SAMPLING

Sampling
Sampling is important for inferential statistics. In practice, one will collect sample
data and, from these data, estimate parameters of the population distribution. Thus,
knowledge of the sampling can be very useful in making inferences about the overall
population.
Examples:
To study the shopping habits of those going to a certain mall over the Christmas
season, a sample of 100 shoppers for a particular day can be a representative already.
Voterpreferences in an upcoming elections across the country can be sampled by
1,000 respondents chosen online across the country.
The resistance to heat of chicks in a farm can be studied using a sample of chosen
100 chicks. The results from the study can be as true for the whole population of
chicks in the farm.
The common method used to do sampling is the simple random sampling,

For example, for a batch of 1,000 students, those with class numbers ending with the unit
digit 8 can be chosen as elements of the subset. As this method generate a big subset,
another random sampling can further be done to get a more manageable size for a
sample.

Simple random sampling can be done with replacement or without replacement.

 If you pick a student with class number ending in eight and return in the list for a
chance of being selected again, it is a simple random sampling with replacement
(SRSWR).
 If you pick a student with class number ending in eight and you did not return the
student’s name on the list, it is a simple random sampling without replacement
(SRSWOR).

Lotteries are also used to do random sampling. This is like the traditional picking of names
and numbers from a fishbowl of hundreds of names or numbers. In SRSWR, every
element in the original population has an equal chance of being chosen.
 Parameter Versus Statistic
Statistic - is a measurement that describes a sample.
Parameter - is a measure that describes the whole population.

Ifa bunch of lanzones taken from a big box is 90% sweet, then the
value 90% is a statistic. It describes a sample, the bunch of lanzones.

Ifall the applicants taking the Senior High School Entrance Test were
asked how they feel and 75% said they are nervous, then 75% is a
parameter. It describes group of test-takers or the whole population.

If
800 of the 1,200 test-takers above said they have eaten breakfast
well, then 66.67% is a parameter.
Example: Consider each of the following situations, then determine whether it tells about a statistic or a
parameter.

1. All 550 churchgoers were asked about their preferences for a barangay venue for Christmas
celebrations. Sixty percent preferred the barangay hall to serve as venue.
 PARAMETER

2. There are 2,140 marathon runners who signed up, and 100% had a drink of at least 3 bottles of
water along the course.
 PARAMETER

3. Thirty students out of the whole batch had a mean percentage score of 82% in the diagnostic test.
 STATISTIC

4. There are 10 of the basketball games played during the year that had a mean total score of 152
between the opposing teams.
 STATISTIC

5. The average height of 25 students from the Grade VI batch was determined to be 5’2”.
 STATISTIC
 Identifying Sampling Distributions
• Consider a large population of prospective senior high school students. They are given a test on
abstract reasoning. Samples of 20 students are taken each time, and the mean of their abstract
reasoning test scores is taken. More samples of 20 students are then continuously taken.
• The distribution of the means of the numerous samples form a normal distribution. This demonstrates
an example of the Central Limit Theorem (CLT).

• Central Limit Theorem states that if you have a population with mean μ and standard deviation σ and
take sufficiently large random samples from the population with replacement , then the distribution of
the sample means will be approximately normally distributed.

• In short, if the random samples are large and if many of these samples are taken, the mean of the
sample means and the mean of the population will be equal. Also, the standard deviation of the sample
means around the parameter mean will be equal to the population standard deviation divided by the
square root of the sample size n.

