEDIA AS A CULTURE OF ENTERTAINMENT -

Important Elements of the communication Aside from using or accessing media for
process: information, we may be more concerned with
using or accessing media for entertainment
I. Sender – initiates the communication value.

II. Receiver – the individual to whom the

message is sent
Media and Communication Theory
III. Encode – the idea by selecting the words,
symbols, or gestures with which to I. Semiotic Theory - Semiotics is the study
compose the message of signs and their meaning in society. So
IV. Message – the outcome of the encoding words can be signs, drawings can be
or an idea that someone is trying to signs, even street signs can be signs.
express
II. Uses and Gratifications Theory - Looks at
V. Decode – the received message into how people use the media to gratify a
meaningful information range of needs – including the need for
information, personal identity,
VI. Medium – the channel or the means of integration, social interaction, and
communication entertainment.

VII. Noise – anything that distorts the III. Hypodermic Needle Theory - A linear
message communication theory that suggests
that the media has a direct and powerful
VIII. Feedback Mechanism – occurs when the influence on audiences, like being
receivers respond to the sender‟s injected with a hypodermic needle.
message and return the message to the
sender IV. Cultivation Theory - According to the
theory, people who watch television
Media frequently are more likely to be
influenced by messages from the world of
● The means of communication, as radio, television. The theory tried to understand
television, newspapers, and magazines how media affects people’s perceptions.
that reach or influence people widely.”
Media is actually a plural form of V. Dependency theory - Conceives of
“medium”, the meaning of which also dependency as a relationship in which
reflects the importance of the the fulfillment of one party’s needs and
information and communication process. goals is reliant on the resources of
another party. The main focus of the
● Channel in communication theory is the relationship between media
and audiences.

TRADITIONAL MEDIA – Newspaper, radio and VI. Agenda Setting Theory - This theory
television suggests that the media can’t tell you

M.L & F.P

 what to think but it can tell you what to ● Without knowing such, technology, no
think about. matter how advanced it is, will be
worthless.
VII. Reinforcement Theory - Media has little
power to influence people and it just
reinforces our pre-existing attitudes and MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
beliefs, which have been developed by
more powerful social institutions like ● A set of competencies that empower
families, schools, and religious citizens to access, retrieve, understand,
organizations. evaluate and use, create as well as share
information and media content in all
formats, using various tools, in a critical,
Media and Information Literacy ethical, and effective way, in order to
participate and engage in personal,
professional, and societal activities
Media Literacy (UNESCO 2013,29).

● It is to understand and to use mass

media in either an assertive or
Five Laws of Media and Information Literacy
nonassertive way, including an informed
and critical understanding of media,
what techniques they employ and their I. Law 01
effects. ● Information, communication, libraries,
media, technology, the Internet as well as
● It is also the ability to read, analyze, other forms of information providers are
evaluate, and produce communication in for use in critical civic engagement and
a variety of media forms, e.g. television, sustainable development.
radio, computer, and others
II. Law 02
● Every citizen is a creator of
Information Literacy information/knowledge and has a
message. They must be empowered to
● Refers to the abilities to recognize when access new information/knowledge and
information is needed and to locate, to express themselves.
evaluate, effectively use, and
communicate information in its various III. Law 03
formats. ● Information, knowledge, and messages
are not always value neutral, or always
independent of biases.
EISENBERG AND BERKWITZ – BIG 6 APPROACH
TO MEASURE INFORMATION LITERACY SKILLS IV. Law 04
● Every citizen wants to know and
understand new information, knowledge
and messages as well as to
communicate, even if she/he is not
aware, admits or expresses that he/she
does. Her/his rights must however never
be compromised.

V. Law 05
● Media and information literacy is not
acquired at once. It is a lived and
dynamic experience and process.

MODULE 2
Four Eras In The Evolution Of Human
Communication
Technology Literacy
I. Prehistoric Time (writing)
● Is the responsible use of various
technological tools in order to meet one’s ● Life is simple
goals acquiring and giving the right
information. ● Aside from writing, the medium of
communication was through oral
language primarily(oral communication).

