Smart irrigation using IOT

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

Vaibhav Makhloga -20BCI0143

Harsh Bhaskar-20BCI0144

Utkarsh Agrawal
Agrawal-20BCE0950

Under the guidance of

Prof. SANDEEP CHAKRABORTY

VIT, Vellore.

SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Abstract
In order to provide water to the plants as consistently as possible, an irrigation system is used. IoT
technology sensors or devices are connected to the internet and are simple for the user to control and
monitor. The purpose of this project is to use the Cisco Packet Tracer simulation software with the new
version Cisco Packet Tracer 7.3.0 (64- bit) to construct a simulation for a smart irrigation system. This
technology is used to create smart irrigation systems, which include sprinklers for the lawn, temperature
and humidity sensors, and other devices to automate watering and readily monitor environmental
conditions for improved plant growth. Most farmers don't know how to properly cultivate the land to
acquire the most yield and earnings. This may be a result of using out-of-date or nonexistent technology.
The irrigation systems created by these farmers have a few drawbacks, including the fact that they
either offer too much water for the crops, which ultimately results in water waste and an insufficient
harvest, or too little water, which also results in insufficient yield from the crops. The current problem is
that most farmers estimate the amount of water they should use to irrigate their crops, which is
frequently either insufficient or excessive, resulting in low yields. Working on an IoT project to develop a
method that enables the farmer to conveniently water the area and obtain real-time data on the farm is
the predetermined solution. The goal is to create a system that will guarantee that different crops
receive the precise amount of water they require for maximum output. In accordance with the condition
of the soil on the property, our project also seeks to give the farmer sufficient knowledge about the land
and the appropriate crops that can grow there. This project will result in the creation of an automated
irrigation system that will irrigate the land based on the water requirements of the crop. The farmer will
also be able to turn on and off the irrigation system from the application with just one click from a
nearby location. The main objective of the project is to enable remote irrigation of the farm.

A tablet, computer, or smartphone can be used to simply operate and monitor any component because
they are all connected to the home gateway. According to the results of the simulation, smart devices
may be connected to the home portal and effectively monitored, enabling farmers and homeowners to
cultivate and manage plants with ease. These devices include sprinkler systems and other crucial devices
for monitoring environmental conditions.
INTRODUCTION:

One of the most significant segments of the Indian economy is the agricultural industry. The agriculture
industry is at the core of any government's mandate to provide national food security. Over the past few
years, farming methods in Kenya have changed. Agriculture was not automated long ago. The ground
had to be manually ploughed and farmed, which required a lot of labour and time. Tractors and other
farming machinery were later embraced by farmers, making their work easier. Farmers are currently
using pumps on their crops to make the irrigation procedure easier. One of the issues that most farmers
have is irrigation.

Most farmers either over- or under-irrigate their crops using the irrigation techniques they choose. Crop
yields typically suffer as a result of this. Farmers design irrigation systems that either offer too much
water for the crops, which results in water waste and a subsequently insufficient harvest, or too little
water, which may also result in a crop yield that is insufficient. The current problem is that most farmers
estimate the appropriate amount of water that they should use to irrigate their crops, which is
frequently either insufficient or excessive, resulting in insufficient yields.

This technology can make it simple for homeowners to monitor the devices even if they are not at home
to care for the plants, which helps to overcome the drawback of manual monitoring. The Smart
Irrigation system is made up of a variety of intelligent gadgets that automate the irrigation system and
enable homeowners to automate the lawn sprinkler/watering system in accordance with the water level
indicated by the water level monitor, turning on and off the water drain as a result. A smart irrigation
system has several automated functions, including managing the humidity levels in the plants. When the
humidity level reaches a certain level established in accordance with the owner's needs, the humidity
sensor monitors the level and switches the humidifier on or off accordingly. The simulation findings
demonstrate that linked smart components to the home gateway are readily controlled, monitored, and
automated to meet needs. A visual simulation programme called Cisco Packet Tracer allows users to
create network topologies and simulate contemporary computer networks. Using a mimicked
commandline interface, it enables you to emulate routers and switches.

REQUIREMENTS
Functional Requirements:

The suggested IoT irrigation system requires the following devices in order to function:

i. The Monitors must collect and transmit Monitor data to the Smartphone.

ii. The actuators must translate commands from the SmartPhone into actual physical actions.
For instance, activate the watering system.