𝜎
𝜎𝑥 =
𝑛
• The probability distribution of the sample means is also called the sampling distribution of the sample
means.
Mean of the Sampling Distribution of the
Means
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔:
𝒙
𝟐
(𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙 )𝟐
𝝁𝒙 = 𝝈 𝒙 =
𝒏 𝒏

Example 1:
Consider a population with values (2, 5, 7, 8). List all possible samples of
size 2 which can be drawn with replacement from the population. Find the
following.
• a. Mean of the samples and the mean of the sampling distributions of mean
• b. Variance of sampling distribution of Means
• c. Standard Deviation of the sampling distribution of means
All possible sample size 2 which can be drawn with replacements from the given population are listed in the
second column of the table below. (2, 5, 7, 8).
Observation Sample 𝒙 𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙 (𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙 )𝟐 𝒙 𝟖𝟖
𝒂) 𝝁𝒙 = =
𝒏 𝟏𝟔
1 (2, 2) 2 -3.5 12.25

2 (2, 5) 3.5 -2 4
= 𝟓. 𝟓
3 (2, 7) 4.5 -1 1

4 (2, 8) 5 -0.5 0.25

5 (5 2) 3.5 -2 4
(𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙 )𝟐
6 (5, 5) 5 -0.5 0.25 𝒃) 𝝈𝟐 𝒙 =
𝒏
7 (5, 7) 6 0.5 0.25
𝟒𝟐
8 (5, 8) 6.5 1 1 = 𝟏𝟔
9 (7, 2) 4.5 -1 1

10 (7, 5) 6 0.5 0.25 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟑

11 (7, 7) 7 1.5 2.25

12 (7, 8) 7.5 2 4

13 (8, 2) 5 -0.5 0.25 𝝈

𝒄) 𝝈𝒙 = 𝐨𝐫 𝝈𝒙 = 𝝈𝟐 𝒙
14 (8, 5) 6.5 1 1 𝒏
15 (8, 7) 7.5 2 4 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟑
16 (8, 8) 8 2.5 6.25
=1.62
𝒙=88 (𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙)𝟐 =42
Example 2:
A population consists of three numbers (2, 5, 8). List all possible samples of
size 2 which can be drawn without replacement from the population. Find
the following.
• a. Mean of the samples and the mean of the sampling distributions of mean
• b. Variance of sampling distribution of Means
• c. Standard Deviation of the sampling distribution of means
All possible sample size 2 which can be drawn without replacements from the given population are listed in the
second column of the table below. (2, 5, 8).
Observation Sample 𝒙 𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙 (𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙 )𝟐

1 (2, 5) 3.5 -1.5 2.25

2 (2, 8) 5 0 0
3 (5 2) 3.5 -1.5 2.25
4 (5, 8) 6.5 1.5 2.25
5 (8, 2) 5 0 0
6 (8, 5) 6.5 1.5 2.25
𝒙=30 (𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙 )𝟐 =9
𝒙 (𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙 )𝟐 𝝈
𝒂) 𝝁𝒙 = 𝒃) 𝝈𝟐 = 𝒄) 𝝈𝒙 = 𝐨𝐫 𝝈𝒙 = 𝝈𝟐 𝒙
𝒏 𝒙 𝒏 𝒏
𝟑𝟎
= 𝟗 = 𝟏. 𝟓
𝟔 = 𝟔
= 𝟏. 𝟐𝟐
=5 = 𝟏. 𝟓
Observation Sample 𝒙 𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙 (𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙 )𝟐 𝒙 𝟖𝟖
𝒂) 𝝁𝒙 =
𝒏
=
𝟏𝟔
= 𝟓. 𝟓
1 (2, 2) 2 -3.5 12.25

2 (2, 5) 3.5 -2 4

(2, 7)
3 4.5 -1 1
(𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙 )𝟐 𝟒𝟐
4 (2, 8) 5 -0.5 0.25 𝒃) 𝝈𝟐 𝒙
=
𝒏
= 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟐𝟓
5 (5 2) 3.5 -2 4

(5, 5)
𝝈
6 5 -0.5 0.25 𝒄) 𝝈𝒙 = 𝝈𝟐 𝒙
7 (5, 7) 6 0.5 0.25
𝒏 𝐨𝐫 𝝈𝒙 = = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟐𝟓
8 (5, 8) 6.5 1 1 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟐
9 (7, 2) 4.5 -1 1

