The order of a control system is determined by the power of ‘s’ in the denominator of its transfer

function.

If the power of s in the denominator of the transfer function of a control system is 2, then the system is
said to be second order control system.The unit step response depends on the roots of the
characteristic equation. If both roots are real-valued, the second-order system behaves like a chain of
two first-order systems, and the step response has two exponential components. If the roots are
complex, the step response is a harmonic oscillation with an exponentially decaying amplitude. Second
order system, a set of at least two variables is necessary to describe the dynamics of the system with
known initial conditions of the variables.An impulse is a large force applied over a very short period of
time. In practice, an example of an impulse would be a hammer striking a surface. Mathematically, a
unit impulse is referred to as a Dirac delta function,.

 𝑠 =−2𝜔𝛿𝑛 ± √(2𝜔𝛿𝑛-4𝜔n²/2

𝑠 = −𝛿𝜔𝑛 + 𝜔𝑛√𝛿𝑛 – 1

The roots of characteristic equation a

• The two roots are imaginary when δ = 0.

• The two roots are real and equal when δ = 1.

• The two roots are real but not equal when δ > 1.

• The two roots are complex conjugate when 0 < δ < 1.

Follow these steps to get the response (output) of the second order system in the time domain.

• Take Laplace transform of the input signal, r(t).

• Substitute 𝑅(𝑆) value in the above equation.

• Do partial fractions of 𝐶(𝑆)

if required.
• Apply inverse Laplace transform to 𝐶(𝑆)

Step Response of Second Order System

Consider the unit step signal as an input to the second order system.

Laplace transform of the unit step signal is,

𝑅(𝑆) =1/s

We know the transfer function of the second order closed loop control system is,

2.0 Experimental Code:

T=[0:0.1:12];

Num=[1];

Zeta1=0.1;den1=[1 2*zeta1 1];

Zeta2=0.2;den2=[1 2*zeta2 1];

Zeta3=0.4;den3=[1 2*zeta3 1];

Zeta4=0.7;den4=[1 2*zeta4 1];

Zeta5=1;den5=[1 2*zeta5 1];

Zeta6=2;den6=[1 2*zeta6 1];

[y1,x,t]=step(num,den1,t);

[y2,x,t]=step(num,den2,t);

[y3,x,t]=step(num,den3,t);

[y4,x,t]=step(num,den4,t);

[y5,x,t]=step(num,den5,t);

[y6,x,t]=step(num,den6,t);
Plot(t,y1,t,y2,t,y3,t,y4,t,y5,t,y6);

Xlabel(‘wn*t’);

Ylabel(‘c(t)’);

Title(‘zeta=0.1,0.2,0.4,1,4’);grid

 Discussion: A second-order system is one where there are two poles. For
second-order systems consisting of resistors and capacitors (without any
inductors or dependent sources), the poles lie on the real axis. For this
special case, there is no possibility of overshoot or ringing in the step
response.Other second-order systems can be built with coupled, lumped
energy-storage mechanisms or with dependent sources, which may result
in overshoot and ringing in the transient response,In signal processing and
control theory, the impulse response, or impulse response function, of a
dynamic system is its output when presented with a brief input signal,
called an impulse. More generally, an impulse response is the reaction of
any dynamic system in response to some external change.The impulse
response is a function of time and can be described as instantaneous,
causal, anticausal, or acausal.