The following functional specifications should be met by the proposed Android application:
I. User Authentication: In order to use the various features that are offered, a user must be able
to log into the Android application.

ii. The user must be able to see the farm's state.

The irrigation system should be remotely controllable so that the user can turn it on and off.

Non-Functional Requirements:

i. Safety

ii. Security will make sure that the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of the data
generated are all upheld. Only authorized users will ever be able to access the data thanks to
authentication.

iii. User Support

iv. The user can learn more about how to utilise the system in this area.

Additionally, it makes sure that the user receives prompt messages so they are informed of
system occurrences even when they are not present.

Component Requirements:

a) Home Gateway: The characteristics of the home gateway can be used to turn on and off
the devices. The home gateway serves as a local connection and offers network wireless
connections as well as internet access. In a computer network, a gateway is a router
that serves as a crucial checkpoint for data travelling to or from other networks.
Gateways enable communication and the back-and-forth transmission of data. The
Internet will be useless without gateways as well as a lot of other hardware and software. at a
workplace, the gateway is the computer that routes traffic from a workstation to the outside
network The basic Internet connection at home, is the gateway that will provide you access to
the entire Internet.

b) Lawn Sprinklers:
Sprinklers are outdoor equipment that spray water onto your grass or plants. You may
stop your crops or flowers from falling over by mounting a tiny lawn sprinkler on a
building in your yard or field. Additionally, these sprinklers may be controlled from
anywhere via a mobile phone connection. For residential, commercial, and agricultural
application, sprinklers are used. It is helpful on uneven terrain where there isn't enough
 water. They feature a revolving nozzle on top, and water escapes from the rotating
nozzles when pressure is applied to the main pipe.

c) Water Level Monitor:

Water level detection is done using the water level metre. Users can customise the water level
monitor's parameters to meet their needs. Environmental advantages of water level monitoring
include better visibility of impending flood conditions. It has become much simpler to swiftly
implement countermeasures if levels get too high or low by using water level monitoring
equipment. Highly sensitive pressure sensors called "water level recorders" can spot even the
smallest variations in water level and can warn selected contacts to the problem.

d) Humidity Monitor:
Humidity monitoring is a crucial aspect of irrigation. Smart monitoring of humidity levels can
increase the probability of getting good produce and smart irrigation. Humidity sensors are used
to sense the humidity in the environment, This sensor is registered to the home gateways. A
humidifier is a device used for increasing the level of moisture in the environment. The users can
set the conditions accordingly. Humidity Sensors are low cost-sensitive electronic devices that
are used to measure the humidity of the air. These are also known as Hygrometers. Humidity
can be measured as Relative humidity , humidity sensors usually contain a humidity sensing
element along with a thermistor to measure temperature

e) Humidifier:
Humidifier is a device, which is primarily an electrical appliance, that increases moisture in a
single room or an entire building. In the home, point-of-use humidifiers are commonly used to
force air into a single room, which connects to a home's HVAC system, which provides humidity
to the entire house. . Huge humidifiers are used in commercial, institutional, or industrial
contexts, often as part of a larger HVAC system.

f) Smartphone:
Smartphones are used to monitor all the components present in the system. It is connected to
the home gateway through wireless network connection. We can change the required
conditions through smartphones.

Requirement Specification:

Hardware Requirements :
Processor : 2.4 GHz Clock Speed
RAM : 1 GB
Hard Disk : 500 MB (Minimum free space)
Software Requirements :
Operating System : Windows 10
Platform : Cisco Packet Tracer
Server : Wireless Internet
Technology : Internet of Things

ARCHITECTURE & DESIGN:

There will be both hardware and software components in the system. A water level
monitor, a humidity monitor, and an LED make up the system's hardware. These
monitors will continuously gather data, transmit measurements to a cloud platform, and
display the results on the farmer's side. The Smartphone(Android) application is what
makes up the system's software, and it is this application that the farmer will use to
access the system's features. To ensure authentication, the user must first log in to the
Android application. The Monitor data will then be available to the user in real-time.
Additionally, using the android application, the farmer will be able to remotely turn on
and off the irrigation system. The system is also anticipated to be autonomous, with the
irrigation system turning on and off automatically in response to some predetermined
thresholds (Conditions).