10 (7, 5) 6 0.5 0.25 Given a population with known

11 (7, 7) 7 1.5 2.25 mean and variance, the
12 (7, 8) 7.5 2 4 sampling distribution of the
13 (8, 2) 5 -0.5 0.25
sample means approaches a
normal distribution even if the
14 (8, 5) 6.5 1 1
population itself does not show a
15 (8, 7) 7.5 2 4 normal distribution (CLT)
16 (8, 8) 8 2.5 6.25

𝒙=88 (𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙)𝟐 =42

Observation Sample 𝒙 𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙 (𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙 )𝟐 𝒙 𝟖𝟖
𝒂) 𝝁𝒙 =
𝒏
=
𝟏𝟔
= 𝟓. 𝟓
1 (2, 2) 2 -3.5 12.25

2 (2, 5) 3.5 -2 4

(2, 7)
3 4.5 -1 1
(𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙 )𝟐 𝟒𝟐
4 (2, 8) 5 -0.5 0.25 𝒃) 𝝈𝟐 𝒙
=
𝒏
= 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟐𝟓
5 (5 2) 3.5 -2 4

(5, 5)
𝝈
6 5 -0.5 0.25 𝒄) 𝝈𝒙 = 𝝈𝟐 𝒙
7 (5, 7) 6 0.5 0.25
𝒏 𝐨𝐫 𝝈𝒙 = = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟐𝟓
8 (5, 8) 6.5 1 1 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟐
9 (7, 2) 4.5 -1 1

10 (7, 5) 6 0.5 0.25 Given a population with known

11 (7, 7) 7 1.5 2.25 mean and variance, the
12 (7, 8) 7.5 2 4 sampling distribution of the
13 (8, 2) 5 -0.5 0.25
sample means approaches a
normal distribution even if the
14 (8, 5) 6.5 1 1
population itself does not show a
15 (8, 7) 7.5 2 4 normal distribution (CLT)
16 (8, 8) 8 2.5 6.25

𝒙=88 (𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙)𝟐 =42

Observation Sample 𝒙 𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙 (𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙 )𝟐 From this table, we can tally the means and create
1 (2, 2) 2 -3.5 12.25
frequency distribution table.
2 (2, 5) 3.5 -2 4 Sample Mean Frequency
3 (2, 7) 4.5 -1 1 2 1
4 (2, 8) 5 -0.5 0.25 3.5
2
5 (5 2) 3.5 -2 4
4.5 2
6 (5, 5) 5 -0.5 0.25
5 3
7 (5, 7) 6 0.5 0.25
6
8 (5, 8) 6.5 1 1 2
6.5
9 (7, 2) 4.5 -1 1 2
7
10 (7, 5) 6 0.5 0.25 1
11 (7, 7) 7 1.5 2.25 7.5 2
12 (7, 8) 7.5 2 4 8 1
13 (8, 2) 5 -0.5 0.25

14 (8, 5) 6.5 1 1

15 (8, 7) 7.5 2 4

16 (8, 8) 8 2.5 6.25

𝒙=88 (𝒙 − 𝝁𝒙)𝟐 =42

We can convert the frequency table to probability table.
𝒙 Frequency Probability

2 1
1
16
2.5

3.5 1
2
8
4

4.5 1
2
8
5 3
3
16
5.5

6 1
2
8
6.5 1
2
8
7 1
1
16
2 1
2
8
8 1
1
16
 From this probability table, we can now construct the probability histogram.

𝒙 Frequency Probability
2 1
I
16
2.5

3.5 1 3/16
II
8
4
1/8
4.5 1
II
8
5 3
III 1/16
16
5.5

6 1
II 0
8 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8

6.5 1
II
8
7 1
I
16
7.5 1
II
8
8 1
I
16
 Modular Activity 7
Answer Work it up number 1 on page 96. Write your answer
on one whole sheet of paper.