M.L & F.P

 ● primitive people created sounds and
symbols to refer to the material world
around them

II. Industrial Age (printing)

● Industrial age which started in England
and other European countries in the 18th
century, was marked by the shift from
agricultural and handicraft economy to
one dominated by machine and machine
manufacturers.

● Increase in the application of science in

the industry

● Primary Industries like agriculture,

forestry, fishing, mining, quarrying,
extraction of minerals, used the different
discoveries in science.

III. Electronic Age (telecommunications)

● Telecommunications enabled
communication over distances. The
telegraph and the telephones were
invented by American Investors Samuel
Finley Breese Morse in 1844 AND
Alexander Graham bell in 1876,
respectively.

● Electronic age also paved the way for the
invention of movies, radio and television.
These developments dispensed with the
need for literacy and people have since
turned to mass communication for
information and entertainment (Rogers
1986).
In Search Of A New Theory
MEDIAMORPHOSIS
● Describes the process of media evolution
as well as how new technologies diffuse
or spread throughout society

REMEDIATION
IV. New Information Age (interactive
communication) ● The re-purposing or refashioning of old
● Through the computer, we are now media to new.
capable of giving and receiving feedback
instantly, especially with the marriage
between the computer and
telecommunications.

MODULE 3
Highlights of Philippine Mass Media History
INFORMATION LITERACY

INFORMATION

● Is derived from the Latin word “informare”

which means to give form, shape, or
character to” something.

IMPORTANCE OF INFORMATION

● The information provides richness to

reality. (Bargmann)

● Information can only be of great help by

providing “Universal Language” for
people to share and understand.

M.L & F.P

 ● Information accomplishes a twofold
purpose: to name someone or something ● It is the freedom to choose whatever
and to represent reality. medium to gratify someone’s needs.

DECODING SIGNS ● This theory basically focuses on one’s

● Semiotic Theory (Roland Barthes) – This
theory centres on signs on how people
decode and interpret them.
ASSESSING INFORMATION
● Rather, It focuses on how everything
around us, may it be a physical attribute,
an object, or fashion sense, is able to
provide information through a sign
system established by society.
INDICATORS OF INFORMATION LITERACY
(Old Dominion University)
interests and purposes. Whatever is
needed for a particular situation is under
the discretion of the user himself.
● Determine whether the information is
“good” or “bad”.
● He or she must be cautious in choosing
reliable websites to ensure the safety of
information. Some website domains are
credible while some are not. Here are
some of the commonly used ones.

01. .org: advocacy website, such as

01. Access the needed information effectively
and efficiently
02. Determine the extent of the information
needed
03. Evaluate information and its sources
critically
04. Incorporate selected information into
one’s knowledge base
not-for-profit organization
02. .com: business and commercial site
03. .net: site from a network organization or
an internet service provider
04. .edu: site affiliated with a higher
education institution
05. .gov: federal government site

05. Use information effectively to accomplish * It is important to know that the domains given
a specific purpose
are not always the indicators of accuracy. *
06. Understand the economic, legal, and
Assessing the Information coming from the
social issues, surrounding the use of
Website
information, and access and use of
information ethically and legally
I. Finding the page

II. Authority of the page

ACCESS TO INFORMATION/ ASSESSMENT
OF INFORMATION III. Accuracy and objectivity of the
information

● Today’s generation can be coined as the IV. Updates of the page

era of the information society, where
information functions as a vital element V. Functionality
for it to survive.

● This might be perceived as something ORGANIZING INFORMATION

advantageous, but for some, it can be
detrimental.
10 tips to avoid Information Overload
● It is important to address such concern
because not having the responsibility to I. Do a brain dump
assess may result in drastic
consequences in the end. II. Follow the two minute rule

III. Clump together similar tasks

Uses and Gratification Theory
IV. Don’t multitask
● Elihu Katz proposed a theory called “Uses
and Gratification”. This theory simply V. Limit the distractions of e-mail
states that people who consume media
have the right to choose whatever is VI. “eat the frog” first in the morning
convenient to them.