Architecture diagram
 Design
Class Diagram

Two actors will make up the system. The IoT Monitor and the farmer. The systems/monitors are
in charge of gathering as much information as they can and sending it to an IoT SmartPhone.
The IoT SmartPhone will store the data, which can then be evaluated from there. The farmer
will eventually be able to remotely activate the irrigation system while seeing the data gathered
by the systems/monitors on an android application.
Use Case Diagram

IMPLEMENTATION

The system's primary functions include enabling remote monitoring of the water needs of the
farm or garden and autonomous watering of the farm or garden. The Cisco Packet Tracer
Platform was used to create the system.

Cisco Systems created Packet Tracer, a cross-platform visual simulation application that enables
users to build network topologies and simulate contemporary computer networks. Using a
mimicked command line interface, the software enables users to replicate the configuration of
Cisco routers and switches.The sensors are linked together to create a network, and cellphones
can access data on environmental conditions. The detection of water levels in the soil is done
using a water level monitor, while the environment's humidity is sensed using sensors for
humidity monitoring.
Block Diagram

This is the block diagram for an IOT based smart irrigation system. The block diagram contains Water
Level monitoring System, Humidity Monitoring System, Smart Lighting System, Home Gateway and
Smartphone. All the devices are connected using wireless network connectivity. A smart phone is used
to monitor the devices present in the Smart Irrigation System.

Water Level Monitoring system

Sprinklers for the lawn and water level monitors are part of a water level monitoring system. A
water level monitor detects the amount of water in the soil, which is a sign of how moist the
soil is. For optimum plant growth, a specific level of soil moisture must be maintained. Water
sprinklers are turned on when the moisture content drops below the predetermined level. In
this study, the moisture content of the soil is measured using a water level monitor, and a lawn
sprinkler is activated to maintain the moisture level when it drops below a certain value.
Humidity Monitoring System

Humidity sensors, humidifiers, and a humidity monitor are all parts of a humidity
monitoring system.

The amount of water (humidity) in the air is measured by humidity sensors. In

order to keep the air wet, humidifiers are utilised.

When the greenhouse's humidity % drops below the desired level, the humidifier
turns on.

A humidity monitor measures the temperature and humidity levels in the air, and
it displays a reading that looks like (temperature + humidity) /2.

Smart Light

Smart light systems contain smart light. Smart lighting systems are implemented by using smart light.
When the water level falls below a certain value smart light is turned on so that the owners know that
watering is done for the plants.

Smartphone

Smartphones are used to monitor all the components present in the system. It is connected to the
home gateway through wireless network connection. We can change the required conditions through
smartphones.

Connectivity

All of the system's gadgets are connected to the home gateway via wireless network access.
192.168.25.1 is the IPv4 address, and 255.255.255.0 is the subnet mask. WPA2-PSK is used for
this authentication.

All of the devices will be connected with the aid of the password "get connect."
All the remaining devices are connected wirelessly with help of PT-IOT-NM1W network adapter. With
the help of password ‘get connect’ we will connect the devices to the home gateway.

Home Gateway
We shall open the IOT monitor gateway with the aid of smartphones. We will open the web
browser and type the IP address (192.168.25.1) into the URL to access it. We will now log in
with the credentials admin and admin.

The various types of equipment that are connected to the home gateway are available in the
monitor gateway.
Conditions

We will give certain conditions in the smartphone for the operations.

Water Level

All sprinklers will turn on if the water level is less than 5.0 cm. All sprinklers will be turned off if
the amount of water in the soil exceeds 5.0 cm. Depending on what the plants need, we can
adjust the parameters.

Humidity Level

The humidifiers are turned off when the ambient humidity is greater than 40%. The humidifiers
are turned on if the humidity sensor's recorded values are less than 40%. Depending on what
the plants need, we can adjust the parameters.
Smart Light

If the water level is less than 5.0 cm then the smart light is turned on. If the water level present in the
soil is more than 5.0 cm then the smart light is turned off.

