Name: Sorab Baheti MSE 658A

Roll No: 12725 Date: 10/8/2015

ASSIGNMENT 1
Paper’s heading being “geometrical considerations concerning the structural
irregularities to be assumed in a crystal” it is talked about the need of a well
defined overview of different types of irregularities that are found in the crystal
structure which would help us in study of internal strains and deformation
properties of crystalline substances. Paper also defines term “dislocation” as any
irregularity from the ideal lattice structure. Writer restricted its discussion of
geometry in lattice for simple cubic type keeping in mind to avoid unnecessary
complications and bring out there analysis points very clearly in there discussion
of edge and screw type dislocation. Though they agree to the fact that in more
complicated lattices dislocation may show more properties of importance but
they did not include it in the present model.

For our study to advance a brief description on different aspects of dislocations

are given in paper, starting with types of dislocation. Firstly Edge dislocation, it
is described simplistically as a cut perpendicular to any of the axis in an
otherwise perfect lattice. It can be visualized as an extra plane of atoms in
between ideal lattice. Further edge dislocation is fully determined by providing
the value of cyclic constant at the associated contour area or “dislocation line”
which is situated in a plane perpendicular to the direction of the displacement
component, which has discontinuity.
Next type or the dislocation of screw types is basically dislocation line, which
are parallel to the direction of the displacement component. General nature is
understood by comparing these dislocation lines with fluid lines in a vortex,
which depicts its important property of never ending at an interior point, or is
closed in them.

It is also described in paper that stresses in a dislocation provide a fair idea of

the positions of the atoms in the neighborhood of dislocation lines. And as the
atoms along the dislocation lines are not subjected to special external forces the
distribution of the elastic stresses considering a cylinder along the axis of
dislocation lines must balance each other.

Different motion of dislocations are also mentioned, specifically migration of

edge type described by Taylor in which it is necessary to assume that various
segment of line can move independently of each other. This was supported by
the fact that there would have been no shift otherwise between the parts of the
lattice lying outside the cylinder described by the migrating line.
The case of growth of dislocation lines considered by Orowan is also discussed,
where a line extent area enclosed in all directions showing that we also must
assume the dislocation line of screw type can migrate in all directions.

Migration analysis by that time was only done for edge type dislocations thus in
paper it is understood considering atoms surrounding the dislocation lines to be
in a state of low binding and are easily thrown away at action heat motion into
neighboring equilibrium positions. These heat motions have preference in
jumping direction in case of exterior shearing stress resulting in a shift of parts
of the lattice as per shearing stresses. Mechanism of migration of screw type
wasn’t yet analyzed and its out of the scope of paper.

Further on, its proposed that structural irregularity in a natural single crystal to
be due to large number of dislocation lines which are randomly distributed in
lattice. If this would be true than in that case crystal would show slip when it is
subjected to shearing stress and it would explain shear hardening. But this way
its still unable to explain many other factors like crystal should slip back after
ceasing of external force and also that it would require presence lines much
grater than that could be introduced with ease in lattice, so as a remedy to
remove this indefiniteness an assumption that in slip important role of a suitable
spot at surface of crystals is played which helps in forming of dislocations.

Next its discussed what will happen when a mosaic patterned single crystal is
subjected to an exterior shear stress. Starting would happen with a elastic
deformation with some shift of transition surface which is more or less
reversible. For long motion some energy would be dissipated and internal
friction would come. Thus as discussed to account for large slip another
phenomenon is to be assumed of a new dislocation line to penetrate into the
crystal that would be originating from the suitable spots on surface. Backed by
the experimental observation of these new lines moving through large distances
in crystal.

As per the writer its also very important to develop a picture of the dynamical
relation involved in the process. Its probable that the local stresses and
irregularities and spots where a new dislocation lines would cross and cause a
relative shift of the two regions and perhaps may stop its motion in certain
places. When a dislocation line is stopped it will remain in lattice as a permanent
distortion. However it is mentioned that its difficult to work out a model picture
of the type and distribution of structural irregularities expected here by stopping
dislocations.

Writer also tries to explain the phenomenon of shear hardening and recovery. It
is explained as the surface of crystal where new dislocation line originates, the
interior or induced stresses due to the stopped dislocations counteract the
exterior stresses to a certain extent, kind of a protection for the crystal thus the
formation of new dislocation line will become less frequent which provides an
explanation for shear hardening. Also crystal restoration as a gradual removal of
the local deformation is caused by the stopping of dislocations though its
supporting geometrical aspects of the process is not understood in a satisfactory
way. One elementary phenomenon of the restoration process is formed by shifts
of the transition surfaces between the domains of mosaic, which release interior
stresses. Another phenomenon of migration of pairs of dislocations towards
exterior surface of the crystal can also be considered as per the writer.

So in conclusion writer describes vividly the internal geometry of crystal and its
irregularities .He has in depth analysis of geometrical and mechanical properties
of dislocations and many inferences regarding further analysis that were yet to
be made are stated in paper which provides us a clear picture of his learning’s.