M.L & F.P

VII. Spend only as much time on Decisions,
tasks, and activities as they are worth ● Being ethical is being accurate. One has
to maintain the correctness in every
VIII. Take breaks detail in every possible reference
available for consumption.
IX. Let yourself daydream
● Being irresponsible with such may result
X. Push down authority to major consequences, like legal actions
against the proponent of information.

More Techniques

I. Prewriting - This basically encourages MODULE 4

the information consumers to freely write TYPES OF MEDIA
the ideas that pop in their head.

II. Outlining - to show the hierarchical PRINT MEDIA

relationship or logical ordering of
information ● Print Media include newspapers, books,
magazines, posters, flyers and brochures.
III. Mapping - This technique literally
BROADCAST MEDIA
branches out from core ideas to
supporting information.
● Broadcasting is the transmission of radio
and television programs that are
IV. Tables - This technique clearly
intended for general public reception.
segregates information by placing them
based on their classification, importance,
and function. ● Broadcast media are also electronic
media that include radio, television, and
online audio and video streaming
platforms that broadcast news.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY Electronic media also include
non-broadcast media such as films.
Plagiarism
NEW MEDIA
● To use without crediting the source.
● New media or digital media include the
● To commit literary theft Internet, multimedia content or
applications, online advertisements,
● To present as new and original an idea or digital music or video files, and podcasts.
product derived from an existing source.
MEDIA CONVERGENCE
Republic Act No. 8293 or the Intellectual
● The process of combining print, audio,
Property Code of the Philippines clearly states
and video into the digital platform to
the rights of authors to be recognized. operate in synergy.

Dr. Teresita Gimenez, a Professor from the ● Coming together of computing,

University of the Philippines-College of Arts and
Letters, explains that this practice has been
practised ever since due to some common
reasons like the lack of textbooks.
SECURITY AND PRIVACY
● It is inevitable for people to disclose their
information easily because of the
number of enticing benefits they can get,
especially from the cyberspace.
● Every registration process to access a
social media account requires one to
provide information.
● It is also important to bear in mind that
this may result in possible online-theft.
ACCURACY
telecommunications, and media in a
digital environment. (Bucy 2005)
● Media convergence enables
miniaturization of technology, which
refers to the process of reducing the size
of the media channels into smaller
gadgets to make them more handy and
portable and convenient for users.
TRIMEDIA
● Print, Radio and Television
MULTIMEDIA
● The use of various media forms or
platforms in one setting.
ISSUES IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF MEDIA

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 I. Media III. Traditional Cultural Expressions

II. Audience 01. Music and Dances

III. Purpose 02. Literature

IV. Production 03. Weaving

Related Genetic Resources

MODULE 5 ● Republic Act No. 8371 “an act to

MEDIA AND INFORMATION SOURCES recognize, protect and promote the
rights of indigenous cultural
INDIGENOUS SOURCES communities/indigenous people,
creating a national commission on
● Filipinos are known to highly attach in indigenous people, establishing
superstitious beliefs wherein their implementing mechanisms,
perspective ancestors established. appropriating funds therefore, and for
other purposes”
● Superstitious Beliefs have been part of
Filipino culture.
LIBRARY SOURCES

The Exclusive Society

Roles of Libraries in the Society
Here are the reasons based on the study of
● According to UNESCO, indigenous
Krolak (2005):
knowledge includes local knowledge
shared within a society and culture.
01. Facilitators of Information, help to
obtain the right information using a
● For example, Rituals are done by some
convenient kind of information source
tribes in honouring their “exclusive” gods
are not known by others, hence, the ritual
02. Custodians of National and Cultural
becomes a unique knowledge to them.
riches, capable of storing archival files
from the past that may be shared with
● 110 indigenous groups in the Philippines
future generations.
● Jeannette Cansing Serrano, a former
Chairperson of the National Commission
03. Innovators of Information-seeking
on Indigenous Peoples, discussed the
practices are considered hybrids in
different kinds of Indigenous or
maintaining the traditional kind of library
traditional kinds of knowledge in the
while also adapting to technological
country (2006)
advancements such as free access to the
Internet.