EXPERIMENT RESULTS & ANALYSIS

Using Cisco packet tracer, the smart irrigation system's results are displayed. The task is
completed in accordance with the specifications. Smartphones are used to track every device.
When there is less than 5.0 cm of water in the soil, the sprinklers are activated, and when there
is more than 5.0 cm of water, the sprinklers are deactivated. In a similar manner, the humidity
monitor is activated when the atmosphere's relative humidity is less than 40% and deactivated
when it exceeds 40%. Last network,the sprinklers and smart light are off because the numbers
in the water level monitor are greater than 5.0 cm. The humidity monitor records 72.4% since the
humidity is more than the mentioned conditions i.e 40% the humidifier is off.
The values present in the water level monitor are less than 5.0 cm so the sprinklers are on, smart light is
on. The humidity monitor records 73.99% since the humidity is more than the mentioned conditions i.e
40% the humidifier is off.

Result Analysis:
Result Analysis of Systems

Home Gateway

A home gateway or a registration server are both necessary in order to connect to the network.
The characteristics of the home gateway are used to turn on and off the devices after
connecting the PC or tablet to it.The home gateway serves as a local link to the IoT smart
devices and offers wireless connectivity to the network and internet access. The gadget
contains numerous antennae, four LAN connectors, and an internet port. The network settings
are set when the home gateway is connected to the current network, and they can be changed
by selecting the config tab. After connecting the device to the current network, the IP
addressing details can be displayed under the internet settings tab. The wireless settings need to
be configured by entering the home gateway SSID and selecting WPA2- PSK PSK passphrase and a
password for authentication and validation of the wireless network. The next step is to connect the IoT
smart devices to the home gateway.

Automatic Sprinkler System

A grass sprinkler, a water level gauge, a water drain, and a light indicator make up the automatic
sprinkler system. Water level detection is done using the water level metre. The water level monitor's
characteristics can be customised by the user to meet their needs. If the water level rises to the minimal
necessary level, it automatically switches on the water drain and turns off the lawn sprinkler. Similar to
that, it activates the Sprinkler if there is less water than necessary. To warn the users, a light is given
when the irrigation system is running. The drawbacks of manually monitoring the irrigation system are
eliminated by this feature of the automatic lawn sprinkler system.

Humidity Monitoring System

Monitoring humidity is an important part of irrigation. Smart irrigation and humidity monitoring
can improve the likelihood of healthy yield. A humidity sensor is utilised in this system.
Environment humidity can be detected with humidity sensors. The home gateway has
registered this sensor. The humidity sensor values can be seen on the Tablet following network
configuration. Further, a humidifier is employed to make it more practical. A humidifier is a tool
for boosting the amount of moisture in the air. Users can adjust the conditions as necessary.

Conclusion & Future Work

The Cisco packet tracer is used to construct a smart irrigation system.

a home gateway that allows the gadgets to be registered and controlled with a tablet. The user
can manually or remotely monitor every IoT device linked to the home gateway. The outcomes
show that there is a chance to use this approach in the actual world. Water consumption can be
decreased by using an automatic irrigation system.

Adopting innovative technologies is crucial for the growth, modernization, and improvement of
India's agricultural industry. An important part of the development of more sophisticated and
effective agricultural systems is being played by the Internet of Things. The farmer can remotely
monitor the land thanks to the smart irrigation system that was designed. In this manner, the
farmer is able to monitor the farm even when they are not there. Additionally, with the android
application and an internet connection, the farmer may simply control the irrigation system
from a distance. Additionally, the system independently controls itself, irrigating the land when
certain criteria are met. This straightforward Internet of Things application in agriculture is only
one illustration of how effective the technology is. The system's energy efficiency and savings
can be increased by manually checking on it. Additionally, it makes it simple for the user to
utilise their smartphone to access all of their devices. Providing security should be a top focus in
the IoT sector. The network needs to be secured because IoT devices are interconnected. In this
system, a password-required authentication gateway is created to verify the legitimacy of the
home user for security reasons.

Future Work:
The addition of a predictive model to the programme would allow the farmer to make more
informed decisions regarding his or her farm by providing predictions based on the data that is
continuously gathered by the sensors. Additionally, the system's interface with a weather API
will give the farmer access to weather forecast data.

Modifications can be made to this system to strengthen it and make it more efficient and
reliable in the future. The system should warn the user via SMS or email if it discovers any
irregularities.

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