Indigenous Knowledge
04. Facilitators of other activities, some
offers author readings, creative writing
These are the following: classes, introductions to information and
communication technologies and the
I. Traditional Medicines and Health Care Internet, reading groups, exhibitions,
summer reading programs, study
● Tingguian group practices dawak / ritual support, discussion, groups and art
intended for couples to bear classes such as drama, poetry and song.
child/children. Ud- udong , which is to
free a sick person from spirits that
inhabit his or her body. What Libraries can offer?

● Dumagat group believes in putting ashes
on the umbilical cord of a newborn, to
help assist the healing process.
II. Traditional Agriculture
Based on Henry Ward Beecher, an American
clergyman, “The library is not a luxury, but one
of the necessities of life”
Libraries can offer:
I. Books

● the massive production of different

II. Magazines
agricultural products like rice, corn,
sweet potato, and others. Rice continues
III. Newspapers
to harvest by the farmers and be part of
work
IV. Journals

V. Maps

M.L & F.P

 VI. Digital Sources VIII. Speeches

IX. Video Recordings

INTERNET SOURCES
X. Works of art, literature and music

The Growth of the Internet

Secondary Sources – Edited version
● Commonly known as the Net
I. Bibliography
● Has been around since 1969 for
computer communication of US defense II. Commentaries, criticisms
department
III. Histories
● 1990’s the introduction of the World Wide
Web rocketed its popularity, such as a
multimedia interface to transmit text, Tertiary Sources – Combination of the first two
pictures, audio and video known as
pages I. Almanacs

II. Biography
The Rise of Search Engines
III. Directories
● Search Engine is a computer program
that is used to look for information on IV. Factbooks
the Internet defined by the Merriam –
Webster. V. Guide books

Following known sites: VI. Manuals

I. Google

II. Yahoo
MODULE 6
Media Codes and Conventions
III. Bing
I. Semiotic Theory – Roland Barthes

Evaluating Internet Sources II. Codes – known as the system of signs

Consider these following factors based on III. Signs – were categorized in order to
Virgina Tech, in order to avoid invalid correctly identify which of these codes
information: affect what.

I. Authority IV. Categories for Code

Technical Codes – focus on how frames in
II. Coverage visual media is presented

III. Objectivity V. Symbolic Codes – are indicators that

require inferences among the audience
IV. Accuracy
01. Connotative – indirect
V. Currency
02. Denotative – direct

Primary Sources – Original VI. Written Codes – are common in print

media
I. Artifacts
VII. Conventions – Generally accepted
II. Audio Recordings ways of doing things

III. Diaries VIII. Put sense to codes

IV. Internet communications

Media Messages
V. Interviews
I. Agenda Setting Theory – (McCombs and
VI. Letters Donald Shaw) media has the tendency to
manipulate its way of presenting
VII. Photographs

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 messages in order to obtain the desired of the Student Conduct – University of
reception from the audience (Media the Philippines)
Agenda)
II. Intellectual property right – This is the
II. Media Portrayals – the power to establish right of an individual who uses his
impressions on various elements in creative intellectual faculties to produce
society. something and claim it as his own.

III. Power to reach out to the public.
Ex. Woman – one of the most prominent
portrayals in Media. This portrayal is also
equivalent to controversies because of the
limited image associated.
IV. Capino (2014) – expressed her sentiment
about woman portrayals because of
some negative depictions attached to
them.
V. Goin ‘ Bulilit actors and actresses (the
study was done last 2009) – the children
were asked about their impression on
political figures they portrayed.
VI. 1994 Columbine High School in Colorado
USA – massacre was done by two
students (Eric Harnis and Dylan Klebold),
took lives of 12 students and 1 faculty
member.
III. Copyright – Set of rights granted to the
author or creator of a work, to restrict
others’ ability to copy, redistribute, and
reshape the content.
IV. Royalty – a payment made to an author
or composer for each copy of a work sold
to or an inventor for each article sold
under a patent. (Merriam Webster)
V. Fair use – refers to the limitations and to
the exclusive right granted by copyright
law to the author of creative work.
VI. Peter Jaszi (1998) – explains fair use this
way “fair use gives people a right to use
copyrighted materials when the cost to
the copyrighted holder is less than the
social benefit of the use of the
copyrighted work.
Netiquette

VII. Doom – (First-person shooter video game)

● Is a body of conventions and manners in
Hollywood studios responsible for the
using the internet as a tool for data and
Matrix
information. It comes from the words
network and etiquette.
VIII. Media Messages exist for several
reasons
I. Citizen – a person who knows allegiance
to a government and is entitled to its
IX. It may provide countless information
protection.
X. Exhibit different portrayals
II. Netizen – a new term that refers to the
user of the different social networking
XI. Affect behaviours
sites in the internet.
XII. Effects on the Audience
III. Proper decorum – conformity to
accepted standards of conduct.
01. Physiological
IV. Bashing – using the unpleasant exchange
02. Belief
of comments
03. Attitude
Digital Divide, Addiction, and Bullying
04. Affective
● According to Keniston and Kumar (2003),
05. Behavior the last decades brought the world in a
technologically-driven revolution, which
resulted in the Information Age.

MODULE 7
LEGAL, ETHICAL, AND SOCIETAL ISSUES IN I. Digital Divide – is the gap between
groups, broadly construed in terms of
MEDIA AND INFORMATION access to, use of, knowledge, skills, and
even attitude in information and
Copyright/ Fair use/ Plagiarism communication technologies.

I. Plagiarism – is the act of taking another
person’s ideas, writings, inventions, and
similar intellectual products as own
without the knowledge, consent and/or
accreditation of the original owner. (Code
II. Internet addiction – the excessive or
poorly controlled preoccupations, urges
behaviours regarding computer use and
internet access that lead to impairment
or distress.

M.L & F.P

 qualified for the job and send it through
III. Cyber Bullying – use of information email.
technology to harm or harass other
people in deliberate, repeated and IV. Using mobile phones or email,
hostile manner. companies usually send their
instructions about the interview and the
Virtual self exact location of the company.

V. Online Interview can be done through

● Is the digital identity or assumed identity
in the virtual world.
8 Ways to Protect Your Digital Self:
01. Use unique passwords
accounts.
02. Use random passwords.
03. Use a password manager.
04. Use two-step verification.
05. Use updated software.
the internet whether you are at home.
01. Data encoder – should be
computer literate could in malls
and other business places.
for all your
02. Business Processing Office (BPOs)
– are highly computerized and
dependent on media and
information.
03. GSIS and SSS – computer-based
also can able to handle the
different transaction of employees
and retirees.

06. Use a pin on your smartphone. 04. Central bank - dealing with
private banks and businesses.
07. Use an external hard drive to back up
your files. 05. Opportunities, Challenges and
Power of Media and Information
08. Use full-disk encryption if available.

Education:
MODULE 8
Pre-school and Grade-school offer colourful
OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES AND presentations and styles that can be done by a
POWER OF MEDIA AND INFORMATION teacher.

What is the significance of being 18yrs? I. Computer with printer

As per this age, you are no longer a minor.
II. Coloured visuals aids
● You are now considered an adult of legal
age with the right to vote for the leaders III. Films of children stories
of the country.
IV. Access to in information from different
● You are also qualified to apply for a job subjects
and be hired to work.
Senior High School students are given V. PowerPoint Presentations
opportunities to explore.
VI. History Lessons
● Job Seeker – used to find job
VII. Geography presentations – actual place
opportunities from the classified
virtually, geographic condition,
advertisements in the newspapers.
industries present in the place, people
and living condition of a community.
Here are the following opportunities in seeking
a job:
VIII. World Asia and other parts of the world
can present with colours.
I. Depend on the communication sent by
business companies to schools to
IX. Offers e-books through tablets
announce job opportunities available in
their companies.
X. Textbooks through different subjects
using portable computer tablet
II. Job fairs sponsored by media that would
conduct job fairs either at the World
Trade Center or big malls.

III. Computers are widely used to locate job

High school and College level
sites in the Internet, Preparation of
application, resume and proof of being

M.L & F.P

 I. Access to different information available
in various areas of learning.
II. The latest information is available in the
e-journal, e-book, and on-line databases.
IV. Remember that Internet User is not the
only one you are communicating into but
you are communicating with the whole
world.

III. E-library that allows accessing in library V. Netizens should also be careful about
collections giving all information about themselves
because you are putting yourselves at
IV. “Open Access” free materials, a risks.
movement that enables researchers to
access free resources on the internet. VI. When you give information in net,
undesirable individuals would be able to
get information that you are not at home
Politics
VII. Avoid too much of playing – games online
or chatting with friends late at night
● On June 30, 2016, all mass media in the
because you barely concentrate on
country covered the first SONA of
discussions.
President Rodrigo Duterte. Filipinos
especially the millennials exchanged
comments and participated over the
internet. Compared to the SONA of the
past leaders, the TV viewership was less.

● Also because of democracy, media

groups serve as the "fourth estate" or the
watchdogs of the government. Mass
media encourage citizen engagement
and participatory governance.

Threats, Risks, Abuse and Misuse of Media and

Information

Cyber Bullying

● Refers to the use of information

technology to harm or harass other
people in a deliberate and hostile
manner repeatedly.

Example:

The popular actor who modelled in a

particular brand of clothing product
where he was pulling a rope tied to a
female model crawling after him.

Effects of the cyber world:

● Fortune tellers made a prediction about

the end of the world where people
believed the message they got to
prepare for the worst. Others ignored the
news however it became viral

Friendly Reminder:

I. User should practice the golden rule “Do

unto others what you would others do
unto you”

II. Be careful of the words you use, use

refine the language

III. Do not make sweeping statements that

would hurt others.

M.L & F.P

PEH 004
● SOCIAL

I. Provides leadership opportunities

MODULE 1 that build strong communities

II. Reduces alienation, loneliness,

Philippine Games and antisocial behaviors

● Recreation is an activity that people do III. Promote ethnic and cultural

during their free time. Free time is time harmony
off from business, work, studies,
household chores, duties, and IV. Builds strong families, the
responsibilities. foundation of a stronger society

● Recreation can also be seen as a social V. Provides opportunities for

instrument; these are programs, planned community involvement and
and implemented by both private and shared management and
government organizations that build ownership of resources
socially desirable behaviors such as
using one’s free time wisely and VI. Provides integrated and
maintaining one’s physical fitness. accessible leisure services for
people with disabilities
● Recreation must be fun, enjoyable, and
socially acceptable, helping cultivate a VII. Serves as a foundation of
steady balance in life. community people

● Also such programs help promote youth VIII. Enriches and complements
development, leadership, good family protective services for latchkey
relations, civic consciousness, and the children through after-school and
attainment of various physical, other recreational services
psychological, and social needs of
individuals. ● ECONOMIC

● Examples of recreational activities I. Serves as a preventive health

include games, sports, travel, dancing, service
and arts and crafts.
II. Results in a fit and, ultimately,
productive workforce
Benefits of Recreation
III. Motivates business relation and
● PERSONAL expansion in the community

I. Contributes to a full and IV. Serves as a catalyst for tourism, a

meaningful life. growing sector of the economy

II. Helps promote physical fitness ● ENVIRONMENTAL

III. Aids in stress management I. Creates awareness of and interest

in nature especially during
IV. Serves as an essential source of trekking and hiking
positive self-image
II. Encourages involvement in the
V. Provides people with the conservation of natural resources
opportunity to lead balanced
lives, achieve their full potential, Games are an example of a recreational activity.
and gain life satisfaction.
01. They may be done indoor or outdoor.
VI. Plays an important role in the
human development process, 02. They may be played individually, by pairs,
especially in children or by;groups or teams;

VII. Provides positive lifestyle choices 03. They may need props and tools;
and alternatives to
self-destructive behavior for 04. They aim at enjoyment, learning, or
teenagers. competition;

VIII. Helps give people satisfaction 05. They are guided by purpose, structure,
their quality of life and rules;

M.L & F.P

 06. They require mental, physical, or
psychological prowess; and

07. They may vary according to the ages and

sexes of players.

PHYSICS 002

ENTREPRENEUR 001

M.L & F.P